Albgau (Southern Black Forest)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The map of the Duchy of Swabia shows the Alpgau in the southern Black Forest

The Albgau (also Alpgau ) was a part of the Gau county in the Duchy of Swabia . Pagus A. (Alpagauia), documented in the sources from 781 to 1112, corresponded to the open land between Wutach , Black Forest , Upper Rhine and Baar , and was probably named after the river Alb flowing there . In older documents this is also referred to as Alpagauia, Alpegauia, Alpagowe, Alpegowe, Alpegewe, Alpegoue, Alpengovve, Alpigouve or Alpigauge.

geography

Map of the Hotzenwald region

Boundary development

“With the regional division made in Carolingian times , limits were drawn that are still valid today. The area of the Waldshut district largely coincides with that of the former Alpgau between the Wehra and Wutach . Only the area that remained German after the division of the Klettgau in 1656 is added. After the Alpgau disintegrated into an upper and lower Alpgau - with the Schlücht - Schwarza dividing line - the lower, i.e. western part came to the House of Habsburg Austria . In the eastern part, the Landgraviate of Stühlingen was created , from which the county of Bonndorf, which also remained imperial, emerged by separating the western half . This land was further broken up into several dominions acquired by dynasts or ministerials [... which] ultimately all belonged to the property of the St. Blasien monastery . "

Description around 1000

Around the year 1000 the borders of the Albgau ran roughly as follows: The southern border followed the natural boundary of the Rhine from Hauenstein to Neuhausen am Rheinfall . From Neuhausen following the Mühletal of the Durach to around Bargen, from there to the west to probably Grimmelshofen. From there, follow the course of the Wutach towards Lenzkirch , then south towards Schluchsee , from there towards Feldberg , from there south towards Bernau , past Ibach and Görwihl back to Hauenstein. The given points are only for orientation, as the borders ran cross-country and hardly corresponded to our current course of the road. Only in the south, from Hauenstein following the Rhine to Neuhausen, should the border line be more or less correct.

The Albgau was joined by the Breisgau in the west, the Frickgau in the south , today's Fricktal , Aargau and Thurgau , the Hegau in the east and the Berchtoldsbaar in the north .

History of the Albgau

Topographic map of the Black Forest
Region around the year 1000 (marked green - Albgau)

The area of ​​the Albgau, which initially belonged to the Klettgau , but was split off as a separate Albgau (Alpegauia) before 781, was probably the westernmost district of the Alemanni tribe of the Lenzer ( Lentienser ). In addition to the Linzgau , the Klettgau (including Albgau) and Hegau allegedly also belonged to their tribal area . The Rhine border of the Lenzian area stretched from the outflow of the Rhine at Eschenz down to Hauenstein . At the time of the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus , Priari was king of the Lentiens.

The Albgau is mentioned for the first time in 781 in a document about the village of Weizen " In Alpagauia in villa Wizia. Actum in villa Wizia. " About the deed of donation (Lorsch deed. No. 3627) of a Walthari in Lutinga in pago Alpengowe , who owned ( Luttingen ) bequeathed to Lorsch Abbey , there are different opinions about the exhibition year. On the one hand it is dated in the year 792 and on the other in the year 777.

The seat or " mallus publicus " of the district was in Gurtweil . There, on the left bank of the Schlucht, was the old court or painting center of the Albgau. Some sources name the Count Karl the Dicken , at times when he was not yet king, in the year 874. However, this has not been scientifically proven. In addition, in the years 873 and 875 Count Adalbert the Illustrious was named as Gaugraf, who in 873 left his property in Gurtweil to the Rheinau monastery , for which he received the place " Gavi in ​​the tartonensisoben Gau " for life . It is possible, however, that Charlemagne set up a “ comites pagorum ”, that is, a count who was subordinate to him in the Albgau. In a document, a Reccho appears as Gaugraf in Albgau in 885 , who appears in a public hearing in Gurtweil during an exchange of goods with the St. Gallen Monastery . Five years later, on March 21, 890, is attested as Gaugraf Chadaloh in Gurtweil.

