Rouzan al-Najjar

Rouzan al-Najjar with a flower: graffito on a wall in Bethlehem

Rouzan ("Razan") Ashraf Abd al-Qadir al-Najjar ( Arabic رزان أشراف عبد القادر النجار, DMG Razān Ašrāf ʿAbd al-Qādir an-Naǧǧār ; * September 13, 1997 in Chan Yunis ; † June 1, 2018 on the Gaza border) was a Palestinian rescue worker from the Palestinian Medical Relief Society (PMRS) who was killed in the Gaza Strip by a supersonic projectile from a sniper of the Israeli Security Forces (ISF) while doing volunteer medical services during the protests at the Limit. At the time of the incident, the 20-year-old could be recognized by paramedic clothing as part of the medical staff and, according to the UN Human Rights Commission , the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Israeli human rights organization B'Tselem, did not pose a risk to the ISF soldiers who were holed up behind a sand mound about 100 meters away in Israeli territory .

According to an extensive investigation by the New York Times and Forensic Architecture , based on testimony and over 1,000 photos and smartphone videos of the incident, the projectile had ricocheted off the ground and penetrated the knee of the Palestinian medic Rami Abu Jazar before al-Najjar fatally hit in the chest.

The version of an interview edited by the Israeli army , which was supposed to prove al-Najjar's role as a “human shield of Hamas ”, turned out to be inadmissible , which provoked protests by the United Nations , as the manipulated version led to massive “hateful comments and dehumanizing terminology ”against the victim. Unprovable accusations by Palestinian activists against a female member of the ISF as a responsible sniper were also criticized by the UN.

Al-Najjar was previously known as a first responder in the Gaza border conflict, as she was reported in the media such as the New York Times , Al Jazeera and Al Mayadeen and she was considered an icon , which exacerbated the allegation of a willful act. After her death, al-Najjar became a symbol of the 2018 protests in Gaza .

While the Israeli army denies that it was a deliberate act, B'Tselem comes to "only one possible conclusion" of a targeted killing . The verdict concluded u. a. the Israeli publicist Uri Avnery , who spoke of a " war crime " and called the official Israeli account " brainwashing ". The spokesman for the Israeli army, Jonathan Conricus, spoke of an " accident ".

The incident was discussed several times by the United Nations and led to international emotional debates, in which one side stated civilian casualties and "excessive violence" from Israeli acts of war, while the other side stated that it was "Israel bashing" in a defense case the border rejected.

Life

Origin and education

Rouzan al-Najjar came from a modest background. She was the oldest of six children and had three brothers and two sisters. Her father first worked in the steel industry in Israel. Due to restrictions, it was no longer possible to travel across the border, which is why he opened a motorcycle accessories shop in the Gaza Strip, which was destroyed in an Israeli air strike in 2014. Al-Najjar's father has been unemployed since then. The family lived in an apartment with relatives in Khuza, 500 meters from the Green Line and within easy reach of Israeli soldiers stationed at the border. The residential building was therefore surrounded by a four meter high wall.

Due to the economic conditions, al-Najjar could not take up studies after attending the state school in Khusa and instead completed a two-year rescue worker training at Al Nasser Hospital in Khan Younis and then worked for the Palestinian Medical Relief Society .

Al-Najjar lived her life during the Gaza blockade and several military conflicts. She witnessed the June 2007 battle for Gaza , the air strikes and invasion of the Israeli army in the Gaza war of 2008/2009 , the Israeli military offensive in Gaza in November 2012 , the Gaza war in 2014 and finally the Gaza protests in 2018, where she had been working as a rescue worker for the PMRS since it began on March 30th.

Pacifism and Feminism

For the conditions in Gaza, al-Najjar was considered both pacifist and feminist, as it opposed traditional gender roles. In an interview with the New York Times on May 7, 2018, she said that the rescue workers had only one message to the world: "Without weapons, we can do anything." And women must be accepted by society as strong people , be it voluntarily or by necessity: “Because we have more strength than any man. The strength that I showed as a rescue worker on the first day of the protests must first be found in someone else. "

Al-Najjar had made a similar statement on TV channel Al Mayadeen :

“With all of my strength, with my will and with my perseverance, whatever you do to me, whatever dangers, projectiles, explosives or tear gas I am exposed to, I will continue on my path and my journey. I will save the injured so that they can go back and defend their country and bring our country back. "

- Rouzan al-Najjar

But al-Najjar also obeyed her father in the traditional way. She was careful about her appearance and collected for a trousseau because she and the 23-year-old paramedic Izzat Shatat wanted to announce their engagement after Ramadan.

Incidents in April 2018

In April, al-Najjar told the Al Jazeera TV station that the Israeli army had identified them as a target and shot them several times and that they should stay away from the injured, but ignore all of this. Medico International stated that on April 20, 2018, she was hit in the foot by a rubber-coated steel bullet, and on April 28, a tear gas container hit her in the chest.

death

Gaza Strip and numbers of Palestinian victims of the protests, now obsolete as of May 31, 2018

During the protests that began on March 30, 2018 and took place within the Gaza Strip in front of the border with Israeli territory, known as the "Great March of Return", al-Najjar was a volunteer rescue worker for the Palestinian Medical Relief Society (PMRS) with other paramedics Responsible for taking care of the protesters wounded by tear gas canisters, rubber bullets and live ammunition and carrying them out of the danger zone so that they could be transported to the hospital. There is no doubt that al-Najjar wore a paramedic's gown and a white paramedic's vest with a red retroreflective stripe over his jeans on June 1 and was thus recognizable as belonging to the medical staff.

The events of her death were summarized in the report of the UN Human Rights Council established on March 18, 2018 by the International Commission to Investigate the Protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territories by the UN Resolution S 28/1 , u. a. Confirmed by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Israeli human rights organization B'Tselem , medico international and the joint investigation by the New York Times and Forensic Architecture .

Accordingly, on June 1, the third Friday of Ramadan , around 3 p.m., hundreds of Palestinians demonstrated some distance from the border fence with Israeli territory. Some sent flaming dragons across the border and threw stones with slingshots . From around 3:30 p.m., the Israeli security forces responded to the tear gas canisters fired with rubber bullets and shot across the border, wounding around 100 demonstrators. One of them was taken care of and saved by Rouzan al-Najjar. The soldiers of the Israeli Security Forces (ISF) then shot at around 40 demonstrators. By 6:30 p.m., however, activities on both sides had subsided somewhat. The events reconstructed using video material show that al-Najjar, together with four colleagues who were also recognized as paramedics, came to the aid of two demonstrators who had been hit by tear gas containers. The paramedics, according to the UN and B'Tselem , raised their arms in the direction of the snipers as a sign of peaceful intent, but the guns were not lowered. According to the reconstruction of the New York Times and Forensic Architecture and according to the UN Human Rights Commission , three specially trained ISF snipers were holed up behind one of the sand mounds on Israeli territory, the distance to al-Najjar was calculated at 109 meters. According to witnesses, three shots could then be heard. The UN report says that visibility was good at 6:31 p.m. at that time.

According to their own information and those of the UN Human Rights Commission , the ISF soldiers used the US sniper rifles SR 25 and M24 , designed to be able to shoot from a distance of up to one kilometer, at demonstrators from a distance of over 70 meters or more, equipped with 7.62 x 51 mm NATO ammunition that reaches supersonic speed.

The projectile ricocheted off the ground shortly before the medic Rami Abu Jazar and split. One of the two fragments of the projectile shot through the medic's left knee, then struck Rouzan al-Najjar in the chest and came out of the back. The other fragment hit the medic Mohammed Shafee in the basin.

