History of the Hotzenwald
The Hotzenwald is a landscape and region in the southern Black Forest in the district of Waldshut . The history of the Hotzenwald begins after Roman beginnings on its fringes with settlement from the 7th to the 14th centuries. Century. The history is shaped by the marginal position in the more than 550 years of belonging to Austria, by great poverty, high tax burden on the St. Blasien monastery and over the centuries repeatedly erupting disputes over the old rights of the inhabitants against the St. Blasien monastery. Wars of the Habsburgs using Hotzenwald soldiers against the Confederates and the French determined the fate of the region for several centuries. In terms of traffic, the forest was poorly accessible until the 19th century and many villages were cut off for months in winter. Despite industrialization on the southern edge and village work from home, the Hotzenwald remained an underdeveloped area in Baden until well into the 20th century and only developed into a recreational and holiday area after the last war.
Roman times and Alemannic settlement
The Hotzenwald was not permanently developed and settled in pre-Roman and Roman times. Only the valley exits from Schlücht and Steina as well as the eastern edge of the Hotzenwald give evidence of the early use of arable land. Traces of the Celts can be found from around 600 BC. Prove.
The Roman commander Cornelius Clemens had his quarters near Windisch near the confluence of the Reuss and the Aare . From there he advanced to the Danube in AD 73 and, in this context, annexed the conquered area in southwest Germany to the province of Germania Superior . The Romans advanced from the south towards the Upper Rhine , built roads on both sides of the Upper Rhine and established estates near the Rhine, including at Brennet , Wallbach , Obersäckingen , Laufenburg (Baden) , Waldshut , Gurtweil and Ühlingen . The military camps were supplied from these country houses.
Alemannic forays into the Roman-administered area settled by Celts have been known since the early 3rd century . Around 260 the Alemanni crossed the Upper Rhine for the first time and attacked Augusta Raurica , what is now Kaiseraugst, east of Basel. But they couldn't get stuck permanently. Under Emperor Constantius II , son of Constantine the Great , they were expelled again in 354. In 390 the right bank of the Upper Rhine was firmly in Alemannic hands. A Roman fortification line was built on the left bank of the Rhine from Lake Constance to Basel . The Romans gave up the area in the 5th century. Their estates then disintegrated, but the roads they laid were preserved. The Alemanni did not use the stone buildings of the Romans, but established settlements in their vicinity.
The Alemanni, who also settled the Upper Rhine Valley on the left bank of the Rhine from 450 onwards , first set up farms on the Rhine and on conveniently located areas on the southern Black Forest slope and at the valley exits of Wehra , Schlücht and Steina . The Hotzenwald itself remained free of settlement.
Rural development in the Middle Ages and modern times
Three development phases
The medieval settlement of the Hotzenwald happened in three separate advances or clearing periods: 7th – 9th centuries. Century: a first development settlement in the front Hotzenwald; This early phase was carried out by counts from the Alpgau . Such counts were named ten times between 780 and 890, but their count office was not necessarily in the region. 10-12 Century: Development of the plateaus between the valleys running to the south. Here the gentlemen from Krenkingen and von Tiefenstein (after Tiefenstein in the lower Alb valley) appear for the first time, both noble families. The name of the Alpgau disappears again. The clearing of the Tiefensteiner can be considered characteristic of the second development phase. They fill the vacuum between the clearing that started from Säckingen, i.e. from the southwest of the Hotzenwald and the first clearing of St. Blasien, i.e. from the north. 13-14 Century: Late clearing and establishment of scattered settlements and individual farms in the rear Hotzenwald at an altitude of 800–1000 meters. This third settlement period, in contrast to the first two, took place from north to south. St. Blasien did not receive any donations from noblemen until 1200. Therefore, the region around the monastery had to be used almost exclusively by clearing
There was no formation of cities in the forest because of the unfavorable traffic situation. All cities were on the edge of the Hotzenwald, such as Säckingen, Laufenburg, Hauenstein and Waldshut. Neither was there a lack of a cultural center in the Hotzenwald until modern times, not even at the village court in Görwihl .
Age and origin of place names
The place names allow references to the course of the settlement. Documents are rare and, if available, go back to the St. Gallen Monastery , which, unlike the Säckingen Monastery, was not destroyed by fire. Two place names from the early first half of the 9th century are mentioned in a document from 814: Birkingen and Birndorf . An early settlement of the lower Hotzenwald with individual farms between 500 and 700 can thus be assumed.
