County of Hauenstein

Geographical location

Country:	Baden-Württemberg
District:	Waldshut
Municipalities:	Laufenburg , Murg , Dogern , Waldshut , Rickenbach , Dachsberg , Weilheim , Todtmoos , Höchenschwand , Säckingen
Data
Surface:	approx. 329 km²
Deepest point:	approx. 300 m above sea level NN m at Murg-Rothaus
The highest point:	approx. 1101 m above sea level NN m near Unteribach

Grafschaft Hauenstein is the name for a political-geographical administrative unit in the southern Black Forest , at the time of the rule of the House of Habsburg over Upper Austria . A special feature of the county is the early development of extensive democratic self-government, the so-called unification with the Redmann , within the sovereignty of the Habsburgs. This self-determination was restricted more and more over the centuries and ultimately led to the well-known saltpetre riots .

Term - Grafschaft Hauenstein

The name Grafschaft Hauenstein has grown over the course of history and was never an actual county . The reason is the award by Duke Leopold to his relative, based on his father's claims as bailiff, the last Count of Habsburg-Laufenburg , Count Hans, to whom he pledged the Hauenstein fortress with the Black Forest and its affiliation for life. The successor to the pledge was Eberhard im Turm , then the Lords of Rumlang . In the 15th century, the Margraves of Hachberg-Sausenberg were pledges. The county was subsequently administered by a forest bailiff until modern times .

The name Grafschaft Hauenstein and is used for the first time around 1562 in a memorandum of the Einungsmeister . At the transition from the 13th to the 14th century, the administrative area officium uffem Walde vnd ze Waltzhuot is named in the Habsburg land register . In the 14th century, the inhabitants of the region were referred to as lüte uff the swartzwald .

1385 ^{METZ, others 1383} the designation Vogtei ( zu ) Hauenstein , after the administrative seat of the Habsburgs at that time at Hauenstein Castle , is used for the administrative area. Before the final term finally took hold, the term Herrschaft Hauenstein appeared for almost half a century at the beginning of the 16th century . After the fire of 1526 and the destruction of Hauenstein Castle, the Waldvogteiamt became the seat of the Waldvogts.

Geographical location and structure

Map of the 8 unions of the county of Hauenstein with affiliated bailiffs based on a table from 1783

The county of Hauenstein describes a former Habsburg sovereign territory in the southern Black Forest and is often equated with the regional term Hotzenwald, which only emerged after the end of the county .

The area of the county itself extended from the Upper Rhine in the south to the heights of the southern Black Forest south of St. Blasien and around Höchenschwand in the north. In the west, the border ran along the slopes and in the valley of the Wehra . In the east, the Schlucht and Schwarza essentially formed the border with the County of Klettgau .

The bailiwicks of Todtmoos (on the upper reaches of the Wehra), Schönau and Todtnau (on the upper reaches of the Wiese ) in the north-west of this area were co- administered as an administrative unit with the county of Hauenstein . For a short time, Berauer Berg in the northeast was also attached to the county for administrative purposes.

The self-governing administrative unit of the county of Hauenstein also consisted of 8 areas, the so-called unions (see detailed map). Four of these unions in turn formed a unit that was decisive for some internal administrative details.

The one unit of four units was the ob der Alb , the units Höchenschwander Berg , Birndorf and Dogern east of the Alb , to which the unit Wolpadingen west of the Alb was assigned for reasons of parity .
The second unit of four units were the low of the Alb , the (remaining) units to the west of the Alb Görwihl , Rickenbach , Murg and Hochsal .

A topographical feature of the county of Hauenstein and the bailiwicks that were co-administered at that time is the predominant high elevation of the areas, which are criss-crossed in a north-south direction by deep gorges that were then difficult to access.

Total county	131		676		329
	places	Altitude in m above sea level NN			surface
Unity	number	deepest	O	highest	in km²
Görwihl	18th	480	815	957	71
Rickenbach	18th	686	797	948	43
Murg	10	313	439	591	27
High salute	9	308	378	501	26th
Wolpadingen	19th	550	793	946	38
Höchenschwand	17th	627	838	962	32
Birndorf	19th	326	275	753	47
Dogern	21st	320	575	749	45
Bailiwick
Dead moss	8th	692	867	1064	29
Schönau	13	526	737	1103	90
Todtnau	6th	616	795	980	45
adjusted Bailiffs in total	27		789		164
(Places according to: 'Directory of the county of Hauensteinische Einungen, their associated localities, including their three Vogteyen, Schönau, Todtnau, and Todmoos.' From 1783 on the basis of the original document [GLA 113 No. 31]. Areas were essentially after current district boundaries determined.)

Tab. 1: Number and topographical altitude of the confinement and bailiwick places as well as approximate areas of the confinements and bailiwicks.

Emergence

The formation of the county of Hauenstein is closely related to the reclamation and settlement of the middle (approx. 500–800 m above sea level) and higher (over 800 m above sea level) locations of the southern Black Forest. It is not certain whether the term Albgau, which was used in the 8th century, even included these areas of the southern Black Forest. At that time the forest was a primeval forest with no known settlements or paths. Only the lowlands and middle areas of the High Rhine had been settled for a long time.

It remains to be investigated whether the democratic self-government of the county of Hauenstein, which strictly speaking never was a county, did not emerge until the late Middle Ages, as is generally assumed, or whether it is not a remnant of the Uralamannic , cooperative-like self-government unit of a Huntare . Even Julius Cramer shares the view that it is in the county Hauenstein and Landgraviate Stühlingen probably concerns the old Huntaren of the district. He goes on to state: "If the Klettgau and Albgau were not Huntarenes, it is plausible that they were each sub-Gau counties consisting of several Huntaren". The Schwarzach Gorge formed the boundary between the two Huntarenes, which appeared to be divided as "Upper" and " Lower Albgau " from the 11th century onwards .

At the turn of the millennium, the first attempts to settle the middle and higher areas of the southern Black Forest began. The leading participation of monasteries and secular lords is documented.

