Birkingen
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Birkingen
Albbruck municipality
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| Height : | 478 m above sea level NN |
| Residents : | 387 (Dec. 31, 2006) |
| Incorporation : | 1st January 1975 |
| Postal code : | 79774 |
| Area code : | 07753 |
Birkingen is a district of the municipality of Albbruck in the district of Waldshut in the south of Baden-Württemberg .
geography
Birkingen is located on the southern edge of the Black Forest at 478 m above sea level. NN and is bordered by Unteralpfen in the north, Birndorf in the west, the municipality of Dogern in the south and the town of Kuchelbach in the east. The landscape is characterized by forests, agricultural land and large orchards.
history
middle Ages
Birkingen, located in the Alb valley above Dogern, was first mentioned in 814 as "Birchinga". The married couple Nidhart and Gundbirc transferred their property in Birkingen to the St. Gallen monastery in " Heed of their countless sins " on May 28, 814 and received the same back from the monastery in the form of a fief.
Local foundation
Birkingen goes back to an early establishment of the Alemanni and means village of Biricho - Birkingen for the members of Biricho. This already reveals the ending of the place name " -ingen ". The Alemanni began to settle in Alsace around 450 AD. Again and again they undertook raids across the Upper Rhine to Italy. After 497, when the Alemanni were defeated by the Franks in the Battle of Zülpich , the entire Alemanni region fell under Frankish rule. High altitudes were preferred locations and so it is likely that Birkingen was probably created by the Alemanni at that time.
Ownership
Alemannia was consolidated by its autonomous status in the Franconian Empire as a duchy in an area that probably largely corresponds to the later Duchy of Swabia. The Carolingians tried to eliminate the largely autonomous status that the Alemanni had enjoyed under the Merovingian kings in the 8th century, which led to renewed clashes between the Alemanni and Franks. At the Cannstatt Blood Court in 746, almost the entire ruling class of the Alemanni was wiped out. In order to avoid expropriation by the Carolingians, many bequeathed their property to a monastery that leaned towards them, which in return gave them back the property as a fief with certain conditions. The St. Gallen monastery , which initially consisted of a majority of Rhaetian monks, was followed increasingly by Alemannic aristocratic families in the 8th and 9th centuries, and it thus developed into a "refuge" for the Alemannic nobility and their possessions. We owe the first written mention of Birkingen to this development, although Schäfer believes that other political causes were the reason for this donation. On May 28, 814, the couple Nidhart and Gundbirc bequeathed their property in Birkingen not to the monastery in Säckingen , which was under Carolingian leadership , but to the monastery of St. Gallen, which was friendly to the Alemanni, and undertook to pay interest in money for the further possession of these goods to do a forced labor. The freedom of the people was not restricted, they remained free people and did not, as is usual in other cases, become serfs.
The ownership and tax rights were passed on to others partly through force, partly through purchase or exchange. In the 15th century we find not only various monasteries but also noble families such as the Lords of Griessheim , the Lords of Rappoltstein or Margrave Wilhelm von Hachberg-Sausenberg as owners of rights and obligations in Birkingen. In the Habsburg-Austrian toboggan from 1282 to 1300 it is described that at that time a Hartmann von Wessenberg held the deposit via Birkingen (Berchingen) and Rotzel (Rotzal). To the owning monasteries in Birkingen the monastery of St. Gallen, which belonged to the monastery of St. Blaise , the Königsfelden Abbey , the convent Säckingen and the German knights - Coming in Beuggen .
