Landgraviate of Stühlingen
The Landgraviate of Stühlingen was next to the Landgraviate of Klettgau , to which it belonged from 1112-1250, part of the Duchy of Swabia . The area, only about 200 km² in size, is located in southern Germany between the southern Black Forest and the Swiss border near Schaffhausen , with the Wutach forming part of the border line. In 1614 the imperial rule of Bonndorf was separated from the Stühlingen Landgraviate and became a separate imperial county, which was ruled by the St. Blasien monastery .
history
The first Grafenstuhl Castle was probably built on Roman foundations around 760 , from which the name of the town of Stühlingen , which was formerly granted city rights, comes from. When Stühlingen was still part of the old Albgau , from 1084 a "Gerung, Comes de Stulingen" and 1131 a "Liutold von Stüelingen" was called. The gentlemen of Stühlingen led an inverted chair adorned with peacock feathers in the coat of arms. The first count of the Landgraviate of Stühlingen was Rudolf von Lenzburg .
After their extinction, the Landgraviate came to the Counts of Küssenberg by inheritance in 1127 , whose ancestral castle was the Küssaburg . They owned the later county of Stühlingen until the last of their tribe, Heinrich von Küssenberg. He was the brother-in-law of King Rudolf von Habsburg and died in 1250.
The Lords of Lupfen , from whom the current name of Hohenlupfen Castle comes from, were an old noble family. That branch went out early. Your family castle Hohenlupfen , which was converted into a robber baron castle , was destroyed by King Sigismund .
Count Heinrich von Lupfen married a sister of Count von Küssaburg. After a dispute with the Bishop of Konstanz , who also had rights , the Landgrave's Office in Klettgau came to Lupfen in a settlement in 1251. From April 25, 1251 he called himself Heinrich I, Landgrave of Lupfen-Stühlingen. At times he still lived in the old family castle in the Baar. He died in 1256. His son Eberhard I was the progenitor of the Eberhard line, which ruled for 330 years. Immediately after taking office, he made Stühlingen town. In 1262 a town is reported: "and add the Burck to our Stat Stuelingen". There is no certificate of foundation, but there is a city seal from 1365.
Eberhard I died in 1302. Hans I stands out among his successors, who considerably increased his property through the acquisitions of the Rappoltstein -Hohenach in Alsace and Hewen in Hegau . In 1352 the small but strategically located castle Allmut was acquired by the Allmut rule . King Ruprecht bestowed special privileges on the city of Stühlingen in gratitude for his services. He died in 1436 and had five sons and two daughters. Soon there were disputes with the Bishop of Konstanz, which led to Count Sigmund I (1436–1494) and his brother devastating the Hegau and attacking ships on the Rhine near Dießenhofen . Only after the knighthood of the St. George's Shield intervened, peace was made on February 10, 1441 in Schaffhausen. Count Sigmund I received on August 7, 1479 from Emperor Friedrich III. the Landgraviate of Stühlingen, the Mundat am Randen , the Reiat , the Weiler- and Gatterholz and with Castle and Herrschaft Höwen the enfeoffment.
Swabian War
After the Confederates got stronger and stronger, the Swabian War began on February 11, 1499 with the first Hegauzug. Count Wolfgang von Fürstenberg commanded the Swabian Confederation . After the destruction and sacking of Tiengen, the federal army moved on to Stühlingen. The city was besieged and shot at for two days. Contrary to the advice of his subordinates, Obervogt Martin von Starkenberg surrendered with the castle and town. Despite promises to the contrary, both were looted and destroyed.
The Stühlingen peasant uprising and the beginning of the peasant war
On June 23, 1524, presumably under the leadership of Michel Haim von Stiellingen , farmers stepped in front of the castle and lodged a complaint with a pamphlet in which 16 articles were summarized that they wanted to have fulfilled. After the bailiff was able to appease them, Count Sigmund and other nobles took action against the peasants. The farmers had chosen Hans Müller von Bulgenbach as their leader. On December 28, 1524, Count Sigmund II von Lupfen died in Engen . After the suppression of all Aufbegehrungen that had subjects on July 12, 1525 Ewattingen the Atonement afford and pay homage to their master.
The Pappenheimer
With Maximilian von Pappenheim , the Landgraviate came into the possession of the Hereditary Marshals of Pappenheim . On December 26, 1582, Count Heinrich VI., The last of the von Lupfen family, died not quite 40 years old. He is buried in the church in Engen . The Reichsherbmarschall Conrad von Pappenheim acquired the rule and rights to feudal feuding, the county of Stühlingen and the old castle, which had been dilapidated since the Swiss Wars, for 80,000 guilders as early as 1583. The actual mortgage did not take place until after all disputes had been settled in 1603. Conrad died in August 1603, so he had nothing more of his property. He and his wife, who died earlier, are buried in the Catholic Church in Engen.