Land acquisition by monasteries

From the Upper Rhine, the Friedolinsstift Säckingen expanded its possessions from the 9th century onwards by setting up fiefdoms and establishing individual settlements in the central locations of Dossenbach , west of the Wehra , to Birkingen , east of the Alb . The monastery later expanded its clearing activities north to Göhrwihl and the areas around Herrischried .

In the 9th century, deep in the southern Black Forest, the founding of the Cella alba , later the monastery of St. Blasien , formed a nucleus for clearing the forests. From here, the Upper Alb Valley between St. Blasien and Menzenschwand will be reclaimed, then the area around Höchenschwand .

The monastery of St. Gall gets even before the turn of the millennium possessions on the lower reaches of the Schlücht , especially at Weilheim mountain , and is expanding it.

Smaller monasteries like the one in Detzeln / Riedern a. Wald ( Lords of Krenkingen ) and in Neuenzell ( Lords of Tiefenstein ) are drawn from secular settlement activities.

Land conquest of worldly masters

Around the turn of the millennium, the lower, local nobility also took part in the settlement of the forest .

The gentlemen v. Wehr expanded their territory in the lower Wehratal and on the eastern slope of the Wehra up to the Hornberg and from 1092 exercised the bailiwick rights over St. Blasien. After their extinction, the rule of Wehr fell to the barons of Klingen .

The Lords of Tegerfelden must also have had extensive possessions in the area around Birndorf, which also passed to the Barons of Klingen through the marriage of Ita, the heir to Walter von Tegerfelden . The coat of arms of Birndorf shows the coat of arms of the Lords of Klingen in half.

The gentlemen v. After the turn of the millennium, Tiefenstein settled on the lower reaches of the Alb and brought free farmers to clear clearing in their area, the high areas on the left and right of the Alb.

In the 12th century, the Lords of Krenkingen cultivated areas on the lower reaches of the Schlucht and Steina.

The Counts of Nellenburg cultivated and settled areas between the Mettma and the upper reaches of the Steina .

Habsburg territorial gains

After the turn of the millennium, the rising House of Habsburg brought the areas in the southern Black Forest under its influence. In the later area of the county of Hauenstein , Habsburg gains power through the accumulation and enforcement of rights:

1173 Imperial bailiff rights over the Säckingen women's monastery

1254 imperial bailiff rights over the St. Blasien monastery and the southern Black Forest ( Swarzwalt )

1263 heir of those v. Kyburg with areas in the southern Black Forest falls to Habsburg

1265 Destruction of the v. Tiefensteiner monastery Neuenzell ( Unteribach ) and re-establishment in Habsburg care

1272 capture of the castle weir

1272 Tiefenstein Castle is destroyed

In 1273 the Wehr office fell to the Habsburgs

At the beginning of the 14th century, the Habsburg administration referred to the areas as officium uffem Walde vnd ze Waltzhuot for the first time . At this time, the governor was Johannes II von Waldburg .

Political structure

Structural scheme of the democratic self-government of the county of Hauenstein and the relationship to feudal and state sovereignty

The political structure of the county of Hauenstein had three parts at the time of the Habsburg rulers , apart from the times of pledging. The sovereign part, which was perceived by the House of Habsburg, the feudal part, which was divided between various feudal lords, and the self-governing part, which was designed by the residents of the county in an early democratic structure.

Sovereign rule

The county of Hauenstein was part of the House of Habsburg for the whole of its existence . After the Habsburgs had shifted their center of power to Austria, the county was part of Upper Austria . A provincial government and a chamber were set up to administer Upper Austria , initially in Ensisheim , and after the Thirty Years' War in Freiburg im Breisgau .

Under the Provincial Government of Upper Austria, the Forest Bailiff was in charge of the administration of the County of Hauenstein . The Vogteiamt Todtmoos, Schönau and Todtnau were also subordinate to the Waldvogteiamt . From 1527 to 1789 the forest bailiff was also the head of the forest town of Waldshut in Upper Austria .

The forest bailiff's deputy was a bailiff each in the unions nid the Alb , a bailiff each in the unions above the Alb for Birndorf and Dogern as well as Wolpadingen and Höchenschwander Berg .
The bailiffs were determined from two persons proposed by the unification masters and the incumbent bailiff from the forest bailiff .

Sovereign rights and duties of the Habsburgs

sovereign rights		sovereign duties
Tax sovereignty Fines and criminal services Right of pledge Right to military service		Protection of residents high court case law Guarantee of freedom rights

Feudal rule

The feudal system founded on a collection of traditional rights, in which county Hauenstein the monastery of St. Blaise , the pin Säckingen and sex of the barons Zweyer of Even Bach shared.

The feudal lords were entitled, among other things, to compulsory labor and taxes, mostly in the form of natural produce. They exercised lower jurisdiction . In some cases, donations, such as the best piece of clothing in the case of an accident (death of a head of the family), were given to those in need.

Hauenstein self-government

Quite unique in the absolutist age were the early democratic structures of the Hauenstein self-government , which is also known as the unity . As part of the sovereign requirements, the division and collection of taxes was carried out independently. Furthermore, most of the time, the military services and loads were handled independently. The unification masters held the lower jurisdiction independently in some places and sat in the proceedings in other courts. The unions were present with two unification masters at the weekly official days in the forest bailiff and had the right to propose the nomination of bailiffs .

The administration of the county of Hauenstein essentially had the following organs:

The Redmann , a master of unity , as spokesman for the entire county of Hauenstein .

The 8 unification masters or eight men as speakers of the respective unification .
The Dorfmeier , who represented the village in larger villages.

The main characteristics of this democratic self-government were:

The filling of the administrative positions by freely , equally and independently elected men. The equality of choice and eligibility was basically limited to married men, regardless of whether they were passed farmers or serfs . Women and single men had no rights in this regard.

Annual change of person who held a leading position ( rolling system ).

Balance of interests through alternating claims to the filling of the position of the speaking man from the unions nied and whether the Alb and the team , an associate unification master who also held a control function.