The Albgau was closely connected to other districts in the neighborhood. For example, the Albgaugrafen Ulrich (780–804) were also Count in Thurgau , Adalbert II. Also Count in Thurgau and in Hegau , Chadaloh II. 891 also Count in Aargau , and Liutho 929 in Zurichgau . The first known Landgrave who followed the Gaugrafen in Albgau was Rudolf von Lenzburg in the middle of the 11th century. According to Fickler, during the fighting against Heinrich IV in 1047, the Albgau, which until then had been under the rule of the Counts of Lenzburg , passed to the Counts of Stühlingen-Küssachberg. Since the Counts of Lenzburg still appear in a document in the (Lower) Albgau after 1047, this must have been the reason and the time for the division of the Albgau. Because then an Upper Albgau ( Landgraviate Stühlingen ) and a Lower Albgau ( Grafschaft Hauenstein ) appear. Cramer interprets this to mean that these two parts are each a Huntare of the Großgau Klettgau. The self-government of the county of Hauenstein, which remained until the 19th century, would also speak for this.

The family of the German anti-king, Duke Rudolf von Rheinfelden , had possessions in the Albgau through his mother, a daughter of Count von Öhningen , which in 1079 came to Berthold II von Zähringen through the marriage of Agnes von Rheinfelden , Rudolf's daughter . Whether the Albgaugraf Berthold, mentioned in 1112, agrees with him is not clear. The house of the Counts of Diessen came to possessions in the Albgau through marriage via the Counts of Öhningen.