Independent human rights organizations agree that the shot was targeted at medical personnel who posed no threat to the entrenched snipers on the other side of the border fence.

Rouzan al-Najjar was immediately taken to the European Gaza Hospital , where doctors announced her death at 7:10 p.m. She was the 119th fatality on the Palestinian side since the border protests began on March 30, the second woman killed and the second fatality among medical personnel (no fatalities on the Israeli side).

Thousands of people attended al-Najjar's funeral the next day, including some she had taken care of as a rescue worker. Her body was wrapped in a Palestinian flag and carried through the streets. Her father was wearing the daughter's bloodstained vest. Mourners demanded vengeance. Al-Najjar's death attracted worldwide media coverage.

United Nations responses

The case of al-Najjar was mentioned by the organs of the United Nations by name and separately and also within the general assessment of the Gaza protests of 2018 as one of the cases classified under Article 4 of the Geneva Convention for the Protection of Civilians and Medical Staff were. The event was discussed in detail in the report of the International Commission to Investigate Protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territories of the UN Human Rights Council on May 18, 2018 . The commission was set up by a majority vote in the UN General Assembly after the US, the only participating state, vetoed a resolution by the Permanent Member of the Security Council on April 1 to condemn Israel for the civilian victims in Gaza . However, Israel refused to cooperate with the commission subsequently set up by the General Assembly, which excluded witness questioning and other investigations on Israeli territory.

On June 2, 2018, agencies at the United Nations issued press releases that described the death of the identifiable rescue worker al-Najjar as "reprehensible". The head of the UN Human Rights Office for the Occupied Palestinian Territories , James Heenan, responded to the objection that the snipers had defended themselves by saying that it was very difficult to see "how Razan posed such a danger to heavily armed, well-secured Israeli soldiers (" Israeli forces ") in defensive positions on the other side of the fence."

Nikolay Mladenov, UN envoy for the Middle East, tweeted the day after al-Najjar's death: “Medical staff is #NotATarget! (No destination!) My thoughts and prayers go to the family of #Razan_AlNajjar! # Palestinians in #Gaza suffer enough. #Israel needs to calibrate its use of force, and Hamas has to prevent incidents by the fence. Escalation only costs more lives. "

UN Deputy Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process , Jamie McGoldrick, said that health care workers "must be allowed to do their jobs without fear of being killed or injured." The "killing of a clearly identifiable medical worker." Personnel by security forces during a demonstration "is" particularly reprehensible ". McGoldrick said it was "difficult to see how this ties in with Israel's obligation as an occupying power to ensure the welfare of the people of Gaza."

UN resolution ES-10 / L.23

Meeting room of the General Assembly

On the day of the incident, the United States vetoed Resolution 13362 in the UN Security Council, against the votes of the permanent members Great Britain, France, China and Russia and six other states. The application saw u. a. proposed to condemn the "Israel Defense Forces use of live ammunition against civilian protesters".

As a result, resolution ES-10 / L.23 was tabled before the UN General Assembly on June 13, 2018 , in which a right of veto is not given. With 120 votes in favor and 8 against, the resolution condemned the "excessive, disproportionate and undifferentiated use of force by Israeli units against Palestinian civilians in the occupied territories, including East Jerusalem and in particular the Gaza Strip." Under the text "Protection of the Palestinian civilian population" Israel was asked to refrain from acts that violate Article 4 of the Geneva Conventions.

The US Ambassador to the United Nations Nikki R. Haley, who had voted against the resolution with the ambassadors of Israel, Australia, Togo and four Pacific island states, stated against it that demonstrations would also take place in Nicaragua, Iran and Myanmar at the same time that the UN General Assembly dedicates "its valuable time to the situation in Gaza" and that it is "a preferred political sport" to attack Israel. Haley contested that the terrorist organization Hamas fired hundreds of rockets from Gaza into Israeli territory. The Israeli UN Ambassador, Danny Ben Yosef Danon, also referred to Hamas and emphasized Israel's right to self-defense, which the international community wanted to reduce with the vote.

Summary of the UN Human Rights Council

In its final report of February 25, 2019, the UN Human Rights Council noted that Israeli snipers shot dead three members of the medical staff and wounded 40 seriously with live ammunition during the Gaza protests in 2018. In addition to Rouzan al-Najjar, mentioned under point B, 69 ( medical staff, fatally wounded ), the fatalities included 35-year-old Musa Abu Hassainen, who was 300 meters from the border fence, and 22-year-old Abed Abdullah Qotati . The UN commission concluded that it had "reasonable grounds to believe that Israeli snipers deliberately shot health workers." Commission chairman Santiago Canton raised the possibility that some of the human rights violations could have been "war crimes or crimes against humanity" that "Israel needs to investigate immediately".

Reactions in Israel

First, the Israeli army declared that Rouzan al-Najjar was not hit by the Israeli side. The circumstances of her death were still being investigated. On June 5, 2018, the statement was corrected to the effect that al-Najjar was not a deliberate target of the Israeli snipers. Two days later, Avichay Adraee, the head of the Arab media department of the Israeli army, tweeted as such throughout the Arab world that she was not the "angel of mercy" Hamas declared her to be. Together with the tweet, Adraee distributed edited video clips that showed al-Najjar with drawn angel wings and a halo, but which were supposed to prove that she was involved in the fighting, which, along with the declaration that she was not a deliberate goal, to “ask among commentators regarding the intent of the campaign, ”according to the Times of Israel .

One of the video clips distributed by Adraee was supposed to show that al-Najjar had thrown a tear gas container at the soldiers from about a hundred meters away, which was immediately rejected as "edited" by Haaretz and the New York Times , as the film excerpt was neither identifiable -Najjar shows that there was still filming on the day in question and also does not prove that the tear gas container was thrown in the direction of any person, but rather thrown aside to avert danger.

Another excerpt from the film concerned an interview given by al-Najjar Al Mayadeen , in which she said that she was acting “as a human shield for the wounded within the front area”, with the last part of the tweet cut out and the sentence on the statement had been shortened that it was only "a human shield". In addition, it was alleged that it was such a human shield that Hamas used.

The Israeli ambassador to Great Britain, Mark Regev, then tweeted al-Najjar and quoted "medical personnel" and said her death was further evidence of Hamas' brutality .

Ofir Gendelman, spokesman for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu , shared Adraee's tweet, asking, “Do paramedics take part in riots and say they are human shields for terrorists? Hamas used it as a human shield for the terrorists storming our border. "

The manipulation of the video clips provoked hate comments worldwide, but also in Israel, and ultimately outrage and protests by the United Nations . The army was accused of a "smear campaign".

The Israeli journalist Amira Hass wrote of “Lies and Soldiers” in Haaretz and asked: “Why not posthumously declare a medic as a terrorist? It is the simplest solution "and serves to have" the military establishment remove the killing of al-Najjar as a problem for the majority of Israelis ".

Gideon Levy said that Israel "after killing Razan al-Najjar" is now killing her character.

Robert Mackey saw the fact that al-Najjar did not pose any threat to the soldiers as precarious for the Israeli army's declaration that the snipers would not shoot peaceful demonstrators, journalists and paramedics.

The publicist and former member of the Knesset, Uri Avnery, spoke of a “brainwashing” of the Israeli public (see below).

The UN Human Rights Commission report noted that "the distribution of such altered videos shared by senior Israeli officials illustrates how quickly and how widely disinformation spreads on social media." The commission observed "how such posts hate speech and dehumanizing language provoked, directed at the demonstrators of the 'Great March of Return', including al-Najjar, who had passed away. "

The Palestinian side spread the allegation on Facebook and Twitter about a female soldier in the Israeli army who was presented as the sniper responsible, for which the UN Human Rights Commission could not find any evidence.