There are two likely reasons for this early democratic structure to take shape:

The free farming in the county, which was given special rights at the time of reclamation in order to motivate the farmers to colonize the inhospitable heights of the southern Black Forest.
The self-governing structure grew at a later date than the creation of the Confederation in neighboring Switzerland, which was a model and was promoted by settlers of Swiss origin in the county.

Self-governing bodies

Unification master

Each of the 8 Einungen had a Einungsmeister , who during his tenure at the blue Czech Open (blue jacket) was evident. The unification masters were elected every year on April 23 (St. George) after a service in an orally announced parish of the respective unification in the open air. The presence of the forest bailiff was expressly prohibited.
All married men were eligible to vote. All married men except the incumbent unification master ( rolling system ) could also be elected.

Redmann

The Redmann wore a sword as a sign of his office for the blue chopen . He was at the head of the college of unification masters and the administration and represented the region externally. The election of the Redmann took place at the beginning of May at the invitation of the forest bailiff in Görwihl .
All unification masters from the previous term of office, the incumbent unification masters and the forest bailiff , who had the right to propose and who was the first to cast his vote, were entitled to vote . The reigning Einungsmeister could be chosen alternately from the Einungen ob der Alb and nied der Alb .
The reigning Einungsmeister, among whom was the Redmann was had, after the election against the forester an oath of office , to advance the sovereign's interest to contact the union harm and detriment to wear in all a stir and with taxes and money so to deal with how they dare to answer before the most high God .
Team The Redmann received a deputy, the Team , an unification master from the group of four unions to which the Redmann did not belong. The office of the team served to balance the interests of the two groups of four unions , to relieve the Redmann's work and, because he had one of two keys in the country drawer , to control it.

Representatives of the estates

The county of Hauenstein was represented as a representative of the third estate with a seat and vote in the Upper Austrian Chamber by the Redmann and 2 unification masters.

Disorders of self-management

The self-government in the county of Hauenstein functioned over the centuries of its existence with a remarkable reliability in terms of its rules and continuity. Nevertheless, there were times of serious disruptions:

The active participation of a large part of the county residents in the peasant revolts of 1524/25 led to the revocation of privileges by the sovereign, which resulted in an almost two-year break in self-government. In 1527, however, the privileges were returned for political reasons.
In the 30s and 40s of the 17th century, the Thirty Years' War, which had an existential effect on the area, made administration, also by the sovereign, completely impossible for most of the time.
In the course of the saltpeter riots that flared up at the beginning of the 18th century, elections were canceled and forbidden several times by the sovereign and electoral posts were occupied by the sovereign. After the unrest lasted well beyond the middle of the century, most of the privileges of self-government were withdrawn. With regard to the unification masters , the unions only had the right to propose three candidates. The county completely lost its participation in the judiciary.

Military structure

The most important contribution of the otherwise economically weak county of Hauenstein with the affiliated bailiwicks, the forest towns and the force and ban of the St. Blasien monastery for the sovereignty was the Landt Militia , the so-called country flags .

Hauensteiner country flags

Hauenstein battle banner ( Battle of Sempach )

The country flag consisted of men selected or assigned for this purpose and, if necessary, was called up for defense or combat missions in the wars of the Habsburgs outside the southern Black Forest. In Einungsvertrag with the bailiwicks of 1433, the ratio of division of the deputy to end militia contingent following is set: ... sollent who uff the walde drey part vndt the part of the Vierden Tottnow and Schönöw ... .

At the time of the pledge to Burgundy (1471) the strength of the militia is given as 600 men. At this time, the country flag also includes men from the vogteye Berow (Vogtei Berau). In the war waged shortly afterwards (1471) against the pawnbroker Burgundy , the strength of the country flag is given as 1000 men.

Towards the end of the 15th century, the forest bailiff was named as the regular captain of the militia in the Black Forest in an emergency. In 1528, instead of the forest bailiff, a captain for the country flags was appointed by the Upper Austrian government. During the War of the Spanish Succession , the Luttingen pastor Johann Caspar Albrecht was in command of the country flag. During this time (1703) the country flag is said to have been 906 strong.

Defenses

The mountains and gorges of the southern Black Forest were particularly suitable for the construction of defensive lines. In the county of Hauenstein , two lines of defense were expanded, maintained and manned if necessary. The fortification work on these facilities was part of the military service of the Landfahnen .

Black Forest Line

The Black Forest line (so called due to the lack of a proven designation) extended from Rothaus am Hochrhein, west of the municipality of Murg , over the Rheinsberg fortress up over the northern slopes, followed this westward and then ran high above the eastern slopes to the Wehratal far over the area of the Grafschaft north into the Black Forest. According to the mapping, the facility was the most important fortification line in the Black Forest and reached its greatest extent in the 18th century. It was built with the inclusion of older medieval defenses and positions and was largely fortified. The complex, known as the rampart wall or Landsletze in the Hauenstein area , served as a bulwark against attacks from the west, especially during the wars against Burgundy and France .

Section of a historical map of a fortification line in the southern Black Forest around 1700

Landhag

Inspection of the Hauensteiner Hagwald in 1544 by the Einungsmeister

The Landhag was a line of defense against attackers who wanted to advance north from the High Rhine Valley. In addition to a few fortified positions, this essentially consisted of forest belts that extended in a west-east direction. In an emergency, these were made impenetrable by cutting down trees . In the chart of Schwaben - Blatt Wutach from 1827, Der Landhag between Alb and Schwarza is still mapped in its full west-east expansion.

Last

The last ones were defensive positions in strategic locations such as gorge entrances and along the two lines of defense.

Castles

Model of Hauenstein Castle

In the early Middle Ages, castles were built to protect the country. Well-known castles in the Hauenstein area are:

The Hauenstein Castle of the same name (Hauenstein)

Judiciary

The late medieval judiciary was divided into high and low jurisdiction . The high jurisdiction in the county of Hauenstein was almost entirely the responsibility of the sovereign. An exception is the place Unteralpfen , where the local feudal lord Zweyer was given high jurisdiction for a time. However, the blood spell , i.e. bloody punishments , namely the death penalty, was also excluded here.