List of documentary mentions

year Location (s) Current name of the village (s) Text excerpt from the certificate source
781 Wizia wheat In Alpagauia in villa Wizia. Actum in villa Wizia Neugart, Episcopatus Constantiensis Alemannicus; Document book of the Abbey of Sanct Gallen, vol. 1, s. 89 - 90, document no.94
788 (792) Luntinga Luttingen In pago Alpengowe in villa Lutinga Lorsch Abbey, Urk. 3627
800 Bonndorf Bonndorf in the Black Forest Unnid transfers a servant with his hooves in the monastery of St. Gallen to St. Gallen in Bonndorf Wartmann. U.-B. 1, 151. - Bonndorf, BA. city
814 Birchinga, Biridorf Birkingen and Birndorf In pago Alpagauia in villa qui dicitur Birchinga. Actum in villa Biridorf St. Gallen Monastery Document No. 213
844 Tezzilnheim Detzels In pago Alpegouve in villa quae dicitur Tezzilnheim St. Blasien Monastery, Neugart, Document No. 213
855 (849) Luzheim Lausheim In pago Alpagouwe in villa nuncupata Luzheim. St. Gallen Monastery Document 442
855 Mettingen Mettingen Priest Meginrad, or Meinrad, hands over his paternal inheritance in Mettingen im Albgau to the Rheinau monastery. Moritz Hohenbaum van der Meer: Thousand-year fate of the free church in Rheinau, p. 22
856 Alpfen Alpfen Award of a Landfrid to the Rheinau monastery Moritz Hohenbaum van der Meer: Thousand-year fate of the free church in Rheinau, p. 25
857 Waldkirch Waldkirch Allocation of the property in Waldkirch with land and serfs of a priest named Schwab to the Rheinau monastery Moritz Hohenbaum van der Meer: Thousand-year fate of the free church in Rheinau, p. 25
858 (856) Alba Monastery cell on the Alb, today St. Blasien Cellam quae dicitur Alba, quae sita est in pago Alpigowe - Siegmar a noble gentleman in the Albgau hands over the monastery cell on the Alb to the Rheinau monastery for the service of St. Mary and for his son Liutherr, who like him was a member of the Rheinau monastery. This was done with the consent of Wolfen . Neugart, St. Blasien Monastery, Urk. 382 - Moritz Hohenbaum van der Meer: Thousand-year fate of the free church in Rheinau, p. 23
858 Tuoingen Tiengen Actum apud Tuoingen coram populo Alpegouense Rheinau Monastery
861 Alaffin Alpfen In Alpegowe in villa Alaffin Neugart, St. Blasien Monastery Urk. 402
862 Oberalpfen and Unteralpfen Oberalpfen Nangar and Adalnui handed over to the church of Wolfens Monastery Rheinau a significant portion of their goods, which are in the Albgau between the upper and Unteralpfen the monastery Rheinau. Moritz Hohenbaum van der Meer: Thousand-year fate of the free church in Rheinau, p. 28
863 (860) wheat wheat Reginbold transfers his property in Weizen to St. Gallen in a public court hearing in Ewattingen. Wartmann, U.-B. 2.108. Prince B. U.-B. V No. 15, 2. Von Neugart, Cod. Dipl. Alem. 1, 291 put to the year 854.
866 Alba, Alapfa, forest chilcha Alpfen , Waldkirch , St. Blasien In Alpegouue cella quae dicitur Alba, Alapfa, Waldchilcha Neugart, St. Blasien Monastery, Urk. 437
873 Gurtwila Gurtweil In pago Alpigove in villa Gurtwila Neugart, St. Blasien Monastery, Urk. 474