According to written records, the oldest places on –ingen are: Luttingen (Lutinga, 788), Tiengen (Tuoingen, before 876), Säckingen (Seckinga, 878). The endings in -will or -weil are: Gurtweil (Gurtwila, 873), Etzwihl (Eziwilare, 874), Hechwihl (Haihwilare, 874), Weilheim (Wihlheim, 929). Places created in the third phase have endings in -ach, -au, -bach, -berg, -brand, -egg, -halden, -holz, -lehen, -moos, -ried, -stein, -wald and -wies . Place names ending with -schwand also belong to this last group. The place names on -brand and -schwand go back to the two earlier forms of clearing, "Brennen" (slash-and- burn ) and "Schwenden" ( Schwendbau ). Place names such as Aichen, Ahorndobel, Birken near Oberalpfen and Wilfingen, Birkendorf, Buch, Buchholz (between Niederwihl and Schachen), Eichhalde (near Oberwihl), Ellmenegg (above the Murgtal; after Ulmen) Erlenberg (above the Mettma near Brenden), Eschholz and Eschberg, Immeneich, Lindau and numerous others testify to the extensive original mixed and deciduous forest on the Hotzenwald.
Real division of farms
On the Hotzenwald, individual farms emerged first, as the place names Oberhof or Niederhof document. While the economic preservation of farms in the Upper Black Forest and Central Black Forest was secured by inheritance law , real division prevailed in the Hotzen Forest from the 16th century . This regulation stipulated that buildings, fields, pasture land and forests were divided in the event of inheritance. In many cases, against the will, but with the approval of the landlords, closed court estates were dissolved, and the property was split up. Several families lived under one roof. Several women had to work on a stove in a sooty kitchen. Under harsh climatic conditions, this led to economic collapse, the decline of free farming, impoverishment, social emergencies and political unrest, overpopulation and emigration.
Village fires
In the numerous wars from the 16th to 19th centuries, many farms and villages were burned down in whole or in part, often several times. Examples are: Oberweschnegg 1560, Murg 1588 (13 houses), Nöggenschwiel 1865 (13 houses), Rüßwihl Unterdorf 1873 (cremated), Rüßwihl Oberdorf 1874 (cremated), Brenden 1808 (12 farms with church and inn) and 1874, Görwihl 1852 ( 16 houses), 1905 (10 houses), Berau 1818, 1853 1867, 1879, 1883, Bonndorf 1827 (46 houses).
The Hotzenblitz was a deliberate arson to get to a new yard at the expense of building insurance. This procedure is partly responsible for the fact that the typical thatched, old Hotzen houses disappeared early on the Hotzenwald .
Early Christianization
Christian communities had already formed in the late Roman settlements to the left of the Rhine. Tenedo ( Bad Zurzach ). Augusta Raurica ( Kaiseraugst ) and Vindonissa ( Windisch ) were bishoprics. At the time of the Great Migration in the 6th century, however, the Alemanni pushed back Christianity. The Franks forced the Alemanni on both sides of the Rhine to adopt Christianity. New churches were built that the Alemanni used for their burials. In total, the Christianization process lasted two centuries. For a long time there were pagan burials with weapons.
Significance of the Säckingen monastery
The Fridolinskloster Säckingen was of central importance for the implementation of Christianity and the safeguarding of the Franconian royal power . The Irish-Scottish wandering monk Fridolin von Säckingen was the first apostle of Alemannia. The Säckingen monastery acquired extensive property in the Hotzenwald before the 9th century and laid out farms that developed into villages. These included Görwihl, Niederwihl, Oberhof, Rüßwihl and Zechenwihl. In addition, the monastery had extensive property on the left bank of the Rhine on what is now Swiss territory. The monastery lost properties in the Wehr area and the important city of Laufenburg . In the named villages in the Hotzenwald it had the manorial rule and lower jurisdiction. Since 1173, the high judicial power and sovereignty had been in the form of the umbrella bailiff over the monastery with the Counts of Habsburg. The Säckingen monastery reached its economic climax with the elevation of the abbess to the rank of imperial prince in the 13th and at the beginning of the 14th centuries, compared to the monastery of St. Blasien.