The subject matter jurisdiction of the high courts included Malefizdelikte (felony) and blood case (homicides) and political crimes, such as outrage , aufständt , disobedience (z. B. refusal of homage ), etc. These criminal cases were either directly through the forest Bailiwick Office to a higher court of Front Austrian courts in Ensisheim, later Freiburg, possibly Innsbruck or Vienna, or were negotiated at the regional courts under the chairmanship of the forest bailiff and the involvement of the clerk . The courts were Hauenstein and Gurtweil, from 1652 Albbruck and Waldshut. The sentence of the forest bailiff ranged up to 100 thalers, which in 1582 was equivalent to 3400 schillings. (In later years the thaler, the silver counterpart of the guilder, was subject to significant inflation.)

The forest towns of Säckingen (1467) and Waldshut (1530), which border the county, were given high jurisdiction as recognition. The monastery of St. Blasien (1597) had acquired high jurisdiction over the Zwing und Bann, which borders the county in the north, by way of pledge.

Lower courts

The lower jurisdiction for the majority of the places was also subject to sovereign jurisdiction, which was exercised in the sovereign regional courts ( see above ). In the linguistic usage at the time, the inhabitants of these places were immediately imperial subjects .

The forest towns of Waldshut and Säckingen with their lower court places as well as the unification places with their own lower unification jurisdiction were indirectly subject to sovereign influence. In the 17th century, less than half of the towns had lower jurisdiction with the feudal lords . Although the St. Blasien Monastery was able to slowly but steadily expand its influence over the years, the jurisdiction of the lower courts shifted in favor of the sovereign side , especially because of the transfer of places by the Säckingen Monastery .

Unity	St. Blasien	Säckingen Abbey	Königs- felden monastery	Baron v. Schönau	Baron v. Zweyer	City of Waldshut	City of Laufenburg	Master of understanding	sovereign	Sum of lower courts
Görwihl	1	3 (−1)	-	-	-	-	1 (+1)	-	13	18th
Rickenbach	-	- (−1)	-	- (−1)	-	-	-	2 (−1)	16 (+3)	18th
Murg	-	6 (−2)	-	- (−1)	-	-	-	3 (+2)	1 (+1)	10
High salute	-	- (−2)	-	-	-	-	2 (+1)	-	7 (+1)	9
Wolpadingen	18th	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	19th
Höchenschwand	14th	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	3	17th
Birndorf	8 (+1)	- (−5)	-	-	1 (+1)	-	1 (+1)	-	9 (+2)	19th
Dogern	7th	-	- (−1)	-	-	1	-	-	13 (+1)	21st
total	48 (+1)	9 (−11)	0 (−1)	0 (−2)	1 (+1)	1	4 (+3)	5 (+1)	63 (+8)	131
(Places according to: 'Directory of the county of Hauensteinische Einungen, their associated localities, including derendrey Vogteyen, Schönau, Todtnau, and Todtmoos.' From 1783 on the basis of the original document [GLA 113 No. 31]. The information in brackets () quantify, partially reliable, the changes related to the time before 1783.)

Tab. 2: Lower court jurisdiction according to the number of places of a judge per unification in the 18th century and changes compared to the time before in brackets.

Each judge had organized his judicial system at his own discretion. The monastery of St. Blaise , the largest feudal court Lord had reorganized its court system twice.

In the Lower court hearings of the monastery of St. Blaise had forest Propst the chair. The thing courts were held twice a year in Remetschwiel . In the Gutenburg office , after the merging of the courts of Birndorf , Nöggenschwiel and Weilheim, a senior bailiff held the lower jurisdiction.
As a court of the thing court in Remetschwiel that was weeks court in Görwihl responsible. Appellate bodies in the history of the St. Blasien monastery were also the chamber court and the court court chaired by the abbot , both in St. Blasien . One percent of the value in dispute was charged as a fee plus other procedural costs for the legal proceedings.

The Kleinmeier are hereditary with the lower jurisprudence from the women's monastery in Säckingen . After the repurchase at the end of the 14th century, the office was taken over by the monastery's grand master . In the county, the monastery has Dinghöfe in Herrischried , Murg and Oberhof . With the May and Autumn Thing , two court days per year were common. While the sentence in the lower courts of the Säckingen monastery was limited to 3 shillings , the upper limit of the fines in St. Blasien is given as 10 pounds (about 200 shillings). The small or large Meier had income from fines. The court of appeal for the lower courts is the court under the high arch in the collegiate church in Säckingen, chaired by the abbess .

In the places where the unions themselves were responsible for the lower jurisdiction, the courts were held by the unions masters chaired by the Redmann . The court of appeal was the Waldvogteiamt in Waldshut.

In the Forest City Waldshut and Dogerner Einungsort Indlekofen who practiced the City Council , the lower of jurisdiction. Since from 1527 the highest state employee in the county, the forest bailiff , also held the office of city schoolmaster, this court differed little from the regional courts . From 1530, the jurisdiction of the court in the forest town was expanded to include high jurisdiction .

The freemen had their own spring and autumn things every year . In addition, the low of the Alb found themselves in Dinghöfen in Görwihl and Hochsal , and those above the Alb in Birkingen and Oberalpfen . The court held a fryer court judge .

Weekly dish

The weekly court or the sixteen court neither had the classic lower court function, nor was it entrusted with high court jurisdiction. In essence, it was an appellate body for lower court disputes. It met annually in May after the election for a week in Görwihl under the chairmanship of the forest bailiff . The eight reigning masters and the eight unification masters from the previous term acted as judges. The court was also the court of appeal for certain lower court disputes of the feudal court lords.

Economic and social structure

Agriculture was by far the most important source of income in the county of Hauenstein . Since the majority of the cultivation areas could only be used to a limited extent due to the altitude, the slope or the nature of the soil, the economic power in this area was very modest.