His successor was his son Maximilian. From 1620 to 1623 he had the old castle torn down and rebuilt it in a simple form, as it can still be seen today. He did not fasten it so that it would not occur to anyone to besiege it. But he bought a large number of weapons. The Thirty Years' War was imminent and food was already becoming expensive in 1627. In 1632 the Swedes came. The only 23-year-old son of Pappenheim, Hereditary Marshal Heinrich Ludwig, was a colonel in the Swedes; he was killed during the siege of Hohenstoffeln from June 25 to 27, 1633. In 1638 Bernhard von Weimar stayed in Stühlingen, where he asked and received provisions and bread for himself and the befriended town of Rottweil from Neunkircher Obervogt Im Thurn . On July 7, 1647, the last of the soldiers withdrew.
The Fürstenbergers
The headquarters of the Fürstenbergers was on the Fürstenberg in the Baar . With the death of Hereditary Marshal Maximilian on February 14, 1639 in Engen, the era of the Pappenheimers in Stühlingen ended. His only daughter was Maximiliane, much admired for her beauty. In 1631 she married Count Friedrich Rudolf von Fürstenberg . Her son Count Maximilian Franz von Fürstenberg-Stühlingen was born in Schaffhausen on May 2, 1634. Maximiliana died in Engen in 1635 giving birth to her second child. Finally, Count Maximilian Franz von Fürstenberg received the county of Stühlingen and the rule of Hewen, with the city of Engen as an afterfief from Austria. He spent a lot of time on his estates in Moravia , but Stühlingen was his residence, whose rule extended up to the knee . When he wanted to hurry towards the Sun King Louis XIV in the bishop's palace in Strasbourg , his spurs got caught in his coat on a staircase, he stumbled and broke his neck. He rests with the Capuchins in Haslach .
His eldest son Prosper Ferdinand von Fürstenberg was not yet of legal age when he was supposed to take over the huge territory. Therefore, Johannes Christopherus Herpfer (1583–1654) was appointed as Landgrave and Palatine from 1629 to 1654. Prosper Ferdinand later fought against the Turks under Prince Eugene of Savoy and Margrave Ludwig Wilhelm von Baden-Baden . He took part as General Feldzeugmeister in the War of the Spanish Succession , where he was fatally hit by a cannonball during the siege of Landau in the Palatinate in 1704. To preserve his house he had issued the Primogenitur order in 1701 .
His eldest son Joseph Wilhelm Ernst was born in Augsburg in 1699. In 1716 the Heiligenberg line died out with the death of Prince Anton Egon . So large estates came to the Stühlinger and Meßkircher lines. Joseph Wilhelm Ernst was in 1722 by the Emperor Karl VI. Declared of legal age - in 1716 he was raised to the rank of imperial prince. At the beginning of his reign he became seriously ill with smallpox . On October 31, 1723, he moved the residence from Stühlingen to Donaueschingen , which was more centrally located. In 1737 he allowed the Capuchins in Engen to build a small monastery. He reformed all state affairs in his rule. In 1744 the Meßkirch line died out. As a result, their area came under rule. With the death of Princess Anna Maria in Vienna, Bohemian goods came to the Fürstenbergers.
French Revolution
During the French Revolution on July 28, 1796, the French under General Baillard reached the area near Stühlingen. After negotiations, the Fürstenberg troops were disarmed and could return home without a fight. Extensive taxes had to be paid. Until 1798, Switzerland near Schaffhausen was also occupied by the French. In 1800 General Moreau and his reserve corps stood on the Wutach and pushed the Austrians back. The division general Saint-Cyr received the order on May 1, 1800 to advance to Stühlingen. The Hohentwiel was given up without a fight. The Höwen often changed sides. On February 9, 1801, the peace was made in Luneville . The Austrians were defeated after the Third Coalition War . On October 10, 1806, the Principality of Fürstenberg came under Baden sovereignty, Stühlingen came to the House of Baden . The Fürstenbergers continued to hold court in Donaueschingen .
literature
- Gustav Häusler: Stühlingen. Past and present. Self-rel. d. City of Stühlingen, 1966.
- Norbert Nothhelfer (ed.): Home and work: The district of Waldshut. Theiss, Stuttgart / Aalen 1979.
- Arthur Hauptmann: Castles then and now. Verlag Südkurier, Konstanz 1987, Volume 1: ISBN 3-87799-040-1 ; Volume 2: ISBN 3-87799-075-4 .
- August Vetter: The history of the city of Fürstenberg. Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 1959.
- Hiroto Oka: The Peasants' War in the Landgraviate of Stühlingen and its prehistory since the middle of the 15th century. Hartung-Gorre, Konstanz 1998, ISBN 3-89649-312-4 . pdf 1.2 MB
Individual evidence
- ↑ see Johannes Gut: Abbey of St. Blasien and Reichsherrschaft Bonndorf . In: Meinrad Schaab , Hansmartin Schwarzmaier (ed.) U. a .: Handbook of Baden-Württemberg History . Volume 2: The Territories in the Old Kingdom. Edited on behalf of the Commission for Historical Regional Studies in Baden-Württemberg . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-608-91466-8 , p. 543.
- ↑ Gustav Häusler: Stühlingen in the past and present.
- ↑ http://diglib.hab.de/wdb.php?dir=portrait/a-09407
- ↑ s. Homepage of the Princely House ( Memento from January 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Anna Maria von Waldstein, the first wife of Prince Joseph Wilhelm Ernst, died in 1756