Importance of the St. Blasien monastery
The St. Blasien monastery made a major contribution to the clearing and settlement of the Hotzenwald from and in the north. The monastery received the financial means for this largely through income from silver mining, mainly from the Todtnau area, so that St. Blasien became the largest capital power in the southern Black Forest. At the beginning of the 14th century, St. Blasien owned almost all of the towns between Alb and Schlucht and sought, albeit unsuccessfully due to the tough resistance of the unification , the entire rule over the county of Hauenstein by pledge. In 1350 St. Blasien in the Hotzenwald owned 28 farms . The monastery organized its property and income extremely tightly and efficiently. In the forest office of St. Blaise, there were manors that had to deliver a third of their yields anymore, also farms, feudal farms, leasehold , hooves , Schupposen (small farms) and interest goods. In the county of Hauenstein, jurisdiction over the villages owned by St. Blasiens was at Habsburg.
Unions
Origin and purpose
The residents of the county of Hauenstein had a unique legal status in southern Germany in their mixture of liberties and bondage. Although tied to the interest for the St. Blasien or Säckingen monastery and irrespective of whether they were leaseholders or serfs, in the forest up until they belonged to the Grand Duchy of Baden they saw themselves primarily as a member of the unification . The rights of unification were consistently defended. The unification goes back to the years 1326 and 1333. The settlements here united to form cooperative self-governing associations regardless of their lower court, landlord and church affiliation. All people who lived within the suitability belonged to this cooperative. The amalgamation to an unification happened with the consent of the monasteries and Habsburgs, who expressly recognized the unification in 1371. The unification that first became visible this year was a self-protection organization of limited autonomy approved by the St. Blasien Monastery. In 1500, Emperor Maximilian I abolished the military tasks of the unions. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the unification developed into a self-governing organization under sovereign supervision without military tasks. These were the responsibility of the Hauensteiner Landfahnen.
organization
The highest jurisdiction was incumbent on the forest bailiff . The forest bailiff represented the sovereigns and princes, the ore house and the Austrian state. The unification was confirmed under Emperor Friedrich III: 1442 and Maximillian I in 1510. In 1522, the Black Forest even had its own land order for the Hauensteiners. Their privileges and rural self-government were mainly based on the military achievements of the Hauensteiners. The rights were restricted after the Peasants' Wars in 1525, but were re-established in 1527 by Archduke Ferdinand I. There were 8 unions with 12 to 15 villages each in the rule of Hauenstein. The unification was headed by an annually newly elected unification master. The spokesman for the eight unification masters was the Redmann . The elections for the aforementioned took place in Görwihl at the beginning of May in the presence of the forest bailiff, but not with his vote. Redmann and Einungsmeister had a seat and vote in the Upper Austrian provinces in Freiburg im Breisgau . An important task of the Einungsmeister was the distribution of the tax burden and the collection of taxes due on the farms.
Decline
The reason for the long existence of the unions under Habsburg rule was their lenient treatment of the unions despite their uprisings in the 18th century. The military achievements of the forest population and the reliability of the soldiers contributed to this tolerance of the Habsburgs. The county of Hauenstein was repeatedly a cornerstone of the Habsburg power security.
With the transition of the county of Hauenstein and the Hotzenwaldorte to the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1806, the self-administration of the Hotzenwald and with it the existence of the unions ended.
jurisdiction
All around St. Blasien, including the county of Hauenstein, had been forced and banned since 1328 , a special legal status as the monastery’s immunity district. St. Blasien aspired to gain high jurisdiction in the county . That didn't work. There were arguments that lasted for centuries. Due to financial bottlenecks, however, under Emperor Rudolf II. In 1596 the high jurisdiction for the Zwing und Bann and thus also for the county of Hauenstein from the House of Habsburg was pledged to the St. Blasien monastery for 35 years. In return, St. Blasien provided Vienna with a loan of 20,000 florins ( guilders ) to finance the Turkish wars . The place of justice became St. Blasien in 1597, including the erection of a gallows and a place of beheading. An extension of the lien did not take place because of the resistance of the unions. In 1705, however, Emperor Joseph I confirmed the perpetuation of the pledge. The Habsburg subordinate relationship to the monks and their abbot in St. Blasien as well as the farmers in the county was unaffected. According to its own statements, St. Blasien has spent a total of 400,000 florins (guilders) on Vienna for these efforts to enforce the high level of jurisdiction.
In times when the high jurisdiction was not incumbent on the monastery of St. Blasien, it was held by the forest bailiff. The Hauensteiners generally felt bound to the House of Habsburg and the high Habsburg jurisdiction.