In addition to agriculture, there was some mining in some parts of the county, with a focus on silver and lead extraction. Mining was much more important in the co-administered bailiwicks, especially in Todtnau . Charcoal was also extracted from the wood of the forests for the silver, lead and iron works in the region, as well as potash for the local glass works.

Bondage and serfdom

In the county of Hauenstein , feudal rule was essentially shared by the St. Blasien monastery and the Säckingen women's monastery . In individual places and at times, feudal rule was also exercised by the Königsfelden monastery (later by the Swiss Bern ), the barons of Schönau and the baron Zweyer von Evenbach . Feudal rule essentially related to three independent legal claims :

Basic bondage of the owners of the feudal lords' goods.

Belief of men born as serfs to the feudal lord.

Lower court jurisdiction in certain villages and hamlets.

Although the feudal rule was not limited to the jurisdiction of the lower court , it can be used to determine the share of feudal rule of the individual feudal lords in the county (see Table 2).

Basic hearing

In the case of the basic hearing , legal claims weighed down on the feudal lord's goods, which the respective owner had to fulfill. These claims could include interest payments, tithe levies, and even compulsory labor.

A typical base load rested on the numerous Wimännigüeter of the monasteries, whose owners were obliged to transport wine from the wineries in Switzerland, the lower Wiesental, the Badenweiler region and the Breisgau to the monasteries.

Special constellation: Title to the fundamental affiliation resulted in free farmers who had the possession so loaded goods to the fact that they also like, if necessary, legal claims tithes , commodity setting or compulsory labor had to meet.

Obedience

The serfs were the actual serfs of the feudal lords, which manifested itself in particular through a claim of the feudal lord to a part of the inheritance. There were also a tribute , tithe levies, restrictions on movement and forced labor .

In contrast to other areas, the right of the serfs to marry free citizens was only indirectly restricted by the restricted freedom of movement. A marriage restriction for the serfs by the feudal lords was superfluous, since in the county descendants of a marriage between free and unfree were always serfs.

Special constellation: serfs of a feudal lord, the goods of a, u. U. of another, feudal lords farmed who were provided with basic loads , were double-listened .

Rights of the feudal lords

The legal claims made by the feudal lords in the county are:

Tribute , oath of all men over 14 years of age to the abbot after he took office.

Annual carnival chicken of the householder of a household or alternatively 6 kr.

Annually three days of compulsory labor ( Fron- or Ehrtawen ) of the householder or a substitute.

Personal fall , handover of the surviving dependents in the event of the death of the householder, possibly also of a single serf.

Property case , delivery after the death of an owner, possibly also in the event of a change of ownership, of a property belonging to a feudal lord. The property case was satisfied with double hearing after the body case .

Bachelor , all the later ¹ / ₃ , the moving Have an unmarried of both sexes over 50 years.

Manumission tax, levied on approval of a serf's departure from the county.

Tithe levies, various annual levies, usually in the amount of ¹ / _{10th based} on the income of the serf and divided according to product groups.

Lifting cloth , annual donation to the Säckingen Abbey of part of the cloths produced, from 1428 a fixed amount of money.

Most of the above legal claims are reproduced according to the practice of the St. Blasien monastery ; the specific form of feudal rule varied significantly depending on the feudal lord.

In some cases, contracts or comrades between feudal lords and lords of other areas are documented, which regulate the legal relationships with serfs who marry or settle outside the area of their feudal lord.

Passed pawns

Peasants in traditional Hauenstein costume (around 1840)

In some areas of the county of Hauenstein there were farmers who, in contrast to serfdom, which was common in the Middle Ages, had special but only conditionally inheritable rights of freedom and property. This free farmers who in historical documents as frygen luit , vrigen Luite or lutten fryen are called, have mostly originated in secular colonization policy gentlemen. In particular in areas that the Lords of Tiefenstein have reclaimed , mostly free farmers are documented. The places where free peasants are attested are located to the west and east of Tiefenstein Castle in the Alb valley and the middle Alb valley. In particular, the unions of Görwihl and Wolpadingen were characterized by passed pawns (see map will be incorporated ). The Habsburg land register , which was created a few years after the Habsburgs had also gained control over the core area of the county, is documented by the free farmers . Pure monastery areas do not have any residential areas of passed farmers .

The special rights of free farmers were awarded primarily to farmers who made the inhospitable areas of the county arable. The areas with free farmers were mostly in high altitudes (average local altitude around 800 m above sea level), which severely restrict arable farming, have increased rainfall and harsh winters.

Compared to their fellow citizens, the serfs , the passed farmers had special rights:

Heritable free goods in the form of hereditary series , which could be used at one's own discretion.
Unrestricted ownership of movables.
They were free to choose their place of residence.
Their own courts were responsible for them.
They were entitled to carry weapons.
Freedom rights without compulsory obligations even when the bailiwick rights are granted to a monastery.

In the early years of Grafschaft Hauenstein , a clearly overwhelming number of the county residents belonged to the free farmers . The right to free farmers to belong, however, was by a medieval settlement only partially heritable. In a marriage between free peasants and serfs , went under that scheme, the descendants always to worser hand , which means that they serfs were. The number of free farmers , the early 16th century still almost ² / ₃ of county residents accounted dropped to the 18th century to less than half.

The ransom

The dispute over serfdom, which lasted for centuries, ended with the ransom or ransom of the Hauensteiners. On January 15, 1738, the Hauensteiners' ransom contract was signed in Gurtweiler Castle for their serfdom. 11500 fallable people finally bought themselves free from serfdom for a sum of 58,000 fl . The unification of Birndorf with the town of Indlekofen refused to buy out, the unification organization took over these costs and then drew in the gradients and also demanded homage until the servitude under Joseph II was abolished by the subject patent of 1781. The abolition funds were used by the monastery of St. Blasien to acquire the dominions of Staufen and Kirchhofen.

End of the county of Hauenstein

In 1806 the area of the county of Hauenstein became part of the newly formed Grand Duchy of Baden and thus ceased to exist as an independent entity.