On October 28, 2018, Israel Defense Forces attorney Brigadier General Sharon Afek dismissed the results of June's first military investigation and ordered the military police to investigate the case as a criminal matter. A result is still pending (December 2019).

The "Open Fire Policy"

The M24 SWS: one of two sniper rifles that the ISF uses for supersonic speed shots from a distance of more than 70 meters

The use of snipers in response to the protests on the Gaza border also led to criticism in Israel of the "open fire," promoted and promoted by the confessions of former snipers of the 50th battalion of the Nahal Brigade, the organization Breaking the Silence B'Tselem related to the case of al-Najjar.

In the course of Breaking the Silence's activities , Nadav Weiman, the former elite soldier of a sniper unit of the Israeli army, explained the snipers' approach and their application for the on April 10, 2018 on the television channel Israeli TV and shortly afterwards in the Süddeutsche Zeitung and on the BBC criticized current protests in Gaza:

“Snipers target individual people; those who want to warn unarmed demonstrators use normal soldiers. We snipers are trained to kill, we don't stop a protest. Our job is to lie somewhere unnoticed, wait a long time and finally fire a shot that hits. (...) You aim as precisely as possible in order to accomplish your task. Some brag about the number of victims. The formulation is then not "so many dead people", but "so many crosses on the rifle". I don't know what it was like for those who were stationed at the border fence lately. It can feel different when you have to shoot unarmed women or children who do not pose a threat. (...) I was always aware that I was ending a life. When I aimed at a person through the telescopic sight, I thought: I'm now watching the last moments of his life. I knew when I pulled the trigger that I would see this forever. (..) For me, an unarmed protest is declared an armed conflict. So far no Israeli soldier has died, no Israeli civilian has a hair curled, no kibbutz has been overrun. "

- Nadav Weiman

The Israeli human rights organization B'tselem investigated the al-Najjar case and concluded that the shot was deliberate. It goes on to say:

“The killing of al-Najjar is a direct result of the open fire policy Israel has been using since the protests began. (...) The rejection of responsibility for al-Najjar's killing by the IDF spokesman and other Israeli officials should not be construed as an authority by competent authorities to inform the public. It is simply part of the efforts of those responsible for this policy to alleviate the damage to Israel's image through obfuscation and whitewashing. Because, propaganda and reality are different things. In reality, Israel is indifferent to the killings of the Palestinians. Otherwise, it would have changed its open fire policy and refrained from shooting at unarmed protesters on the other side of the border fence who pose no threat to anyone. The evidence of this criminal policy is repeated as the military insists on pursuing it unchanged and using its whitewashing apparatus to disguise it, almost always ensuring that no one is held responsible for the killing of Palestinians, themselves not in such outrageous circumstances as when al-Najjar was killed. "

- B'Tselem, בְּצֶלֶם

"Brainwashing", "War Crimes", "Israel Bashing"

The killing of al-Najjar was condemned almost unanimously internationally, but voices were also heard that rejected it and spoke of "Israel bashing", for example.

Mizrahi feminism activist Orly Noy concluded that it was a “depressing fact that most Palestinians killed by Israelis are fundamentally guilty for most of the Israeli public”: “The identity of the deceased or the circumstances of the killing are irrelevant. "

The Israeli publicist and former member of the Knesset , Uri Avnery , spoke in one of his last articles of the " brainwashing " of the Israeli public, which is again evident in the case of al-Najjar:

“The sniper who shot her in the chest saw that she was a medic treating a wounded man. It was clearly a war crime.

Was there a public outcry? Did the media ask for an investigation? Was this event worth a headline in the media? Did the Knesset observe a minute's silence? None of that. A little bit of news in some - by far not all - newspapers. An excellent article by the admirable Amira Hass in Haaretz . That was all.

A few days passed and then there was outcry abroad. The Argentine soccer team with the admired Messi canceled a friendly game against the Israeli team that was to take place in Jerusalem.

The brainwashers realized that it was impossible for them not to react. And so an army spokesman released a statement saying there had been an investigation. What did she reveal? It was clear that no one shot Razan. She was hit by a ricochet that hit the ground far away from her. This is a blatant lie that even an army liar should be ashamed of. The brainwashed public swallowed it. "

- Uri Avnery

Controversial disputes were caused by the results of the investigation published on December 30, 2018 by the New York Times and Forensic Architecture , for which 3-D recordings of the site were made on site by drones and over 1000 photos and video recordings were evaluated and around 30 Witnesses and 30 other people (family members, friends, acquaintances, teachers, members of the Israeli army, former Israeli and US snipers, doctors and ballistics experts) were interviewed.

The New York Times concluded that the Israeli army reports on the events leading up to al-Najjar's death were "inaccurate" and that the fatal shot was "at best inconsiderate and possibly a war crime" "for which no one has yet been committed Responsibility has been drawn. "

Former Pentagon legal advisor and professor at New York University School of Law , Ryan Goldman, saw the gunshots at medical personnel cross the line of war crimes.

In the New York newspaper The Algemeiner , however, Ira Stoll stated that the results of the investigation were one-sided and that the New York Times article uses language that excuses Palestinian-Arab terrorism, for example by describing the rockets from Gaza in the passive voice, so that it is not made clear that they are aimed at Israeli civilians by Hamas people . Stoll asked why the newspaper was so devoted to the Rouzan al-Najjar case, but ignored the murder of Ari Fuld, which was carried out by the 17-year-old on September 16, 2018 in the tourism and shopping center Gush Etzion Junction in the West Bank near Efrat Khalil Jabarin had been stabbed. The New York Times investigation , Stoll's conclusion, is “with all the dignified behavior, but only the old Israel bashing that you can get for free on any extreme right or extreme left Internet site or a similar social media feed. "

Seth Mandel of the Washington Examiner said the New York Times article downplayed the violence of the Palestinian uprising, which was "sickening":

“What do you call the attempt to storm the border fence with the declared aim of killing the Jewish civilians on the other side and destroying the Jewish state? If you're the New York Times, you call it 'Protests Against Israel's Blockade of Gaza'. "