874 (876) Pirithorf, Pirihchinga, Chuchilipach, Puah, Eziliwilare, Haidwilare Birndorf , Birkingen , Kuchelbach, Buch, Etzwihl, Hechwihl In Pirithorf in pago Alpicauge - from istis villis id est from ipsa Pirithorf et Pirichinga hut et Chuchilipach nec non et Puah, Eziliwilare et Haidwilare St. Gallen Monastery, Document 585
885 Chuchelebacharo, Alofun, Piridorf, Churtwila, Curtwila Kuchelbach, Alpfen , Birndorf , Gurtweil In pago Alpegoue et in Chuchelebacharo marcho - quod in Alofun est - in Chchilebach - in Piridorf - in Churtwila et Araberge. Actum in Curtwila St. Gallen Monastery, Urk. 643
889 Pelahahusun, Egipeitingun Balzhausen, Ewattingen Pelahahusun et Egipeitingun in Alpagowe rex Arnulfus Eginone vasallo in proprium dedit Neugart, Episcopatus constantiensis Alemannicus
890 Egipetingum Ewattingen (near Bonndorf) In Alpagouve - Egipetingum St. Gallen Monastery, Document 674
890 Gurtweil, Buch, Aisperg Gurtweil , Buch , Aisperg 890 March 21: Sigimunt transfers his property to Buch and Aisperg to St. Gallen in public negotiation at Gurtweil and receives monastery property in Birndorf as a fief. Wartmann, U.-B. No. 676. - Buch, Aisperg, Birndorf im Bez.-A. Waldshut
894 Curtwila, Tuotelingun, Ballenholz, Tiufherreshusun Gurtweil , Dietlingen, Bannholz , Tiefenhäusern Proprietatem in Alpigauge in loco qui dictur Curtwila, in Tuotelingun, in Ballenholz, in Teufherreshusun St. Gallen Monastery, Document 691
912 Sveininga Schwaningen In Alpegeuve locum Sveininga St. Gallen Monastery, Document 767
917 (929) Wilheim, Aloupha, Eperolfuigga Weilheim , Alpfen , Eberfingen Wilheim situm in Alpegeuve - in Aloupha. Actum in Alpegevve in Villa Eperolfuigga Neugart, St. Blasien, document 719
948 Sueninga Schwaningen Curtem Sueninga in pago Alpegouue Host. 181
995 Lutwanga presumably Luttingen advocati sui Eberhardi proprietatem monasterii sui in villa Lutwanga in pago Albegou et in Rapirgahusa in pago Creggou a) ipsi tradat. Fürstenberg record book, document 56
1047 Waldkirch Waldkirch Count Berthold. 1047 April 27: Emperor Heinrich III. gives his faithful Megingod a king's man in the Villa Waldkirch, located in the Albgau and in the county of Bertholds. ZGORh. Vol. 7, NF from Herrgott, Geneal. Habsb. II, No. 178
1049 Alba, Aloffa, Waldkircha Alpfen, St. Blasien, Waldkirch Certificate of Emperor Heinrich III. and Count Berthold I, exhibited in Rheinau Abbey Schöpflin: Historia Zaringo Badensis, vol. 1, p. 36
1071 Ekkingon Obereggingen In villa Ekkingon in pago Alpegouue et in comitatu Gerhardi comis Bath. 21st
1106 Amelgerisfelth Amertsfeld near Grafenhausen In pago Alpegouve in comitatu Ottonis in loco Amelgerisfelth Sources z. Switzerland. Business III, 1 No. 44; Schaffh. 44
1112 Wilare Hamlet near Bonndorf Quicquid proprietatis habere videor in loco Wilare. Ipsum vero predium in pago Albigouwe in comitatu Bertoldi situm est. Fürstenberg record book, document 82
around 1123 Burzilun Bürglen Zapf, monum. anec I, 466
around 1125 Schluchsee Schluchsee Count Otto and his son Friedrich together with Duke Rudolf von Rheinfelden, Count Ekbert von Sachsen a. a. the Schluchsee estate on St. Blasien. Confirmation by Emperor Heinrich V in 1125. Dümge, Reg. Bad. No. 78
1150 Stouphs Hochstaufen, south of Schluchsee, Lenzburg (AG) de monte quodam Stouphen - comes illius provinie Rudolfus de Lenzeburch Schaffh. 71