Timetable

time	event
781	Vodalrich is first mentioned as Graf im Albgau . A reference to the river Alb or to the county of Hauenstein is not documented.
Late 9th century / early 10th century	The Rheinau monastery operates the founding of Cella alba , the forerunner of the monastery of St. Blasien in the Black Forest.
925	Cella alba is destroyed.
10th century	The St. Gallen monastery received possessions on the Schlücht and built the tower of the Gutenburg .
1020	Bishop Werner from Strasbourg built a castle on the Wühlsberg, later Havichtberch near Brugg, Switzerland.
1092	Adalgoz von Wehr receives bailiff rights over the monastery of St. Blasien from the Bishop of Basel .
1111	The lords of the castle on the Havichtsberch now call themselves von Habsburg .
1123	The Zähringer received the bailiff over the monastery of St. Blasien .
1128	The St. Gallen Monastery gives its property on the Schlucht as a fief to an unknown noble family.
1130	The forest town of Rheinfelden was founded by the Zähringers .
1152	Konrad von Krenkingen receives the bailiwick rights over the monastery Tezilnheim (former Augustinian monastery in Detzeln ).
1173	Count Albrecht III. von Habsburg received the imperial bailiff rights over the Säckingen monastery from Barbarossa .
1187	The ownership of the monastery of St. Gallen an der Schlücht goes to the Lords of Gutenburg .
1218	The Counts of Kyburg and von Urach inherit the last Zähringer .
1232	- The von Kyburg and von Urach family inherit the last Zähringer . - Death of the Habsburg Albrecht "the old" . - The Habsburgs form two lines with Rudolf IV and Habsburg-Laufenburg .
1240	The pin Säckingen awards the offices of the United Meiers and small Meiers as hereditary fief.
1242	The Lords of Tiefenstein found the monk's cell in Neuenzell , today's Unteribach, approx. 5 km southwest of St. Blasien .
1254	Count Rudolf IV. Von Habsburg received from Conrad IV. The imperial bailiff rights over the monastery of St. Blasien and the southern Black Forest (" Swarzwalt ").
1256	The family of the Herren von Wehr expires.
1260	Lords of Krenkingen move into Gutenburg Castle .
1263	The Habsburgs inherit the von Kyburg family .
1265	Rudolf IV von Habsburg destroys Neuenzell in order to rebuild it as a separate foundation.
1272	Count Rudolf IV of Habsburg takes Wehr Castle and destroys Tiefenstein Castle .
1273	- The defense office falls to the House of Habsburg . - Count Rudolf IV of. Habsburg becomes King Rudolf I until 1291 .
1278	German King Rudolf I defeated Ottokar of Bohemia on the Marchfeld . The Habsburgs now use the title Duke of Austria .
1284	The location of Dogern goes to the Johanniterkommende in Klingnau, Switzerland .
1291	The areas of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden justify their independence with the oath of an eternal covenant .
1296	Eberhard von Lupfen -Stühlingen- is named as the last count in the Albgau .
1303	The Habsburger Urbar documents the administrative structure and names the settlements in the territory of the Habsburgs .
1315	- The monastery of St. Blasien receives sovereignty over the Neuenzell monastery . - On October 15th, the Confederates win their first victory over the Habsburgs at Morgarten .
1326	The Säckingen Abbey renews the agreement on comrades (marriage among serfs) with the Einsiedeln monastery .
1326-1333	Formation of the unions between Wehra and Schlücht .
1335	The Johanniter Coming in Klingnau sold their rights to the Einungsort Dogern to the monastery Königsfelden .
1343	The relationships between Säckingen Abbey and the city of Säckingen are contractually regulated.
1371	The unions are recognized by the Habsburgs and the St. Blasien monastery .
1373	The pin Säckingen buys the Office of Small Meiers of Hartmann von Wieladingen back.
July 9, 1386	The confederates defeat the armed forces of Duke Leopold III at Sempach . which also included nobles and farmers from the southern Black Forest. The Hauenstein flag is captured by Lucerne.
1393	The Grand Master of the Säckingen Monastery , Walter von Schönau , is judicially revoked.
1408	The main line Habsburg-Laufenburg expires. With the last count, Johann von Habsburg , who left no male descendants, died, so that the area on the forest was no longer an actual county , but rather again only in 1562 as the county of Hauenstein , probably in memory of him or his ancestors, was named as a county.
1415	The Basler besieged Säckingen and withdrew when farmers from Hauenstein approached.
1418	The wisdom of Hochsal regulates the relationship between free farmers , the St. Blasien monastery and the forest bailiff .
1428	The Säckingen Abbey converts the annual lifting cloth levy into a fixed interest rate of 1 kr.
1430	The Lords of Schönau inherit the office of Grand Master of the Säckingen Monastery from the Lords of Stein (Schwörstadt) .
September 19, 1433	The Hauensteiners conjure up the unified constitution .
1436	John of Krenkingen-Weissenburg is for violent attacks on the territory of the monastery of St. Blaise with the excommunication occupied.
1437 u. 1438	Bad harvests in the Upper Austria area .
1438	The Weissenburg of the Lords of Krenkingen-Weissenburg in the Steinatal is besieged and destroyed on behalf of the St. Blasien Monastery . The property falls to the Counts of Sulz and the monastery of St. Blasien .
1439	The plague is rampant on the Upper Rhine and in the southern Black Forest. Pilgrimage of 1000 Basel residents with 20 priests to Todtmoos.
1440	The monastery of St. Blasien takes over the last property of the Lords of Krenkingen .
1443	Baslers, Berners and Solothurners besieged the forest town of Laufenburg in summer .
1444	Vagabond groups of Armagnaks are up to mischief in the southern Black Forest and the Upper Rhine. In Schonau im Wiesental a group Armagnacen killed by farmers.
1445	Baslers, Berners and Solothurners conquer the forest and imperial city of Rheinfelden , besiege the forest city of Säckingen and destroy its suburb.
1446	Approx. 1600 people from Basel make a foray into the lower Wehratal , captured around 400 head of cattle, and stormed the last at the entrance to the gorge.
1453	The Habsburgs now use the title Archduke of Austria .
1467	- Confirmation of the rights of the unions in the Dingrodel , drawn up with the help of Matthäus Hummel (founding rector of the University of Freiburg). - The St. Blasien monastery documents the duties of their serfs in a toboggan . - The city of Säckingen receives the right to freely choose the mayor and the high jurisdiction .
1468	Federal troops lay siege to Waldshut and advance into the Hauenstein area. Waldkirch and Dogern are burned down. Numerous villages between Alb and Schlucht are attacked.
1469	- The 4 forest cities , the county of Hauenstein and the rulership of Rheinfelden are pledged to Burgundy. - The Berauer Berg is co-administered by the County of Hauenstein until 1477.
1474	- Charles the Bold v. Burgundy refuses to return the areas pledged to him. - The Burgundian governor v. Hagenbach is captured and executed.
1480	- The St. Blasien monastery acquires the Gutenburg rule with the villages of Weilheim , Ühlingen and Krenkingen . - Säckingen Abbey increases the annual lifting sheet interest to 6 kr.
1495	The St. Blasien monastery and the town of Waldshut agree on legal relations with the monastery serfs living there .
1503	After Hauenstein Castle was destroyed by fire, the forest bailiff moved his official residence to the forest town of Waldshut .
1507	Maximilian I issues court and procedural rules for the forest bailiffsin the Black Forest.
1508	With the death of Martin von Krenkingen , abbot of the Reichenau monastery , the sex expires.
1510	Emperor Maximilian I issues a new Aining Ordinance .
1522	A land order of the Black Forest regulates the rights and obligations of the Hauensteiner.
1525	The rights of the Hauensteiners are revoked after the peasant uprisings .
1527	- The rights of the Hauensteiners are granted again on May 22nd after paying homage to Archduke Ferdinand . -The office of mayor of the Waldstadt Waldshut and that of the Waldvogt , who resides in the city, will be carried out in personal union in the future.
1528	With the secularization in the course of the Reformation in Switzerland, the Königsfelden monastery and with it the place of Dogern fell to Bern .
1530	The city of Waldshut receives from Charles V , the high jurisdiction , the blood spell included.
1535	The Säckingen Abbey waives its right to a lifting sheet interest .
1539	The county is temporarily pledged to the forest bailiff Hans Melchior Heggenzer von Wasserstelz .
1563	The Säckingen monastery regulates the duties of its subjects in a toboggan .
1597	The monastery of St. Blasien has acquired high jurisdiction through the Zwing und Bann as a pledge and is moving the place of jurisdiction for the serfs in the Zwing und Bann from Urberg and Höchenschwand to St. Blasien .
1641	Baron Zweyer von Evenbach obtained feudal rule over Unteralpfen from the Constance monastery .
1649	The pin Säckingen converts the Wimännifron into a fixed annual interest on money.
1655	- The county of Hauenstein donated 15,000 guilders to the House of Habsburg on September 21st to avert a threatened pledge to the St. Blasien monastery. - The feudal lords Zweyer von Unteralpfen are enfeoffed with high jurisdiction , with the exception of the ban on blood .
1666	- Baron Zweyer of Even Bach gained the feudal rule over the in Unterlapfen living serfs of the monastery of St. Blaise . - The relationship between feudal lord Zweyer and the unions is regulated in a contract.
1684	Bern sold his rights to the Einungsort Dogern to the monastery of St. Blaise .
1701	The lower jurisdiction of the barons of Schönau in Hänner and Willaringen is sold to the Einugen .
1719	The Kloster St. Blaise reduces its claim on Hagestolz to ¹ / ₃ of the movable an unmarried deceased.
1730	For lower courts, whose appeal instance was the weekly court in Görwihl , the Waldvogteiamt or the Upper Austrian government becomes the appeal instance by imperial decision .
1783	The pin Säckingen are the low-judicial control over the judicial district Herrischried and the places Oberwihl , Thimos and Zechenwihl to the forest Bailiwick Office from.
1787	The city of Laufenburg acquires the upper bailiff rights and jurisdiction over the city.
1806	End of the county of Hauenstein through incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Baden .

