Glory of Ukraine

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Independence Monument in Kharkiv with the inscription "Slava Ukrajini"
Vsevolod Petriv wrote at the time of the Ukrainian state : "It was mainly about the hearts that marched and shouted loudly" Honor the Ukraine, honor the hetmanate ""

Glory of the Ukraine ( Ukrainian Слава Україні , German transcription Slawa Ukrajini ), also translated as Honor Ukraine or Long Live the Ukraine , is a common greeting and a popular slogan in Ukraine . Since 2018, the shout “Glory to Ukraine, Glory to Heroes” has been the official military salute of the Ukrainian armed forces .

history

War of Independence 1917–1921

The greeting Slawa Ukrajini can be traced back to the time of the Ukrainian War of Independence (1917–1921) after the February Revolution . The expression was used as a greeting among Ukrainian partisans who tried to prevent the Bolshevik invasion of their homeland. In his memoir, the writer and partisan Jurij Horlis-Horskyj wrote that independence fighters of the Ukrainian People's Republic replied to the greeting “Hello” with “Slava Ukrajini”. Among Cossacks , the modified greeting was “Slawa Ukrajini! Kosakam Slawa! ”(Honor the Ukraine! Honor the Cossacks!). During the time of the hetmanate , the greeting Slawa Ukrajini was supplemented by the addition “Honor the hetmanate”.

World War II and Soviet era

A war memorial containing the slogan in memory of the UPA in Basaltowe ( Volhynia ), site of the Volhynia massacre

In the interwar period, the term Slava Ukrajini was used by a group of nationalists . The group existed from 1925 to 1929 and initially used the addition "Glory to the Cossacks". One member of the group suggested during a meeting that the mention of the Cossacks should be replaced with the phrase "honor the heroes". In 1939 or 1941 the greeting Slawa Ukrajini, Slawa Herojam was officially accepted by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN). The OUN fought between 1942 and 1952 against both the German and Soviet occupying powers and for the independence of Ukraine. The OUN also committed serious war crimes.

After the OUN's armed resistance was suppressed, the slogan was banned in the Soviet Union for many years. The expression continued to appear, for example in the book Human Blood Is No Water (1957) by Mychajlo Stelmach , which calls for the "Cossack glory of Ukraine" to be defended and revived. However, the book was translated incorrectly into Russian because the idea of ​​Ukrainian independence had negative connotations during the Soviet era.

independence

In the late 1980s and especially since the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, the slogan was heard again at rallies and demonstrations, for example by human rights activist Vyacheslav Chornovil at a demonstration in Kiev in 1989. In June 1991, thousands of people protested against President Leonid Kravchuk's plans to sign a treaty with Moscow on membership of the Union of Sovereign States . The demonstrators called for freedom and independence for a democratic Ukraine, shouting “Glory of Ukraine” and “Shame of Kravchuk”.

In the context of the Orange Revolution , the slogan was common. In response to the falsification of the 2004 presidential election, which brought former President Leonid Kuchma's protégé , Viktor Yanukovych, to power, demonstrations lasted for days. The then opposition politician Viktor Yushchenko said goodbye to the demonstrators every evening with the words: “Glory to each and every one of you! Glory to Ukraine! Glory to the Lord our God ”.

present

The small town of Marjinka in Donetsk Oblast was liberated from Russian occupation in June 2015, inscription "Slawa Ukrajini"

In current usage, Slava Ukrajini is firmly associated with the Euromaidan protest movement . In the first phase of the Euromaidan, Ukrainian state symbols and the flag of the European Union were of central importance for the self-image of the movement and for mobilization purposes. In later phases of the protests and especially after violent attacks by the state security forces on demonstrators during the Yanukovych presidency and at the beginning of the Russian military intervention in Crimea and southeastern Ukraine, Cossack traditions came to the fore. In this context, the majority of the Euromaidan protesters adopted the slogan. Since the beginning of January 2014, the Maidan stage has been decorated with a large blue banner that read “Slawa Ukrani” in yellow. The term took on a new meaning in the course of the Euromaidan, free of nationalistic connotations. Rituals such as singing the Ukrainian national anthem, waving the flag and shouting "Slava Ukrajini" contributed to the consolidation of Ukrainian society and strengthened the patriotic mood. The greeting is used in different situations and, depending on the context, symbolizes the hope for a democratic and western-oriented Ukraine, for freedom of all Ukrainians and unity.