The tricky ownership situation caused disputes several times, for example the tithe tax obligation triggered a dispute as early as 874. Bishop Gebhard von Konstanz had his archpriest Rihfried make inquiries that he had raised at the request of the heirs of the own church in Birndorf im Albgau . It was found that the villages of Birndorf , Birkingen, Kuchelbach, Buch, Etzwihl and Hechwihl had already been subject to a tenth obligation for the church in Birndorf at the time of Emperor Charles and Bishop Egino (782–811). The tithe was again disputed in Birkingen on April 8, 1567. This time it was about the grain and wine tithes in Birkingen. The parties to the dispute were the city of Bern, as the successor to the Königsfelden monastery, and the German Knight Order in Beuggen. In Birkingen, the German Order of Knights in Beuggen had half of the grand tenth , the other half was owned by the legal successor of the Königsfelden monastery, the city of Bern. The Schäferhof was an exception. This court owed the grand tithe in full to the Teutonic Knight Order in Beuggen. The aforementioned shepherd's farm shows how opaque the ownership situation really was, because on February 21, 1741 this farm reappeared, this time when it was bought out from serfdom by the Säckingen monastery. Beuggen, the tithe owner of this farm, is not mentioned anywhere.
In 1684 the St. Blasien Monastery bought the Königsfelder Hof, later renamed Berner Hof, in Waldshut. The widow of the murdered King Albrecht of Habsburg, Elisabeth, née Countess of Tyrol, linked the income from Waldshut, Dogern, Kiesenbach, Gaiss, Eschbach, Birkingen, Kuchelbach and Bohland, with which she had endowed the Königsfelden monastery, to this court .
Revolts against the authorities
It is reported about Birkingen that a large number of passed farmers lived there. The majority of the monastery of St. Blasien tried to get rid of the peasantry in its neighborhood through its targeted power politics. This has led to conflicts between the parties for centuries. The procession against the authorities in the German Peasants' War of 1525 under the Black Forest peasant leader Kunz Jehle was very well received in Birkingen. A record from 1532, which has been preserved to this day and is now in the parish house of Dogern, shows that many of the followers from the Birndorf parish took part in the assault on the monastery. The document says: Copy from 1532 - Anno 1525 ran from the parish of Bürdorf to St. Bläsi and did great damage:
- Antoni Waldkiller from hir Vogt's son
- Caspar Meyer from here
- Hans Gäng from here
- Heini Fluom from here
- Marti Ratzinger from Schatenbürdorf (Schattenbirndorf)
- Hanss Scheffer the young von Bürkingen Vogts son
- Adam Schänk from Bürkingen
- Andres Trändlin von Bürkingen the young
- Andreas Leber from Bürkingen
- Marx Mettenberger from the Chuchelbach (Kuchelbach)
- Hans Pfeiffer from Poland (Bohland)
- Thoma Winkler von Buoch (book)
- Baschli Eggert von Buoch (book)
- Jörg Trändlin from Hächel the Young (Hechwihl)
- Peter Sur from Etzbel (Etzwihl)
- Michel Tröndlin from Heite (Haide)
In the so-called saltpetre riots in the 18th century, too , numerous Birkingers were among the rebels who clung to the old freedoms even after the rebellion was put down and serfdom was bought out. So it is said today that Josef Schupp, who died here in 1934, was the last saltpeter, which is formally incorrect because he is not a saltpeter, but a supporter of the successor movement "Aegidler", named after Aegidius Riedmatter, who was born in Birkingen. was.
Coat of arms of Birkingen
The basic color of the coat of arms is silver. On the lower part is the Austrian shield with a green fir tree on the upper edge. The fir stands for the former affiliation to the county of Hauenstein . The Austrian Bindenschild stands for the former affiliation to the front of Austria .
Economy and Infrastructure
In Birkingen there are not only agricultural businesses but also some medium-sized craft businesses.
Transport links
The main town of Albbruck, about five kilometers away, can be reached via the K6589 connecting road to the Kiesenbach district and from there via the Kiesenbacher Straße.