Individual evidence

↑ New York Times , “A Woman Dedicated to Saving Lives Loses Hers in Gaza Violence,” June 2, 2018 : “Her father, Ashraf al-Najjar, had a shop that sold motorcycle parts, which was destroyed in an Israeli airstrike during the 2014 was between Israel and the militant group, he said. He has since been unemployed "; The Lancet , "Razan Ashraf al-Najjar," June 23, 2018 ; The Independent , "Razan al-Najjar: 21-year-old Palestinian medic who became a symbol in Gaza", June 17, 2018 .
↑ Middle East Monitor , “Who killed Razan al-Najjar?”, June 2, 2018 : “She did not attend university, but instead completed two years' paramedic training at the Nasser Hospital in Khan Younis and then volunteered her services with the Palestinian Medical Aid Society "; The Guardian , "Mother of shot Gaza medic: 'She thought the white coat would protect her", June 8, 2018 ; NBC News , "Protests resume after Palestinian paramedic's Gaza funeral," June 1, 2018 .
↑ New York Times , “A Woman Dedicated to Saving Lives Loses Hers in Gaza Violence,” June 2, 2018 , Rouzan al-Najjar: “We have one goal - to save lives and evacuate people. And to send a message to the world: Without weapons, we can do anything. This is the tent where volunteers work daily. We volunteer here every day. We do this for our love for our country. It's humanitarian work. We don't do it for money, we do it for god. We don't want go get paid or be employed. People ask my dad what I'm doing here without getting a salary. He tell's them: 'I'm proud of my daughter. She provides care to the children of out country '. And especially in our society women are often judged. But society has to accept us. If they don't want to accept us by choice, they will be forced to accept us. Because we have more strength than any man. The strength that I showed as a first responder on the first day of the protest I dare you to find in anyone else. "
↑ Al Mayadeen News , cit. n. The New York Times , “Israeli Video Portrays Medic Killed in Gaza as Tool of Hamas”, June 7, 2018 : “With all my strength, will and persistence, no matter what you do to me, what dangers I'm subjected to to, bullets, explosives or tear gas, I will continue on my course and journey, ”she said. "I will save all the injured so that they can go back and defend their land, and take back our land."
^ Jewish Telegraphic Agency , Andrew Silow-Carrol, "The New York Times says a Palestinian medic's death in Gaza could be a war crime", December 31, 2018 : "She was a feminist, by Gaza standards, shattering traditional gender rules, but also a daughter who doted on her father, was particular about her appearance and was slowly assembling a trousseau. "
↑ Al Jazeera , "Israeli forces 'deliberately killed' Palestinian paramedic Razan," June 18, 2018 ; "I'm targeted by the Israeli army (...) Soldiers tried to kill me so many times. I received some information that I'm targeted by the Israeli army and that I have to stay away from the field because of my activities [tending to the injured] but I ignore all of that. "
^ Medico international , The death of Razan al-Najjar .
↑ The Guardian , "Mother of shot Gaza medic: 'She thought the white coat would protect her", June 8, 2018 .
↑ United Nations Human Rights Council , "Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory", March 18, 2019, p. 151 f. ; B'Tselem , "Israeli soldiers deliberately and fatally shot Palestinian paramedic Rozan a-Najar in the Gaza Strip", July 17, 2018 .
↑ UN Human Rights Commission , p. 75, point 269 and 272 .
↑ UN Human Rights Commission , p. 77, point 281, p. 79, point 288, p. 80, point 292 .
↑ UN Human Rights Commission , p. 76, Fig. 274 and Note 391: “IDF FAQs, page 88” and S. 161-163, section B: "Use of high-velocity ammunition against demonstrators", point 550 .
↑ New York Times , Yousur al-Hlou, Malachy Browne, Johnn Woo, David M. Halbfinger, “Visual Investigations: An Israeli Soldier Killed a Medic in Gaza. We Investigated the Fatal Shot ", December 30, 2018 :" 120 yards "(= 109 meters); Forensic Architecture , The Killing of Rouzan al-Najjar ; Times of Israel , "After Damning-Report IDF says it is probing Killing of Gazan Medic in June," December 30, 2018 .
↑ B'Tselem , "Israeli soldiers deliberately and fatally shot Palestinian paramedic Rozan a-Najar in the Gaza Strip", July 17, 2018 "was fatally shot by a member of the security forces who was aiming directly at her"; UN Human Rights Commission , p. 76. Fig. 274 ; Medico international , The death of Razan al-Najjar ; UN News , “UN agencies express outrage over killing of Palestinian volunteer medic in Gaza,” June 4, 2018 , James Heenan, Head of the UN Human Rights Office for the Occupied Palestinian Territories: “Reports indicate that Razan was assisting injured demonstrators and wearing her first responder clothing, clearly distinguishing her as a healthcare worker, even from a distance. "
↑ World Health Organization (WHO), "UN Agencies deeply concerned over the killing of Healt Volunteer in Gaza", June 2, 2018 ; Times of Israel , "Palestinians say female medic killed, 100 injured in Gaza fence clashes," June 1, 2018 ; Medico international , The death of Razan al-Najjar .
↑ United Nations Human Rights Council , “Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory”, inserted by UN Resolution S-28/1, pdf, February 25, 2019, p. 14 ; Reuters , Israeli military says to probe killing of Gaza nurse, June 2, 2018 .
↑ BBC News , "Gaza violence: Thousands attend funeral for Palestinian medic," June 3, 2018 ; Reuters , Israeli military says to probe killing of Gaza nurse, June 2, 2018 ; The Independent , "Razan al-Najjar: 21-year-old Palestinian medic who became a symbol in Gaza", June 17, 2018 .
↑ New York Times , “A Woman Dedicated to Saving Lives Loses Hers in Gaza Violence,” June 2, 2018 ; NBC News , "Protests resume after Palestinian paramedic's Gaza funeral," June 1, 2018 ; The Guardian , "Mother of shot Gaza medic: 'She thought the white coat would protect her", June 8, 2018 ; Times of Israel , “UN official condemns 'reprehensible' killing of Gaza medic”, June 3, 2018 ; Le Monde , “Emotion à Gaza à la suite de la mort d'une infirmière, tuée par l'armée israélienne”, June 3, 2018 ; Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , “Mourning for a paramedic who was shot”, June 3, 2018 ; Image , “Palestinian medic shot dead during protests,” June 3, 2018 ; Neue Zürcher Zeitung , “Stolen Hope for Peace in Gaza”, June 4, 2018 ; O Globo , “Disparo de soldados israelenses mata voluntária palestina na Faixa de Gaza”, June 1, 2018 ; Al Jazeera , "Israeli forces 'deliberately killed' Palestinian paramedic Razan," June 18, 2018 ; Haaretz , “Anonymous Snipers and a Lethal Verdict,” June 5, 2018 ; +972 Magazine , Orly Noy, “In Memory of Razan al-Najjar,” June 3, 2018 ; Middle East Monitor , “Who killed Razan al-Najjar?”, June 2, 2018 : “The death of the 21-year-old volunteer paramedic sent shockwaves around the world, not least because Razan had become an iconic symbol before she was shot dead. "
↑ Geneva Conventions, August 12, 1949, Article 4 .
↑ Times of Israel , "US blocks UN resolution condemning Israel for deaths in Gaza clashes," April 1, 2018 ; Süddeutsche Zeitung , “United Nations Investigate Violence in Gaza”, May 18, 2018 ; United Nations Human Rights Council , “Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory”, inserted by UN Resolution S-28/1, pdf, February 25, 2019, p. 14 : “On 1 June, an Israeli sniper bullet hit Razan, of the Palestinian Medical Relief Society and who at the time was wearing a white paramedic vest and standing with other volunteer paramedics approximately 110 m from the separation fence, in the chest at the Khuzaa site, east of Khan Younis. She died in hospital. "
↑ World Health Organization (WHO), “UN Agencies deeply concerned over Killing of Healt Volunteer in Gaza” June 2, 2018 .
↑ World Health Organization (WHO), "UN Agencies deeply concerned over Killing of Health Volunteer in Gaza" June 2, 2018 , James Heenan, Head of the UN Human Rights Office for the Occupied Palestinian Territories: "It is very difficult to see how Razan posed such a threat to heavily-armed, well-protected Israeli forces in defensive positions on the other side of the fence. "
↑ Times of Israel , "After saying it shot medic by accident, IDF claims she was 'no angel'", June 7, 2018 : "Medical workers are #NotATarget! My thoughts and prayers go out to the family of #Razan_AlNajjar! #Palestinians in #Gaza have had enough suffering. #Israel needs to calibrate its use of force and Hamas need to prevent incidents at the fence. Escalation only costs more lives. "
↑ Times of Israel , “UN official condemns 'reprehensible' killing of Gaza medic”, June 3, 2018 ; UN News , “UN agencies express outrage over killing of Palestinian volunteer medic in Gaza”, June 4, 2018 : “'Healthcare workers must be allowed to perform their duties without fear of death or injury,' said the Humanitarian Coordinator Mr Jamie McGoldrick. 'The killing of a clearly-identified medical staffer by security forces during a demonstration is particularly reprehensible. It is difficult to see how it squares with Israel's obligation as occupying power to ensure the welfare of the population of Gaza. '"
↑ UN News , "Security Council fails to adopt competing texts on protection of Palestinian civilians in Gaza," June 1, 2018 ; United Nations, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases , "Amid Middle East Violence, Security Council Fails to Adopt Competing Resolutions on Israeli Force, Hamas Role in Conflict"; UN Security Council Resolution 13362 of June 1, 2018 : "Condemning the use by Israel Defense Forces of live ammunition against civilian protesters"; Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations in New York , "Gaza: the silence of the Security Council is disastrous. Vote on the American and Koweiti draft resolutions - Explanation of vote by Mr. François Delattre, Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations - Security Council - 1 June 2018 “, December 27, 2018 ; The Sentinel , June 2, 2018 .