literature

Essays and writings

The county of Hauenstein in Upper Austria: from the history of the 8 unions . Ed .: Working Group 1000 Years of Austria, 625 Years of Hauensteinische Einungen , 1996 Waldshut.

The county of Hauenstein in Upper Austria: from the history of the 8 unions . Ed .: Historical Unification Master Assembly, 2nd edition 2014; Printing: Trefer, Dogern

Patrick Bircher: The rule of Hauenstein , in: Fricktalisch-Badische Vereinigung für Heimatkunde (Ed.): Neighbors on the Upper Rhine. A geography of the region between the Jura and the Black Forest. Vol. 1, Möhlin / CH 2002, pp. 293-307.
Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe (GLA): Lower and higher jurisdiction in the counties of Hauenstein, Schönau and Todtnau 1783, Sign .: 113: No .: 31
Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe (GLA): ban and jurisdiction disputes between the county of Hauenstein, the city of Laufenburg and the Säckingen monastery 1780–1782, Sign .: 113: No .: 30
Günther Haselier : The disputes between the Hauensteiners and their authorities. A contribution to the history of Front Austria and the south-west German peasant class in the 18th century , Diss. Phil. Freiburg 1940.
Joseph Merk: History of the origin, the development and establishment of the Hauenstein unification in the Middle Ages , in: Karl Heinrich Ludwig Poelitz : Year books of history and statecraft , Volume 2, Leipzig, 1833
Fritz Schächtelin: Basic questions of historical self-administration. The unions of the county of Hauenstein (Hotzenwald) . Part 1, in: Das Markgräflerland 1986, Issue 1, pp. 3–10.
Fritz Schächtelin: Basic questions of historical self-administration. The unions of the county of Hauenstein (Hotzenwald) . Part 2, in: Das Markgräflerland 1987, Issue 1, pp. 72–77.
Konrad Sutter : The bitter struggle of the Hauenstein people against their authorities , in: Das Markgräflerland 1996, 2, pp. 133–155.
Karl Friedrich Wernet : The county of Hauenstein , in: Friedrich Metz (Hrsg.): Vorderösterreich. Eine geschichtliche Landeskunde, 4th, extended edition, Freiburg / Brsg 2000, pp. 259–281.
Markus Schäfer: The early history of Hauenstein Castle , editor of the Hochrhein History Association, yearbook 2011