Buildings
- Saltpetererhaus (Kellerhof)
- chapel
- Late Gothic courtyard from the 16th century
Kellerhof - "Saltpeter House"
In 1556 the saltpeter house was built in Birkingen. This house originally served as the cellar courtyard of the Säckingen women's monastery, which it is believed to have built. The Knecht family, which was one of the first residents of this farm, was even referred to in some documents with the official designation Keller and not with their family name, as can be seen from a document on the above-mentioned tenth dispute between Bern and Beuggen. It mentions that the trial was carried out " in the home of Michel Keller zu Birkingen ", whose real name, however, was Michael Knecht. On this sensitive trials appeared " to resolve Irrsal, inaccuracies and strife " the emissaries of the city of Bern, the councilors Hans Sager Kasper Wyllading and Samuel Dillmann, Bernese Hofmeister to Königsfelden the interests of Deutschordenskomtur were represented by Hans Kasper of Jestetten to Beuggen, who sent Hans Mangold, mayor to Säckingen, Matthäus Winkler, Beuggian conductor to Rheinfelden and Balthasar Steiger, Beuggian conductor to Waldshut. The representatives of the tenants were Hans and Andreas Scheffer , Michel Knecht, Hans Schlachter, Hans Schaupp - all from Birkingen, Konrad Ramschtauer, Antoni Waldkircher, Mathis Schabeler and Hans Pfeiffer von Birndorf. Because of the large number of participants, this negotiation was probably held in the cellar courtyard.
Ownership
The ownership of the saltpeter house in the 16th century has not been clarified beyond any doubt. The builder is the Säckingen women's monastery, which used this cellar yard to manage their income. To date, however, no documents are known that could provide clarity about this. It is also possible for the shepherd family, who live in Birkingen, to build it . The reason for this assumption is provided by a document from the year 1614. In it Michael Schäfer decreed for the children he left behind that the interest notes of the Schäfer's main estate, which Christian Knecht had to pay, would be transferred to the hospital in Waldshut . Probably his father, Michael Knecht, was already sitting on this farm, as can be seen in a document from 1556. When the Säckingen dynasty was bought out of serfdom in 1741, the Schäferhof was explicitly mentioned as the only property, which again indicates that the Schäferhof and the Kellerhof are identical. The Birkinger Schäferhof, which at that time comprised around 80 acres (about 25 hectares ) of fields, meadows, vines and forest, was not, as is usual for the other farms in Birkingen, subject to a tenth of the monastery of St. Blasien , but to the Teutonic Knights in Flexing . This farm was divided into main and secondary estates, the properties of which were scattered across the boundaries of Birkingen and Birndorf .
The assumption that the saltpeter house of St. Blasien was built for their bailiff is not correct. St. Blasien had the Fronhof in Birndorf, which was only a few kilometers away. In addition, St. Blasien was only able to acquire extensive estates in Birkingen from the successor to the Königsfelden monastery , the city of Bern, in 1684 .
The last rebellious Birkinger who lived in this house - the saltpeterer Joseph Schupp, who strictly speaking was not a saltpeterer at all - died here on August 26, 1934. The house bears its current name "Salpetererhaus" after him.
Late Gothic courtyard
Opposite the cellar courtyard is an old, solidly manufactured courtyard, which at first glance seems inconspicuous. Who could be the builder of the farm cannot be said with any clarity. This courtyard dates from the first half of the 16th century and is therefore probably even older than the cellar courtyard.