↑ United Nations, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases , June 13, 2018 : “In an emergency meeting, the General Assembly today adopted a resolution deploring the use of excessive, disproportionate and indiscriminate force by Israeli forces against Palestinian civilians in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and particularly the Gaza Strip. By the text titled “Protection of the Palestinian civilian population” - adopted by a vote of 120 in favor to 8 against with 45 abstentions - the Assembly demanded that Israel refrain from such actions and fully abide by its legal obligations under the Fourth Geneva Convention relating to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 12 August 1949. "
↑ United Nations, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases , June 13, 2018 .
↑ United Nations Human Rights Council , “Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory”, inserted by UN Resolution S-28/1, pdf, February 25, 2019, p. 14 : “The commission found reasonable grounds to believe that Israeli snipers intentionally shot health workers, despite seeing that they were clearly marked as such “; UN Human Rights Commission , Summary , pp. 193–196, XIV A: “Razan al-Najjar”; taz , "UN Council fears" war crimes ", February 28, 2019 :" Some of the human rights violations could have been war crimes or crimes against humanity, which Israel must investigate immediately, "said the chairman of the commission of inquiry Santiago Canton."
↑ Haaretz , Amira Hass, “Why Not Posthumously Declare a Medic a Terrorist? It's the easiest solution. Of Lies and Soldiers ", June 10, 2018 :" That's according to a preliminary Israel Defense Forces investigation. The first news report of the ongoing inquiry's findings said that Israeli soldiers did not fire at Najjar "; Reuters , Israeli military says to probe killing of Gaza nurse, June 2, 2018 .
↑ Times of Israel , "After saying it shot medic by accident, IDF claims she was 'no angel'", June 7, 2018 .
↑ The New York Times , "Israeli Video Portrays Medic Killed in Gaza as Tool of Hamas," June 7, 2018 : "The video does not appear to have been taken the day Ms. Najjar was killed, and the canister does not appear to be aimed at anyone "; Haaretz , Amira Hass, “Why Not Posthumously Declare a Medic a Terrorist? It's the easiest solution. Of Lies and Soldiers ”, June 10, 2018 .
↑ The New York Times , "Israeli Video Portrays Medic Killed in Gaza as Tool of Hamas", June 7, 2018 : "'I'm acting as a human rescue shield to protect the injured inside the armistice line." (...) This medic was incited by Hamas to give up her life for their goals, ”the text on the English-language version of the video says. "Hamas uses paramedics as human shields."
↑ The Intercept , "Israel Attempts to Smear Razan al-Najjar, Palestinian Medic It Killed, Calling Her 'No Angel'", June 8, 2018 : "But, do medics participate in riots & say thay are human shields for terrorists? Hamas used her as a human shield for its terrorists who stormed our border. "
↑ United Nations Human Rights Council , "Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory", March 18, 2019, pp. 193-195 .
↑ The New York Times , “Israeli Video Portrays Medic Killed in Gaza as Tool of Hamas”, June 7, 2018 : “Rather the clip, published in English and Arabic, appeared to be part of the battle over her story's narrative and an effort to chip away at Ms. Najjar's image of fresh-faced innocence "; The Intercept , "Israel Attempts to Smear Razan al-Najjar, Palestinian Medic It Killed, Calling Her 'No Angel", " June 8, 2018 :" Thursday, the army's social media unit began a coordinated smear campaign against her, by falsely suggesting in a video that she had been engaged in rioting and had attended the protests to shield militants disguised as protesters “; The Independent , "Israeli army edits video of Palestinian medic its troops shot dead to misleadingly show she was 'human shield for Hamas'", June 8, 2018 .
↑ Haaretz , Amira Hass, “Why Not Posthumously Declare a Medic a Terrorist? It's the easiest solution. Of Lies and Soldiers “ June 10, 2018 .
^ Haaretz , "After Killing Razan al-Najjar, Israel Assassinates Her Character," June 10, 2018 .
^ The Independent , "Israeli army edits video of Palestinian medic its troops shot dead to misleadingly show she was 'human shield for Hamas'", June 8, 2018 .
↑ United Nations Human Rights Council , "Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory", March 18, 2019, p. 195 : "The spread of such altered videos, shared by senior Israeli government officials, illustrates how disinformation can move rapidly in social media and achieve wide reach. The Commission observed how such posts provoked hate speech and dehumanizing language, directed at demonstrators in the GMR, including then-deceased al-Najjar. "
↑ United Nations Human Rights Council , "Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory", March 18, 2019, p. 194 .
↑ Haaretz , "Israeli Army Opens Criminal Investigation Into Killing of Gaza Medic", October 29, 2018 : United Nations Human Rights Council , "Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory", March 18, 2019, p. 193 .
↑ James Eastwood, Ethics as a Weapon of War: Militarism and Morality in Israel , Cambridge University Press, 2017, pp. 155 ff .
↑ Süddeutsche Zeitung , "We snipers are trained to kill, we don't stop a protest", May 16, 2018 ; Breaking the Silence: Israeli TV, April 10, 2018 ; BBC Watch , "Tag Archives: Nadav Weiman", July 28, 2019 : "A senior Israeli officer said that the policy of shooting above the knees had led to many being killed"; Haaretz , December 4, 2019 .
↑ Al Jazeera , "Israeli forces 'deliberately killed' Palestinian paramedic Razan: Probe by Israeli rights group B'Tselem concludes that intentional fatal shot was fired at the Palestinian paramedic," June 18, 2018 .
↑ B'tselem , "Israeli soldiers deliberately and fatally shot Palestinian paramedic Rozan a-Najar in the Gaza Strip", July 17, 2018 : "The killing of a-Najar is a direct result of the open-fire policy Israel has been implementing since the protests began. (...) The disavowal of responsibility for a-Najar's killing by the IDF Spokesperson and other Israeli state officials should not be construed as an instance of the competent authorities informing the public of the facts. Far from it. They are simply part of the efforts made by the authorities responsible for this policy to mitigate the damage to Israel's image by hiding and whitewashing the facts. Yet, propaganda and reality are two different things. In reality, Israel is indifferent to the killing of Palestinians. Otherwise, it would long ago have changed its open-fire policy and stopped shooting at unarmed protesters on the other side of the fence who pose no danger to anyone. Evidence of this criminal policy is found time and time again as the military persists in implementing it unchanged, enlisting its whitewashing apparatus to back it up, which almost always ensure no one will be held accountable for the killing of Palestinians even in outrageous circumstances such as a-Najar's killing. "
↑ 972 , Orly Noy, “In Memory of Razan al-Najjar”, June 3, 2018 : “Taken together, the responses reflected the depressing fact that for most of the Israeli public, Palestinians killed by Israeli soldiers are guilty by default. The identity of the deceased or the circumstances of the killing are irrelevant. "
↑ June 9, 2018 ; German version on democratic left .
↑ New York Times , "How Times Reporters Froze a Fatal Moment on a Protest Field in Gaza," December 30, 2018 ; "We determined that the Israel Defense Forces' account of the second shot - fired at 6:31 pm - is inaccurate. (...) Indeed, we didn't see any violent protesting in that area in the minutes before the fatal gunshot, suggesting that the shot contravened the Israeli military's own rules about targeting protesters. (...) Former snipers in the United States Army and the Israel Defense Forces told us that, without a backstop, it was a reckless shot to take. (...) Though Israel claims Rouzan's killing was unintentional, our investigation shows that her shooting appears to have been reckless at best, and possibly a war crime, for which no one has yet been punished. During our reporting we learned that by August, 60 to 70 Gaza protesters had been killed "unintentionally." Yet the Israeli army's rules of engagement remain unchanged, the military says. What's certain is that Rouzan's was an innocent life needlessly taken “; IMEMCnews , “A NYT Investigation Examining the Killing of Medic Razan al-Najjar Concludes: 'Possibly a War Crime' by Israeli Forces,” January 10, 2019 ; Jewish Telegraphic Agency , Andrew Silow-Carrol, "The New York Times says a Palestinian medic's death in Gaza could be a war crime," December 31, 2018 ; IMEMCnews , “A NYT Investigation Examining the Killing of Medic Razan al-Najjar Concludes:“ Possibly a War Crime ”by Israeli Forces,” January 10, 2019 .
↑ New York Times , “A Day, a Life: When a Medic Was Killed in Gaza, Was It an Accident?” December 30, 2018 : “The laws of war would not want any military personnel to deliberately fire in the direction of the medics. I'm not saying it's close to the line. I'm saying it crosses the line. "According to the Times, Israel considers unarmed members of Hamas fair game," an interpretation of international law that is not universally accepted. "
↑ cit. n. Jewish Telegraphic Agency , Andrew Silow-Carrol, “The New York Times says a Palestinian medic's death in Gaza could be a war crime”, December 31, 2018 : “The New York Times 'investigation,' for all its dignified trappings, is just the same old Israel-bashing you can get for free on any extreme right or extreme left Internet site or social media feed, "Stoll writes in The Algemeiner".
↑ cit. n. Jewish Telegraphic Agency , Andrew Silow-Carrol, “The New York Times says a Palestinian medic's death in Gaza could be a war crime”, December 31, 2018 : “What do you call an attempt to storm a border fence with the stated goal to kill the Jewish civilians on the other side as part of a plan to destroy the Jewish state? If you're the NY Times, you call it “protests against Israel's blockade of the Gaza Strip”.