The addition “Glory to the Heroes” has also been redesigned. Since the Euromaidan it has meant the Maidan activists and above all the people who died on January 22nd and February 2014 in protests against the Yanukovych government. In Ukraine, they are known as the "Heavenly Hundred" and are celebrated as the Maidan's fallen heroes. When women helped defend the barricades during the night, the slogan was changed accordingly with the female form so that the demonstrators shouted: "Glory to the heroines, glory to the heroines". Nevertheless, from a feminist perspective, the use of the generic masculine “hero” is criticized. Women and their participation in the Euromaidan would not be made sufficiently visible.

Since the Euromaidan, the expression "Slava Ukrajini" has been used by most Ukrainians regardless of their party affiliation or their cultural, linguistic or social background. The slogan was used by the largely liberal demonstrators, Russian-speaking Ukrainians, Ukrainians of Jewish descent and supporters of the nationalist Svoboda party , the latter being marginalized on the Maidan and in Ukraine's politics. The ideas and rituals of the Maidan influenced later legislation and state practice. The slogan Slawa Ukrajini has become almost mandatory in official speeches, especially in relation to memorial services, speeches to the nation and other ceremonial occasions. For example, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko commented on the start of visa-free travel between the EU and Ukraine with the words “Glory to Europe! Glory to Ukraine! ”. The slogan also appeared on the official shirts of the Ukrainian national football team .

International use

The greeting is used by heads of state in other countries. In 1995, then American President Bill Clinton welcomed the auto-disarmament of Ukraine and its departure from the traditions of the Soviet Union. He ended his speech with “ God Bless America ”, followed by “Honor of Ukraine” in Ukrainian. Every year the Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau congratulates Ukraine on independence with the words "Slava Ukrajini". The then German Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel also used the formula on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of German-Ukrainian relations and the 26th Independence Day of Ukraine. The Lithuanian President Dalia Grybauskaitė wrote in 2016 that Ukraine had made a European choice with the Maidan protest movement and welcomed this with the exclamation “Slava Ukrajini”.

In the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, there was an incident when the Croatian player Domagoj Vida and assistant coach Ognjen Vukojević that used for the club Dynamo Kiev chronicled had played, after the victory of Croatia against Russia in the quarterfinals a video message and in Ukraine mentioned. Vida and Vukojević shouted: "Slawa Ukrajini ... this victory is for Dynamo and Ukraine ... let's go, Croatia!" After protests from Russia that what was said was "racist" and "anti-Russian", Vida was whistled by Russian fans and finally by FIFA issued a warning on alleged "political statements". Vukojević received a fine and was suspended by the Croatian Football Association. The Ukrainian Football Association and the Ukrainian Embassy in Great Britain announced that "Slawa Ukrajini" is a common greeting in Ukraine, comparable to phrases in other countries such as Vive la France . FIFA's Facebook page has been flooded with more than 150,000 comments criticizing FIFA as partisan. Almost all of the comments included the phrase “Slava Ukrajini”, “Slava Khrowatiji” (Glory of Croatia) and “Shame on FIFA”.

Armed forces

On February 5, 2018, Prime Minister Volodymyr Hroysman introduced a draft to parliament on changing the official calls of the Ukrainian armed forces. Until then, a greeting from the Soviet era was used: shouting “Hello Comrades ” ( Bітаю товариші , German transcription Witaju towaryschi ) and the answer “We wish health” (Бажаємо здоров'я, German transcription Bazhaemo zdorowja ). According to Hrojsman's draft, the Soviet greeting was to be replaced and replaced by the military exclamation “Glory of Ukraine” (Слава Україні) followed by the answer “Glory to Heroes” (Героям слава, transcription Herojam Slawa ).