Counts in the Albgau

  • Ulrich / Udalrich (Adalrich, Odalrich), founder of the Udalrichinger , 780–804 - This count was also count of the Breisgau , Hegau , Linzgau , Thurgau and lower Alsace. He is also known as Graf im Argengau . He was brother-in-law of Charlemagne through the marriage of his sister Hildegard . His brother Gerold the Younger had a very close relationship with the king. In an Alsatian document from 804, four sons of Count Ulrich are named, Bebo, Gerold, Ulrich and Robert, of whom Ulrich and Robert are also listed in a St. Gallen document.
  • probably Ulrich / Odalrich (son of the first mentioned) He is mentioned both as a count in Breisgau and in Linzgau and Argengau . However, there is a lack of documents that also refer to him as Count in the Albgau.
  • Erchanger (Erchanmar), 816, 821 (also Graf im Breisgau - 817, 819, 820, 828 and Graf in der Ortenau - 826 and in Alsace 819)
  • Konrad I. , 839 Graf im Albgau, 844 Graf im Linzgau , 849 Graf von Paris ( Welfen )
  • Gozbert 844-853
  • Welf II , 842/850 Graf im Linzgau , 852–858 Graf im Albgau, presumably son of Konrad I or nephew
  • Albaric, 855
  • Adalbert the illustrious from the Burchardinger dynasty , around 854 to around 894 Graf im Albgau and Thurgau , Mentioned 860, 863, 873, 875. In 894 the St. Gallen monk recorded a Count Hadalbertus iunior , while before and afterwards it was simply Count Adalbert is.
  • Charlemagne , 874
  • Engilger, 876
  • Reccho, 885
  • Adelbert (Adalberti in villa Kachanang), 889, was count in Thurgau, Albgau and in the Bertholdsbar
  • Chadaloh II. , 891–894 also attested as Graf im Augstgau , 891 as Graf im Aargau 890 Graf im Albgau
  • Liutho, 940 Graf im Albgau, from the Nellenburg family, 929 Graf im Zürichgau . According to Wartman, who ascribes a certificate to Neugarts from 917 to 929, Leutoh is also 929 Graf im Albgau. Frederick, who mentioned in addition to the year 929, that Liutho "is held by some as the nephew of Emperor Henry I " sees it similarly .
  • Chuno from Rheinfelden? Merz thinks it is possible that Chuno, the father of the later anti-king Rudolf von Rheinfelden, was Count in the Albgau, where this family can be shown to have owned property.
  • Radebot, 1023 ( from Altenburg ), son of the Klettgaugrafen Lanzelin, who is proven as a count in Klettgau, may also appear in Albgau. ∞ Ita, the sister of the supposed Albgaugrafen Chuno von Rheinfelden.
  • Gerhard (Gero od. Gebhard), 1071, Count von Pfullendorf, Count von Klettgau (1067), son of Count Ulrich VIII von Bregenz, possibly identical with the Zähringian Bishop Gerhard von Konstanz Wanner, however, speaks against it. This is also the case with Karl Zell, who assigned Gerhard to the Count of Stühlingen.
  • Otto, 1106 from Diessen?
  • Berthold von Gmünd, 1112 von Diessen? - Tumbülle is more likely to assume that this is not Agnes von Rheinfelden's husband , Berthold II von Zähringen , but rather her brother Berthold von Rheinfelden . However, since Berthold II von Zähringen died in April 1111 and Berthold von Rheinfelden already died in 1090, it is probably the son of Berthold II and Agnes von Rheinfelden, Berthold III. In a document dated September 4, 1111, in which Emperor Heinrich V confirms ownership of the Allerheiligen monastery in Schaffhausen, he confirms the donation made by "Bertholfi de Gimundi", among other things. A "Junzile Amilgerisfelt" is named as his wife.
  • Rudolf von Lenzburg , 1150 Landgrave of Stühlingen
  • (Eberhard von Lupfen , 1296) - Titled with "Landgraf vom Albegau"