personal data
SURNAME	Najjar, Rouzan al-
BRIEF DESCRIPTION	Palestinian rescue worker
DATE OF BIRTH	September 13, 1997
PLACE OF BIRTH	Khan Younis
DATE OF DEATH	June 1, 2018
Place of death	Gaza

[1] New York Times , “A Woman Dedicated to Saving Lives Loses Hers in Gaza Violence,” June 2, 2018 : “Her father, Ashraf al-Najjar, had a shop that sold motorcycle parts, which was destroyed in an Israeli airstrike during the 2014 was between Israel and the militant group, he said. He has since been unemployed "; The Lancet , "Razan Ashraf al-Najjar," June 23, 2018 ; The Independent , "Razan al-Najjar: 21-year-old Palestinian medic who became a symbol in Gaza", June 17, 2018 .

[2] Middle East Monitor , “Who killed Razan al-Najjar?”, June 2, 2018 : “She did not attend university, but instead completed two years' paramedic training at the Nasser Hospital in Khan Younis and then volunteered her services with the Palestinian Medical Aid Society "; The Guardian , "Mother of shot Gaza medic: 'She thought the white coat would protect her", June 8, 2018 ; NBC News , "Protests resume after Palestinian paramedic's Gaza funeral," June 1, 2018 .

[3] New York Times , “A Woman Dedicated to Saving Lives Loses Hers in Gaza Violence,” June 2, 2018 , Rouzan al-Najjar: “We have one goal - to save lives and evacuate people. And to send a message to the world: Without weapons, we can do anything. This is the tent where volunteers work daily. We volunteer here every day. We do this for our love for our country. It's humanitarian work. We don't do it for money, we do it for god. We don't want go get paid or be employed. People ask my dad what I'm doing here without getting a salary. He tell's them: 'I'm proud of my daughter. She provides care to the children of out country '. And especially in our society women are often judged. But society has to accept us. If they don't want to accept us by choice, they will be forced to accept us. Because we have more strength than any man. The strength that I showed as a first responder on the first day of the protest I dare you to find in anyone else. "

[4] Al Mayadeen News , cit. n. The New York Times , “Israeli Video Portrays Medic Killed in Gaza as Tool of Hamas”, June 7, 2018 : “With all my strength, will and persistence, no matter what you do to me, what dangers I'm subjected to to, bullets, explosives or tear gas, I will continue on my course and journey, ”she said. "I will save all the injured so that they can go back and defend their land, and take back our land."

[5] Jewish Telegraphic Agency , Andrew Silow-Carrol, "The New York Times says a Palestinian medic's death in Gaza could be a war crime", December 31, 2018 : "She was a feminist, by Gaza standards, shattering traditional gender rules, but also a daughter who doted on her father, was particular about her appearance and was slowly assembling a trousseau. "

[6] Al Jazeera , "Israeli forces 'deliberately killed' Palestinian paramedic Razan," June 18, 2018 ; "I'm targeted by the Israeli army (...) Soldiers tried to kill me so many times. I received some information that I'm targeted by the Israeli army and that I have to stay away from the field because of my activities [tending to the injured] but I ignore all of that. "

[7] Medico international , The death of Razan al-Najjar .

[8] The Guardian , "Mother of shot Gaza medic: 'She thought the white coat would protect her", June 8, 2018 .

[9] United Nations Human Rights Council , "Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory", March 18, 2019, p. 151 f. ; B'Tselem , "Israeli soldiers deliberately and fatally shot Palestinian paramedic Rozan a-Najar in the Gaza Strip", July 17, 2018 .

[10] UN Human Rights Commission , p. 75, point 269 and 272 .

[11] UN Human Rights Commission , p. 77, point 281, p. 79, point 288, p. 80, point 292 .

[12] UN Human Rights Commission , p. 76, Fig. 274 and Note 391: “IDF FAQs, page 88” and S. 161-163, section B: "Use of high-velocity ammunition against demonstrators", point 550 .

[13] New York Times , Yousur al-Hlou, Malachy Browne, Johnn Woo, David M. Halbfinger, “Visual Investigations: An Israeli Soldier Killed a Medic in Gaza. We Investigated the Fatal Shot ", December 30, 2018 :" 120 yards "(= 109 meters); Forensic Architecture , The Killing of Rouzan al-Najjar ; Times of Israel , "After Damning-Report IDF says it is probing Killing of Gazan Medic in June," December 30, 2018 .