On August 9, 2018, President Poroshenko announced that Slava Ukrajini - Herojam Slawa would be the official military salute of the Ukrainian armed forces. The greeting was heard for the first time at the Independence Parade in Kiev on August 24, 2018. The Ukrainian parliament approved the draft law on September 6, 2018.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g «Слава Україні!" - історія гасла боротьби за незалежність ( Eng . "" Honor to Ukraine! "- History of the slogan of the struggle for independence"). In: Radio Free Europe. 19th September 2017.
  2. ↑ Ch. Diemer: Mutterlandpop: Local marking and delimitation of musical performances on Ukrainian holidays. In: D. Helms, T. Phleps (Ed.): Speaking in Tongues . Transcript Verlag , Bielefeld 2015, ISBN 978-3-8376-3224-8 , pp. 63–87.
  3. ↑ Y. Belorusets: glory of Ukraine. In: C. Dathe, A. Rostek (eds.): Majdan! Ukraine, Europe . edition.fotoTAPETA, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-940524-28-7 , pp. 55-57.
  4. ↑ П. Г. Дяченко: Чорні запорожці: спомини командира 1-го кінного полку Чорних запорожців Акрмії Укранїїнїс косо Редиїнїс кусно . «Стікс», Київ 2010, p. 350.
  5. ↑ Ivan Katchanovski: The Politics of World War II in Contemporary Ukraine . In: The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 27, No. 2, 2014, pp. 210-233. doi: 10.1080 / 13518046.2013.844493
  6. ↑ a b c Y. Shveda, J. Ho Park: Ukraine's revolution of dignity: The dynamics of Euromaidan . In: Journal of Eurasian Studies. 7, No. 1, 2016, pp. 85–91. doi: 10.1016 / j.euras.2015.10.007 .
  7. ↑ M. Ivanyc'ka: Alterity and Translation in the Ukrainian-German Context. In: S. Schahadat, S. Zbytovský (Ed.): Translation Landscapes : Topics and Actors of Literary Translation in Eastern and Central Europe . Transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2016, ISBN 978-3-8376-3302-3 , p. 71 ff.
  8. ↑ a b c S. Kvit: The Ideology of the Euromaidan . In: Social, Health, and Communication Studies Journal. No. 1, 2014, pp. 27-40.
  9. ↑ Marchers in Kiev say "no" to union treaty . In: The Ukrainian Weekly. June 30, 1991.
  10. ^ A. Fournier: Between Mob and Multitude: Youth Ambivalence Toward Mass Mobilization in a Ukrainian Protest Movement. In: Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization. 26, No. 1, 2018, pp. 55–82.
  11. ↑ a b c W Jilge : History politics on the Majdan: Political emancipation and national self-assurance. In: Eastern Europe 5–6 / 2014, pp. 239–258.
  12. ↑ a b c d e f V. Kulyk: Ukrainian Nationalism Since the Outbreak of Euromaidan . In: From Imperio. 3/2014, 94-122. doi: 10.1353 / imp.2014.0064 .
  13. ↑ a b I. Gerasimov: Ukraine 2014: The First Postcolonial Revolution. Introduction to the forum . In: From Imperio. 3/2014, pp. 22-44. doi: 10.1353 / imp.2014.0072 .
  14. ↑ A. Portnov, T. Port Nova: The Ukrainian "Euro Revolution": Dynamics and Meaning. In: V. Stepanenko, Y. Pylynskyi (Eds.): Ukraine after the Euromaidan: Challenges and Hopes . Peter Lang, Bern 2015, ISBN 978-3-0343-1626-2 , p. 65: "As far as the slogan" Glory to Ukraine "is concerned, it shifted in meaning; on the Maidan it came to be a non- party slogan in support of the European revolution. And the mythology of Europe as a space of rule of law, social justice, freedom of movement and expression could be compared with the positive images of Europe in the new EU member states before the accession. "
  15. ↑ D. Orlova: EuroMaidan: Mediated Protests, Rituals and Nation-in-the-Making. In: B. Mitu, S. Poulakidakos: Media Events: A Critical Contemporary Approach . Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2016, ISBN 978-1-349-84733-4 , p. 212 .
