Rudbeckia
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The Rudbeckia ( Rudbeckia ) is a plant genus in the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae). The 20 to 23 species are common in North America. There are some varieties that are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens.
description
Vegetative characteristics
Rudbeckia species are annual, biennial or perennial herbaceous plants that usually reach heights of 50 to 300 centimeters. Often they form rhizomes , sometimes stolons . The upright stems are usually branched and smooth or hairy.
The stalked or sessile leaves are alternate in basal rosettes and arranged along the stem. The leaf blades are simple to pinnate. The leaf margins are smooth, serrated or serrated.
Generative characteristics
The cup-shaped inflorescences stand singly or in groups in an umbrella -shaped whole inflorescence. The bottom of the cup has a high, conical shape, which, in connection with the mostly slightly drooping ray-like flowers, gives the shape of a hat and has led to the German name sun hat . However, they should not be confused with sun hats ( Echinacea ) . In contrast to these, there is no known use of rudbeckia in medicine. 5 to 20 bracts are usually arranged in one to two, rarely three rows. There are chaff leaves. In the flower head are often tongue-shaped edge, zygomorphe , dreizipfelige ray flowers (daisies) radiärsymmetrische florets (disc florets) are always present. The five petals have grown together to form a tube.
The mostly black achenes are square and have a small pappus , which can also be missing.
Systematics and distribution
The genus Rudbeckia was established by Carl von Linné . The generic name Rudbeckia honors the two Swedish scientists Olof Rudbeck the Elder (1630–1702) and Olof Rudbeck the Younger (1660–1740), father and son. Rudbeckia hirta L. was specified as the lectotype species in 1913 by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown in An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States , 2nd edition, 3, p. 469. Synonyms for Rudbeckia L. are: Centrocarpha D.Don , Dracopis (Cass.) Cass.
The North American genus Rudbeckia belongs to the tribe Heliantheae in the subfamily Asteroideae within the family of Compositae (Asteraceae).
The genus Rudbeckia is divided into three sections and contains 20 to 23 species:
- Section Dracopis (Cass.) A.Gray : It contains only one species:
- Rudbeckia amplexicaulis Vahl : It is an annual species found in the central and eastern United States.
- Macrocline Torr section . & A.Gray : All 13 species are persistent:
- Rudbeckia alpicola Piper : It only thrives at altitudes of 200 to 1500 meters in Washington .
- Rudbeckia auriculata (Perdue) Král : It thrives at altitudes of 10 to 90 meters in Alabama , Florida and Georgia .
- Rudbeckia californica A.Gray : It thrives in the central Sierra Nevada .
- Rudbeckia glaucescens Eastwood : It often thrives on soils above serpentine in California and Oregon at altitudes of 60 to 1300 meters, often together with the cobra lily ( Darlingtonia ).
- Rudbeckia klamathensis P.B. Cox & Urbatsch : It thrives at altitudes between 1000 and 1600 meters in California .
- Rudbeckia laciniata Schlitzblättriger Sonnenhut L. , "Röderblume": It is widespread in North America with five varieties. In eastern Saxony it wasintroducedas a neophyte and has developed, especially in the valleys of the Großer Röder and some tributaries, as a special shape with green tubular flowers, which is known as the real Rödertal flower .
- Rudbeckia maxima Nuttall : It only thrives at altitudes of 10 to 70 meters.
- Rudbeckia mohrii A.Gray : It thrives in moist Pinus - savannas ( "wet pine savannas") at altitudes between 0 and 50 meters in Florida and Georgia.
- Rudbeckia montana A.Gray : It thrives at altitudes of 2,400 to 2,800 meters in Colorado and Utah.
- Rudbeckia nitida Nuttall : It thrives in “wet pinelands” at altitudes of 0 to 40 meters in Florida and Georgia.
- Rudbeckia occidentalis Nuttall : It thrives at altitudes of 1000 to 2800 meters.
- Rudbeckia scabrifolia L.E. Brown : This endangered species is only found in western Louisiana and eastern Texas .
- Rudbeckia texana (Perdue) PBCox & Urbatsch : It only thrives at altitudes of 0 to 50 meters in western Louisiana and eastern Texas.
- Section Rudbeckia : It contains about nine species:
- Luminous coneflower ( Rudbeckia fulgida Aiton ): It is common with seven varieties in eastern North America.
- Rudbeckia graminifolia (Torr. & A.Gray) CLBoynton & Beadle : It only thrives in Florida at altitudes of 0 to 30 meters.
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Rudbeckia grandiflora (Sweet) CCGmelin ex DC. : It is common with two varieties in North America, but not in the western area:
- Rudbeckia grandiflora var. Alismifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) Cronquist : It occurs in Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana and in eastern Texas.
- Rudbeckia grandiflora var. Grandiflora : It occurs in Ohio, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas.
- Rudbeckia heliopsidis Torr. & A.Gray : It thrives at altitudes of 70 to 200 meters.
- Black-eyed Rudbeckia ( Rudbeckia hirta L. ): It is distributed with four varieties in eastern North America.
- Rudbeckia missouriensis Engelmann ex CLBoynton & Beadle : It thrives on dry, stony prairies and limestone at altitudes of 10 to 80 meters.
- Soft-haired Rudbeckia ( Rudbeckia mollis Elliott ): It thrives on dry, sandy soils at altitudes of 30 to 90 meters.
- Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh : It thrives in prairies that arenot too dry, on river banks and in clearings in wooded areas at altitudes of 20 to 300 meters in large parts of the USA.
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Rudbeckia triloba L .: It is distributed in the USA with three varieties and is a neophyte in Canada:
- Rudbeckia triloba var. Pinnatiloba Torr. & A. Gray : Found in Alabama, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and Florida.
- Rudbeckia triloba var. Rupestris (Chick.) A. Gray : It occurs in western North Carolina and in eastern Tennessee.
- Rudbeckia triloba var. Triloba : It is found in the central and eastern United States and is a neophyte in southeastern Canada.
use
Varieties of at least three species are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens in temperate zones.
Varieties of the luminous coneflower or yellow coneflower ( Rudbeckia fulgida ) with the common brown tubular flowers:
Rudbeckia fulgida 'Goldsturm'
Rudbeckia fulgida 'Rubinstern'
Rudbeckia fulgida var. Sullivantii 'Goldsteinii'
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Varieties of the slit-leaved coneflower , also called real Rödertal flower, with the special feature of the green tubular flowers
Rudbeckia laciniata , slit-leaved coneflower, real Rödertal flower, with green tubular flower
Rudbeckia laciniata , slit-leaved coneflower, real Rödertal flower, with green tubular flower when seeds are beginning to ripen
literature
- Theodore M. Barkley, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother: Tribe Heliantheae , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Vol. 21 - Magnoliophyta: Asteridae (in part): Asteraceae , part 3 , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006. ISBN 0-19-530565-5 : Lowell E. Urbatsch, Patricia B. Cox: in the Flora of North America; Volume 21: Rudbeckia , p. 24 - online with the same text as the printed work. (Sections Description and Systematics)
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]
- ^ Rudbeckia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 30, 2016.
- ↑ a b c d e f Rudbeckia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 21, 2019.