See also

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Julius Cramer: The history of the Alamanni as Gaueschichte, 1899, Breslau, Verlag von M. & H. Marcus, p. 314
  2. ↑ Episcopatus Constantiensis Alemannicus Sub Metropoli Moguntina, Cum Vindonissensi, Cui Succesit, in Burgundia, Transiurana Provinciae Vesontinae olim fundato, Chronologice et diplomatice Illustratus, by Pater Trudbert Neugarg, Volume 1, p. Xxv
  3. ↑ Konrad Sutter: Landmarks of former rulers in the district of Waldshut. Heimat am Hochrhein, Jahrbuch des Landkreis Waldshut 1991, Volume XVI, Ed .: Landkreis Waldshut, Verlag des Südkurier, Konstanz 1990, p. 115.
  4. ↑ The map from General Historical Handbook , Gustav Droysen, 1886, was used as a reference for this description .
  5. ↑ Chronicle Menzenschwand
  6. ↑ Julius Cramer: The history of the Alamanni as a Gau story, p. 70
  7. ↑ Codex Principis Olim Laureshamensis Abbatiae Diplomaticus, Ex Aevo Maxime Carolingico, p. 168
  8. ↑ a b Julius Cramer: The history of the Alamanni as a Gau story, 1899, Breslau, Verlag von M. & H. Marcus, p. 454
  9. ^ Franx X. Wöber: The Miller von and zu Aichholz, part 1, p. 22
  10. ↑ a b c General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts in alphabetical order, p. 331
  11. ↑ Sources on Swiss History, Volume 3
  12. ^ Journal for the History of the Upper Rhine (ZGORh). Volume 7, new version. 1892, p. 160 ( online ).
  13. ↑ CBA Fickler: Sources and research on the history of Swabia and Eastern Switzerland, p. 114
  14. ↑ ZGORh. Vol. VII. NF
  15. ↑ Neugart gives the April 22nd of the year 792 (Episcopatus Constantiensis Alemannicus).
  16. ^ Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine, 1892 new series. Volume VII (of the whole series 46th volume) Pages 152 - 181
  17. ↑ Neugart gives the June 2nd of the year 849 (Episcopatus Constantiensis Alemannicus).
  18. ↑ Moritz Hohenbaum van der Meer assigns the document to the year 856
  19. ↑ Wartmann. U.-B. 2, 206 No. 594. - Birndorf and Etzwihl in the B -A. Waldshut
  20. ↑ Wartmann, U.-B. 3. No. 788
  21. ↑ Count Gerhard is mentioned because King Heinrich IV gave 7½ hooves to the monastery of St. Blasien for his and his father's salvation, which, as they were not his own, he requested and received from Duke Rudolf von Rheinfelden for this purpose would have.
  22. ^ Regesta Badensia: Documents of the Grand Ducal Badisches General-Landesarchiv, by Carl Georg Dümgé
  23. ↑ a b ZGORh, NF Vol. 7, 1882, p. 154
  24. ^ Carl Borromaeus, Aloys Fickler: Sources and research on the history of Swabia and Eastern Switzerland, S. LXV
  25. ↑ Wartmann, U.-B 1,151
  26. ^ Sources and research on the history of Swabia and Eastern Switzerland, p. LXV
  27. ↑ ZGORh, NF Vol. 7, 1882, p. 155
  28. ↑ a b c Karl Friederich: Das Weltall, p. 436
  29. ↑ Ch.F. Stälin: Wirtembergische Geschichte, Volume 1, p. 251
  30. ↑ a b ZGORh, NF Vol. 7, 1882, p. 156
  31. ↑ See Wartmann, U.-B. No. 679, 686, 689, 690, 691. - 692, 693, 697
  32. ^ Neugart, Cod. Dipl. Alem. Tom. II Index II p. 65 also lists Karl the Fat among the Albgaugrafen. The certificate, Wartmann, U.-B. St. Gallen Abbey No. 585 de a. 874, can be used according to Tumbäne (ZGORh, Vol. VII new series), but not for it. Karl is named there as princeps Alamanniae and not as Albgaugraf. Karl was a Breisgaugraf.
  33. ↑ a b ZGORh, NF Vol. 7, 1882, p. 157
  34. ^ Carl Georg Dümge: Regesta Badensia, p. 81
  35. ↑ ZGORh. Vol. VII, NF, Wartmann, U.-B. No. 676. - Buch, Aisperg, Birndorf im Bez.-A. Waldshut
  36. ^ Fickler: Sources and research on the history of Swabia and Eastern Switzerland, p. LXX
  37. ↑ Wartmann, U.-B. 3. No. 788
  38. ↑ a b Genealogical Handbook on Swiss History - High Adel, p. 396
  39. ↑ Communications from the Institute for Austrian Historical Research, Volume 7, Aloys Schulte: Studies on the oldest and older history of the Habsburgs and their possessions, especially in Alsace , Studies IS 15
  40. ↑ Donation from Henry III. to Rheinau on October 29, 1023 about "Wizzinburc, aitum in pago Chlegeuwe, in comitatu vero Radebotinis comitis. Printed in Sources for Swiss History, Vol. III., 2, 81
  41. ↑ Fickler: Sources and research on the history of Swabia and Eastern Switzerland, p. 13.
  42. ^ Wanner, research z. oldest business of the Kletgau. Frauenfeld 1887. p. 36.
  43. ↑ Freiburg Diocesan Archives , Vol. 1, 1865, p. 312.
  44. ↑ a b Fickler: Sources and research on the history of Swabia and Eastern Switzerland, p. 36
  45. ↑ a b ZGORh. Vol. VII. NF - Tumbled
  46. ↑ Dr. FL Baumann: The Allerheiligen Monastery in Schaffhausen
  47. ^ Regesta Badensia: Documents of the Grand Ducal Badisches General-Landesarchiv, by Carl Georg Dümgé