[14] B'Tselem , "Israeli soldiers deliberately and fatally shot Palestinian paramedic Rozan a-Najar in the Gaza Strip", July 17, 2018 "was fatally shot by a member of the security forces who was aiming directly at her"; UN Human Rights Commission , p. 76. Fig. 274 ; Medico international , The death of Razan al-Najjar ; UN News , “UN agencies express outrage over killing of Palestinian volunteer medic in Gaza,” June 4, 2018 , James Heenan, Head of the UN Human Rights Office for the Occupied Palestinian Territories: “Reports indicate that Razan was assisting injured demonstrators and wearing her first responder clothing, clearly distinguishing her as a healthcare worker, even from a distance. "

[15] World Health Organization (WHO), "UN Agencies deeply concerned over the killing of Healt Volunteer in Gaza", June 2, 2018 ; Times of Israel , "Palestinians say female medic killed, 100 injured in Gaza fence clashes," June 1, 2018 ; Medico international , The death of Razan al-Najjar .

[16] United Nations Human Rights Council , “Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory”, inserted by UN Resolution S-28/1, pdf, February 25, 2019, p. 14 ; Reuters , Israeli military says to probe killing of Gaza nurse, June 2, 2018 .

[17] BBC News , "Gaza violence: Thousands attend funeral for Palestinian medic," June 3, 2018 ; Reuters , Israeli military says to probe killing of Gaza nurse, June 2, 2018 ; The Independent , "Razan al-Najjar: 21-year-old Palestinian medic who became a symbol in Gaza", June 17, 2018 .

[18] New York Times , “A Woman Dedicated to Saving Lives Loses Hers in Gaza Violence,” June 2, 2018 ; NBC News , "Protests resume after Palestinian paramedic's Gaza funeral," June 1, 2018 ; The Guardian , "Mother of shot Gaza medic: 'She thought the white coat would protect her", June 8, 2018 ; Times of Israel , “UN official condemns 'reprehensible' killing of Gaza medic”, June 3, 2018 ; Le Monde , “Emotion à Gaza à la suite de la mort d'une infirmière, tuée par l'armée israélienne”, June 3, 2018 ; Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , “Mourning for a paramedic who was shot”, June 3, 2018 ; Image , “Palestinian medic shot dead during protests,” June 3, 2018 ; Neue Zürcher Zeitung , “Stolen Hope for Peace in Gaza”, June 4, 2018 ; O Globo , “Disparo de soldados israelenses mata voluntária palestina na Faixa de Gaza”, June 1, 2018 ; Al Jazeera , "Israeli forces 'deliberately killed' Palestinian paramedic Razan," June 18, 2018 ; Haaretz , “Anonymous Snipers and a Lethal Verdict,” June 5, 2018 ; +972 Magazine , Orly Noy, “In Memory of Razan al-Najjar,” June 3, 2018 ; Middle East Monitor , “Who killed Razan al-Najjar?”, June 2, 2018 : “The death of the 21-year-old volunteer paramedic sent shockwaves around the world, not least because Razan had become an iconic symbol before she was shot dead. "

[19] Geneva Conventions, August 12, 1949, Article 4 .

[20] Times of Israel , "US blocks UN resolution condemning Israel for deaths in Gaza clashes," April 1, 2018 ; Süddeutsche Zeitung , “United Nations Investigate Violence in Gaza”, May 18, 2018 ; United Nations Human Rights Council , “Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory”, inserted by UN Resolution S-28/1, pdf, February 25, 2019, p. 14 : “On 1 June, an Israeli sniper bullet hit Razan, of the Palestinian Medical Relief Society and who at the time was wearing a white paramedic vest and standing with other volunteer paramedics approximately 110 m from the separation fence, in the chest at the Khuzaa site, east of Khan Younis. She died in hospital. "

[21] World Health Organization (WHO), “UN Agencies deeply concerned over Killing of Healt Volunteer in Gaza” June 2, 2018 .

[22] World Health Organization (WHO), "UN Agencies deeply concerned over Killing of Health Volunteer in Gaza" June 2, 2018 , James Heenan, Head of the UN Human Rights Office for the Occupied Palestinian Territories: "It is very difficult to see how Razan posed such a threat to heavily-armed, well-protected Israeli forces in defensive positions on the other side of the fence. "

[23] Times of Israel , "After saying it shot medic by accident, IDF claims she was 'no angel'", June 7, 2018 : "Medical workers are #NotATarget! My thoughts and prayers go out to the family of #Razan_AlNajjar! #Palestinians in #Gaza have had enough suffering. #Israel needs to calibrate its use of force and Hamas need to prevent incidents at the fence. Escalation only costs more lives. "

[24] Times of Israel , “UN official condemns 'reprehensible' killing of Gaza medic”, June 3, 2018 ; UN News , “UN agencies express outrage over killing of Palestinian volunteer medic in Gaza”, June 4, 2018 : “'Healthcare workers must be allowed to perform their duties without fear of death or injury,' said the Humanitarian Coordinator Mr Jamie McGoldrick. 'The killing of a clearly-identified medical staffer by security forces during a demonstration is particularly reprehensible. It is difficult to see how it squares with Israel's obligation as occupying power to ensure the welfare of the population of Gaza. '"

[25] UN News , "Security Council fails to adopt competing texts on protection of Palestinian civilians in Gaza," June 1, 2018 ; United Nations, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases , "Amid Middle East Violence, Security Council Fails to Adopt Competing Resolutions on Israeli Force, Hamas Role in Conflict"; UN Security Council Resolution 13362 of June 1, 2018 : "Condemning the use by Israel Defense Forces of live ammunition against civilian protesters"; Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations in New York , "Gaza: the silence of the Security Council is disastrous. Vote on the American and Koweiti draft resolutions - Explanation of vote by Mr. François Delattre, Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations - Security Council - 1 June 2018 “, December 27, 2018 ; The Sentinel , June 2, 2018 .

[26] United Nations, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases , June 13, 2018 : “In an emergency meeting, the General Assembly today adopted a resolution deploring the use of excessive, disproportionate and indiscriminate force by Israeli forces against Palestinian civilians in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and particularly the Gaza Strip. By the text titled “Protection of the Palestinian civilian population” - adopted by a vote of 120 in favor to 8 against with 45 abstentions - the Assembly demanded that Israel refrain from such actions and fully abide by its legal obligations under the Fourth Geneva Convention relating to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 12 August 1949. "

[27] United Nations, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases , June 13, 2018 .

[28] United Nations Human Rights Council , “Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory”, inserted by UN Resolution S-28/1, pdf, February 25, 2019, p. 14 : “The commission found reasonable grounds to believe that Israeli snipers intentionally shot health workers, despite seeing that they were clearly marked as such “; UN Human Rights Commission , Summary , pp. 193–196, XIV A: “Razan al-Najjar”; taz , "UN Council fears" war crimes ", February 28, 2019 :" Some of the human rights violations could have been war crimes or crimes against humanity, which Israel must investigate immediately, "said the chairman of the commission of inquiry Santiago Canton."

[29] Haaretz , Amira Hass, “Why Not Posthumously Declare a Medic a Terrorist? It's the easiest solution. Of Lies and Soldiers ", June 10, 2018 :" That's according to a preliminary Israel Defense Forces investigation. The first news report of the ongoing inquiry's findings said that Israeli soldiers did not fire at Najjar "; Reuters , Israeli military says to probe killing of Gaza nurse, June 2, 2018 .

[30] Times of Israel , "After saying it shot medic by accident, IDF claims she was 'no angel'", June 7, 2018 .