  16. ↑ S. Yekelchyk: The Conflict in Ukraine . Oxford University Press , New York 2015, ISBN 978-0-19-023727-1 , p. 106 .
  17. ^ A b G. Kasianov: How a War for the Past Becomes a War in the Present. In: Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 16, No. 1, 2015, pp. 149–155. doi: 10.1353 / kri.2015.0000 .
  18. ^ G. Kasianov: History, Politics and Memory (Ukraine 1990s - 2000s). In: M. Pakier, J. Wawrzyniak (Eds.): Memory and Change in Europe: Eastern Perspectives . Berghahn, New York 2015, ISBN 978-1-78238-929-3 , pp. 193-211 .
  19. ↑ ES Channell-Justice: "We're Not Just Sandwiches": Europe, Nation, and Feminist (Im) Possibilities on Ukraine's Maidan. In: Signs. 42, No. 2, 2017, pp. 717-741. doi: 10.1086 / 689639 .
  20. ↑ T. Martsenyuk: Gender Issues in Ukraine: Were the protest euromaidan Patriarchal or Egalitarian? Heinrich Böll Foundation, 2015, pp. 73–81.
  21. ↑ a b O. Chupyra: Civic Protest. Version 2.0: Maidan 2013–2014 as a Catalyst of Russian-Speaking Ukrainian Patriotism. In: Russian Politics & Law. 53, No. 3, 2015, pp. 86-96. doi: 10.1080 / 10611940.2015.1053786 .
  22. ↑ T. Zhurzhenko: A Divided Nation? Reconsidering the Role of Identity Politics in the Ukraine Crisis. In: The Peace Watch . 89, No. 1/2, 2014, pp. 249–267.
  23. ↑ a b M. Mierzejewski-Voznyak: The Radical Right in Post-Soviet Ukraine. In: J. Rydgren (Ed.): The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right . Oxford University Press, New York 2018, ISBN 978-0-19-027455-9 , pp. 695-705 .
  24. ↑ Andreas surrounding area : Патриот ли Тягнибок? On: LB.ua , December 31, 2013.
  25. ↑ Ukrainians Celebrate Visa-Free Travel To EU . In: Radio Free Europe. June 11, 2017.
  26. ↑ 'Glory to Ukraine' slogan appears at official kits of national football team . In: 112 Ukraine. 5th September 2018.
  27. ^ Thousands Turn Out to Cheer Clinton in Ukraine . In: The New York Times. May 13, 1995.
  28. ^ Statement by the Prime Minister of Canada on Ukrainian Independence Day . Office of the Prime Minister, August 24, 2016.
    Statement by the Prime Minister on Ukrainian Independence Day . Office of the Prime Minister, August 24, 2017.
    Statement by the Prime Minister on Ukrainian Independence Day . In: Newswire Canada. August 24, 2018.
  29. ^ Foreign Minister Gabriel on Ukraine's Independence Day . Federal Foreign Office, August 24, 2017.
  30. ↑ Film festival premiere of Ukraine was documentary draws Lithuanian President . In: Delfi . April 13, 2016.
  31. ^ How the World Cup exposed Russian chauvinism . In: EU Observer. 13th July 2018.
  32. ↑ Croatia defender Vida apologizes for Ukraine comments . In: Reuters. July 12, 2018.
  33. ↑ Croatia bars former player from World Cup over Ukraine video . In: CBC News / Associated Press. July 9, 2018.
  34. ↑ a b Angry Ukraine fans deluge FIFA's Facebook page with posts . In: Reuters. July 10, 2018.
  35. ↑ Croatia's Domagoj Vida apologises for "Glory to Ukraine" video . In: Euronews. 11th July 2018.
  36. ↑ Уряд пропонує змінити військові привітання на "Слава Україні" та "Героям слава" . In: Radio Free Europe. February 2018.
  37. ↑ Вітання "Слава Україні!" стане офіційним для армії вже 24 серпня . In: BBC. August 9, 2018.
  38. ↑ a b "Glory to Ukraine" to become official greeting of armed forces . In: The Ukrainian Weekly. 17th August 2018.
  39. ↑ Verkhovna Rada approves military salute 'Glory to Ukraine!' . In: 112 Ukraine. September 6, 2018.