Geology and mining

Rudolf Metz : Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald , Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr, 1980.
René Hantke : Ice Age. The recent geological history of the Alps and their neighboring areas . 1992, ISBN 3-609-65300-0 (3 volumes)
Helge Steen: Mining on deposits in the southern Black Forest , 2013, BoD. ISBN

country and people

Emil Müller-Ettikon : The saltpeter. History of a struggle for freedom in the southern Black Forest. Schillinger, Freiburg im Breisgau 1979, ISBN 3-921340-42-X .
Joachim Rumpf : The saltpeter riots in the Hotzenwald. 3rd revised and expanded edition. Schillinger, Freiburg im Breisgau 2010
Hans Matt-Willmatt : Witz and Schnitz vom Hotzenwald , Moritz Schauenburg 1975. ISBN 3-7946-0120-3 .
Hans Matt Willmatt: Sagen vom Hochrhein and Hotzenwald , Moritz Schauenburg 1986, ISBN 3-7946-0243-9 .
Hans Matt Willmatt: Schöne Heimat am Hochrhein - Pictures of the people and their work in the Waldshut district , Südkurier, 1967.
Helmut Bender : From the Upper Rhine, Hotzenwald and the southern Black Forest. Karl Schillinger, Freiburg 1980. ISBN 3 921340 53 5 .
Arthur Hauptmann : Castles then and now . (2 volumes). Südkurier publishing house, Konstanz 1987.
Helmut Bender, Karl-Bernhard Knappe, Klauspeter Wilke: Castles in southern Baden . 1979, ISBN 3-921340-41-1 .
Joseph Bader : Badenia or the Baden region and people , 3 volumes, Magstadt, (reprint)
Johannes Künzig : Saderlach. An Alemannic village in the Romanian Banat and its original home. Karlsruhe, Müller 1937; XVI, 354 pp. + 31 plates, maps; ²1943, Berlin (folk research, supplements to the magazine for folklore, 6).

Antiquarian

Joseph Viktor von Scheffel : From the Hauenstein Black Forest (1853). In Scheffel: Collected works in six volumes. Adolf Bonz & Comp. 1907. Here vol. 3, pp. 111-150. (Folklore study based on the model of Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl .)
Joseph Lukas Meyer : History of the saltpeterers on the south-eastern Black Forest , 1857
Carl Gustav Fecht : The southwest Black Forest and the adjoining Rhine area . Loerrach and Waldshut. 1858/1861
Heinrich Hansjakob : The Saltpeterer, a political-religious sect in the south-eastern Black Forest , Waldshut 1867
Eberhard Gothein : Economic history of the Black Forest and the adjacent landscapes. First volume: City and Business History , Verlag Karl J. Trübner, Strasbourg 1892 ( digitized version )
Leopold Döbele : The domestic industry of the Hotzenwald . In: Heimarbeit und Verlag in der Neuzeit Volume 15 G. Fischer, 1929
Franz Xaver Kraus : The art monuments of the Grand Duchy of Baden , Freiburg im Breisgau, 1892, Volume III - Waldshut district; Pp. 133-142 online
Leopold Döbele: The Hotzenhaus . In: From Lake Constance to the Main Issue 35 CF Müller, 1930
Heinrich Schwarz: The Hotzenwald and its free farmers .Südwestdt. Pressure u. Verlagsges., 1939
Jakob Ebner : History of the Saltpeterer of the 19th Century , Volume III., 1952
Jakob Ebner: History of the Saltpeterer of the 18th Century , Volume I., 1953
Jakob Ebner: History of the Saltpeterer of the 18th Century , Volume II., 1954
Jakob Ebner: History of the villages in the parish Birndorf near Waldshut on the Upper Rhine
Schwarzwaldverein (Ed.), Leopold Döbele: The Hotzenwald: Nature and Culture of a Landscape Volume 2 Rombach, 1968
Bruno Feige: Memories: from Waldstadtbub to Hotzenwald Doctor Schillinger, 2008. ISBN 3-89155-340-4
Karl-Heinz Pohle : The Hotzenwald . Volume 2 of the hiking books of the Black Forest Association (Ed.) Rombach, 1977 ISBN 3-7930-0231-4

Old maps

Chart of Swabia , Prof. JGF von Bohnenberger , IA von Amman and EH Michaelis , Blätter Wiese , Wutach and Basel , 1798–1828, scale approx. 1: 86.400.
Circulus Sueviae , JM Hase and Tobias Mayer , 1743–1748, scale approx. 1: 500,000.
Theatrum Belli Rhenani , by Cyriak Blödner , 1702–1713, scale approx. 1: 130,000.
Topographic map of the GRAND DUCHY OF BADEN based on the general survey of the Grand Ducal Military Topographical Bureau, Sect. XI.2. , Sect. XI.3. , Sect. XII.2. and sect. XII.3. , 1846 a. 1847, 1: 50,000.

Yearbooks / series

Alemannisches Institut (Ed.), Alemannisches Jahrbuch, 1931 ff.
District Waldshut (Ed.): Heimat am Hochrhein (since 1983, predecessor 1963 to 1970, double volumes; 1975 and 1977 monographs)
History Association Hochrhein eV (Hrsg.): Land between the Upper Rhine and the southern Black Forest. Contributions to the history of the Waldshut district

Web links

Individual evidence

↑ Julius Cramer: The history of the Alamanni as a Gaugeschichte, 1899, Breslau, Verlag von M. & H. Marcus, p. 454

[1] Julius Cramer: The history of the Alamanni as a Gaugeschichte, 1899, Breslau, Verlag von M. & H. Marcus, p. 454