architecture
In accordance with the size of the property, the building of the main property was made representative in a stately solid construction. The mighty west gable wall is supported by a sweeping retaining wall. Originally there was probably a stepped gable on this side, which is indicated by the improperly processed edges. The half-hipped roof that exists today and the roof, which extends widely on the south side with the balcony below, are to be assigned to a later renovation phase. It is very likely that the south facade had neither a balcony nor an overhanging roof. The upper windows of the gable wall are surrounded by massive, finely worked sandstone window reveals that still correspond to the original state, as are the small cellar windows. The three gable windows on the ground floor were enlarged at a later date and no longer correspond to the original condition. The south-facing windows on the ground floor are largely original. The double, three-part, typically late Gothic group of windows was only slightly modified by shortening the middle, usually extra-long windows to the same height. The window ledge that goes through both three-part window groups and is artfully rounded on the front also corresponds to the original condition. It remains to be investigated whether the original sandstone window reveals are still behind the plastered facade, or whether these have been removed. At a later date, the glazing was attached from the outside. The frame was presumably sunk into the artfully omitted window reveals in order to enlarge the window area and presumably the lower third of the reveal, which, according to the fashion of the time, ran at the same height as the front of the reveal, as is still the case today with the single window on the left of the three groups can be seen, knocked off to make room for the window frame. Therefore, the dividers of the individual groups of three windows appear thin and delicate, which is only an optical illusion. Inside the building, the window front shows itself in its original form. There are window niches with built-in benches, which is common for this era. Both groups of windows are separated on the inside by a beautifully crafted round column with a cube capital made of solid sandstone, which is decorated with either a coat of arms or an oversized stonemason mark by an unknown artist.
The main entrance was probably originally where it is today. This is indicated by the round arch made of sandstone behind the simple wooden edging that was later placed in front of it.
Under the building there is a vaulted cellar that is accessible via an external staircase, the access door of which is also provided with a round arch.
It also remains to be investigated whether there was originally an extension to the east of the building, as is the case today. It is very possible that it was originally a free-standing building, similar to the Hagenbacher Hof near Degerfelden, which is still well preserved in its original structure .
No savings were made in the construction of the building. The elaborately crafted window reveals and the large, hewn ashlar stones on the wall edges speak for this.
Current state of construction
The listed building has been renovated since 2015 and has been inhabited again after it had not been the case for a long time.
Sights and culture
Attractions
- The late Gothic saltpeter house from 1556
- Late Gothic courtyard
- The Birkinger waterfalls, which can be reached via a hiking trail
Regular events
- In January: Narrentreffen of the Guggenmusik Salpeterer Pressband Birkingen
- In May: 1st May hock of the Birkingen volunteer fire brigade
- In July: Beach party by the Guggenmusik Salpeterer Pressband Birkingen
- In December: song and theater evening by MGV Frohsinn Birkingen
literature
- Franz Pfeiffer: The Habsburg-Oesterreichische Landbuch , Stuttgart 1850
- Trudpert Neugart : Codex Diplomaticus Alemanniae Et Burgundiae Trans-luranae Intra Fines Dioecesis Constantientis, Volume 1
- Jakob Ebner: From the history of the localities of the parish Birndorf (near Waldshut am Hochrhein): a home book . 1938.
- Gabriel Schupp, The practical agriculture or The farmer in house and field: a manual for agriculture and the friends of the same. In addition to a short biography and the portrait of the author, as well as an appendix of tried and tested means in relation to agriculture and housekeeping , Buchdr. Maier, 1846, 320 pp.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Episcopatus Constantiensis Alemannicus Sub Metropoli Moguntina, Cum Vindonissensi, Cui Succesit, in Burgundia, Transiurana Provinciae Vesontinae olim fundato, Chronologice et diplomatice Illustratus, by Pater Trudbert Neugart, Volume 1, p. Xxv and document book of Abtei I Sanct Gallen , Theil No. 213, p. 203
- ↑ Markus Schäfer: 814 - Birndorf and Birkingen's first mentioning, yearbook of the Hochrhein History Association, 2013
- ^ Stocker: Habsburg-Austrian Pfandrodel, 1282-1300
- ↑ Jakob Ebner: History of the localities of the parish Birndorf near Waldshut on the Upper Rhine , p. 46
- ↑ Habsburg land registry from 1281 in Der Geschichtsfreund, Historical Association of the 5 Places Lucern, Uti, Schwyz, Unterwalden, and Zug, Volume 5, 1848
- ^ Markus Schäfer: The shepherds of the county of Hauenstein , private chronicle
- ^ Markus Schäfer: The shepherds of the county of Hauenstein, private chronicle
- ^ Markus Schäfer: The shepherds of the county of Hauenstein, private chronicle