[31] The New York Times , "Israeli Video Portrays Medic Killed in Gaza as Tool of Hamas," June 7, 2018 : "The video does not appear to have been taken the day Ms. Najjar was killed, and the canister does not appear to be aimed at anyone "; Haaretz , Amira Hass, “Why Not Posthumously Declare a Medic a Terrorist? It's the easiest solution. Of Lies and Soldiers ”, June 10, 2018 .

[32] The New York Times , "Israeli Video Portrays Medic Killed in Gaza as Tool of Hamas", June 7, 2018 : "'I'm acting as a human rescue shield to protect the injured inside the armistice line." (...) This medic was incited by Hamas to give up her life for their goals, ”the text on the English-language version of the video says. "Hamas uses paramedics as human shields."

[33] The Intercept , "Israel Attempts to Smear Razan al-Najjar, Palestinian Medic It Killed, Calling Her 'No Angel'", June 8, 2018 : "But, do medics participate in riots & say thay are human shields for terrorists? Hamas used her as a human shield for its terrorists who stormed our border. "

[34] United Nations Human Rights Council , "Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory", March 18, 2019, pp. 193-195 .

[35] The New York Times , “Israeli Video Portrays Medic Killed in Gaza as Tool of Hamas”, June 7, 2018 : “Rather the clip, published in English and Arabic, appeared to be part of the battle over her story's narrative and an effort to chip away at Ms. Najjar's image of fresh-faced innocence "; The Intercept , "Israel Attempts to Smear Razan al-Najjar, Palestinian Medic It Killed, Calling Her 'No Angel", " June 8, 2018 :" Thursday, the army's social media unit began a coordinated smear campaign against her, by falsely suggesting in a video that she had been engaged in rioting and had attended the protests to shield militants disguised as protesters “; The Independent , "Israeli army edits video of Palestinian medic its troops shot dead to misleadingly show she was 'human shield for Hamas'", June 8, 2018 .

[36] Haaretz , Amira Hass, “Why Not Posthumously Declare a Medic a Terrorist? It's the easiest solution. Of Lies and Soldiers “ June 10, 2018 .

[37] Haaretz , "After Killing Razan al-Najjar, Israel Assassinates Her Character," June 10, 2018 .

[38] The Independent , "Israeli army edits video of Palestinian medic its troops shot dead to misleadingly show she was 'human shield for Hamas'", June 8, 2018 .

[39] United Nations Human Rights Council , "Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory", March 18, 2019, p. 195 : "The spread of such altered videos, shared by senior Israeli government officials, illustrates how disinformation can move rapidly in social media and achieve wide reach. The Commission observed how such posts provoked hate speech and dehumanizing language, directed at demonstrators in the GMR, including then-deceased al-Najjar. "

[40] United Nations Human Rights Council , "Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory", March 18, 2019, p. 194 .

[41] Haaretz , "Israeli Army Opens Criminal Investigation Into Killing of Gaza Medic", October 29, 2018 : United Nations Human Rights Council , "Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory", March 18, 2019, p. 193 .

[42] James Eastwood, Ethics as a Weapon of War: Militarism and Morality in Israel , Cambridge University Press, 2017, pp. 155 ff .

[43] Süddeutsche Zeitung , "We snipers are trained to kill, we don't stop a protest", May 16, 2018 ; Breaking the Silence: Israeli TV, April 10, 2018 ; BBC Watch , "Tag Archives: Nadav Weiman", July 28, 2019 : "A senior Israeli officer said that the policy of shooting above the knees had led to many being killed"; Haaretz , December 4, 2019 .

[44] Al Jazeera , "Israeli forces 'deliberately killed' Palestinian paramedic Razan: Probe by Israeli rights group B'Tselem concludes that intentional fatal shot was fired at the Palestinian paramedic," June 18, 2018 .

[45] B'tselem , "Israeli soldiers deliberately and fatally shot Palestinian paramedic Rozan a-Najar in the Gaza Strip", July 17, 2018 : "The killing of a-Najar is a direct result of the open-fire policy Israel has been implementing since the protests began. (...) The disavowal of responsibility for a-Najar's killing by the IDF Spokesperson and other Israeli state officials should not be construed as an instance of the competent authorities informing the public of the facts. Far from it. They are simply part of the efforts made by the authorities responsible for this policy to mitigate the damage to Israel's image by hiding and whitewashing the facts. Yet, propaganda and reality are two different things. In reality, Israel is indifferent to the killing of Palestinians. Otherwise, it would long ago have changed its open-fire policy and stopped shooting at unarmed protesters on the other side of the fence who pose no danger to anyone. Evidence of this criminal policy is found time and time again as the military persists in implementing it unchanged, enlisting its whitewashing apparatus to back it up, which almost always ensure no one will be held accountable for the killing of Palestinians even in outrageous circumstances such as a-Najar's killing. "

[46] 972 , Orly Noy, “In Memory of Razan al-Najjar”, June 3, 2018 : “Taken together, the responses reflected the depressing fact that for most of the Israeli public, Palestinians killed by Israeli soldiers are guilty by default. The identity of the deceased or the circumstances of the killing are irrelevant. "

[47] June 9, 2018 ; German version on democratic left .

[48] New York Times , "How Times Reporters Froze a Fatal Moment on a Protest Field in Gaza," December 30, 2018 ; "We determined that the Israel Defense Forces' account of the second shot - fired at 6:31 pm - is inaccurate. (...) Indeed, we didn't see any violent protesting in that area in the minutes before the fatal gunshot, suggesting that the shot contravened the Israeli military's own rules about targeting protesters. (...) Former snipers in the United States Army and the Israel Defense Forces told us that, without a backstop, it was a reckless shot to take. (...) Though Israel claims Rouzan's killing was unintentional, our investigation shows that her shooting appears to have been reckless at best, and possibly a war crime, for which no one has yet been punished. During our reporting we learned that by August, 60 to 70 Gaza protesters had been killed "unintentionally." Yet the Israeli army's rules of engagement remain unchanged, the military says. What's certain is that Rouzan's was an innocent life needlessly taken “; IMEMCnews , “A NYT Investigation Examining the Killing of Medic Razan al-Najjar Concludes: 'Possibly a War Crime' by Israeli Forces,” January 10, 2019 ; Jewish Telegraphic Agency , Andrew Silow-Carrol, "The New York Times says a Palestinian medic's death in Gaza could be a war crime," December 31, 2018 ; IMEMCnews , “A NYT Investigation Examining the Killing of Medic Razan al-Najjar Concludes:“ Possibly a War Crime ”by Israeli Forces,” January 10, 2019 .

[49] New York Times , “A Day, a Life: When a Medic Was Killed in Gaza, Was It an Accident?” December 30, 2018 : “The laws of war would not want any military personnel to deliberately fire in the direction of the medics. I'm not saying it's close to the line. I'm saying it crosses the line. "According to the Times, Israel considers unarmed members of Hamas fair game," an interpretation of international law that is not universally accepted. "

[50] t. n. Jewish Telegraphic Agency , Andrew Silow-Carrol, “The New York Times says a Palestinian medic's death in Gaza could be a war crime”, December 31, 2018 : “The New York Times 'investigation,' for all its dignified trappings, is just the same old Israel-bashing you can get for free on any extreme right or extreme left Internet site or social media feed, "Stoll writes in The Algemeiner".

[51] t. n. Jewish Telegraphic Agency , Andrew Silow-Carrol, “The New York Times says a Palestinian medic's death in Gaza could be a war crime”, December 31, 2018 : “What do you call an attempt to storm a border fence with the stated goal to kill the Jewish civilians on the other side as part of a plan to destroy the Jewish state? If you're the NY Times, you call it “protests against Israel's blockade of the Gaza Strip”.