Passed pawns
Already in 1303 there were free farmers west of the Alb between the possessions of the Säckingen monastery and the cleared area of the St. Blasien monastery. The passed farmers received legal perks when they moved into undeveloped areas and cleared them, which was an arduous process lasting years. On the land that they had reclaimed, they were able to build farms with hereditary interest . They were free of clearing and were exempt from the labor of the farmers in the old settlements . Many free farmers belonged to the two parishes of Hochsal and Görwihl . There were also dinghouses (courts of law) for the free farmers. The free farming finally came to an end towards the end of the 18th century, because Emperor Josef II had failed to contain the disastrous consequences of the real division on the Hotzenwald through appropriate agricultural policy measures. The struggles of the peasants on the Hotzenwald during the peasant uprising, the saltpeter wars and ongoing conflicts with the monastery of St. Blasien and with the Habsburg were rooted in the idea of freedom from the original time of free farming.
Serfdom, happy duties
Much of the Hotzenwald was to the 18th century serf . Serfs and free lived next to each other in the villages and were related to each other. The symbol of bondage was the body fall , a payment in kind due to the landlord. It had to be paid by the bereaved after the death of the serf. The body lords were the St. Blasien monastery for the county of Hauenstein or the Säckingen monastery. Serfdom was felt most oppressively under the monastery of St. Blasien. It caused tension again and again in the 18th century. From the age of 14, all serfs had to take an oath of homage to the abbot in St. Blasien . The householders had an annual carnival chicken deliver three days Frondienst afford and his heirs were to heriot committed, that was usually the delivery of the best livestock animal. In addition, the monastery claimed the right of pride from its relatives , that was a third, from 1719 even all of their traveling belongings. In addition, there were wineries in the villages in which St. Blasien or Säckingen owned the manor . This meant that the owners were obliged to take two wine trucks from Breisgau or Markgräflerland to the St. Blasien monastery cellar every year .
Attachment lines
Remains of walls, ditches and entrenchments still exist in the Hotzenwald. The best known is the Landhag . These fortifications go back to the wars with the Confederates in the 13th century. The Hagwald, an uninhabited strip of forest, was also used for defense. In the event of war, trees were cut down with their tips pointing towards the attackers. That made the advance of opposing troops almost impossible. The imperial Hag ran around 1433 as a 9.5 km long and 50 to 600 meter wide strip of forest from Hohenfels near Tiefenstein in the Albtal to Leinegg at the Fohrenbach estuary in the Schwarza with the Remetschwieler Letze as the main fortification . Attacks from the Waldshut area from the north could be repulsed here.
Hauensteiner country flags
The Hauensteiner Fähnlein and later the country flags were the Hotzenmilitary. The Habsburg flag served as an outpost position, especially against the Confederates . The country flag was created in the 14th and 15th centuries. The Hauensteiners were considered equal to the Confederates. In 1444 the Landsturm successfully defended the forest against the Armagnaks from France and in 1446 against the Basler in the Wiesental . From 1500 the country flag was incorporated into the front Austrian defense organization. The commander of the Hauensteiner Landfahnens was appointed by the government. In the first two decades of the 16th century, the Hotzenwald provided numerous volunteers for various Austrian campaigns, especially in Italy. After new training regulations were introduced for the country flags, Field Marshal Bürcklin described the Hauensteiners as well and almost better than regular Austrian troops in 1728 . When Marie-Antoinette of Austria-Lorraine drove through Freiburg on her bridal procession in 1770, she was greeted by two companies of the Hauensteiner Landfahn in impressive Hotzenwald costumes . For several centuries, the Hauensteiners fulfilled their duty to defend the Austrian foreland against incursions from the west. In this way they secured their special rights in the unions until 1805.
Home work and cotton industry
In the mid-1740s, during the saltpeter riots, companies recruited homeworkers on the farms of the southern Black Forest . The abbot of St. Blasien tolerated these efforts. The cotton spinning mill was able to expand in the Birndorf , Görwihl and Wolpadingen unions . In 1790 9,000 homeworkers were employed. The migration from the Hotzenwald initially decreased. Compared to the active Waldshut entrepreneur Kilian, who was said to have a low wage policy, Swiss competition developed.
In the growing emergency situation during the saltpeter riots, the impending economic upswing led to an improvement in income. At the same time, agricultural forms of economy declined, as several members of a family household were required to work from home and it was difficult to combine the two. Agriculture could only be carried out on the side. That created addiction. People had to buy their food elsewhere. Trade and other industries came into the forest in this way. Working from home in the Hotzenwald remained in the villages of Strittmatt , Engelschwand , Segeten , Hogschür and Herrischried until well into the 20th century in the form of silk ribbon weaving . The last private loom business was closed in 1972.
The cotton industry established itself in a number of factories in parallel to housework in the Hotzenwald. A cotton spinning mill was established in Tiefenstein around 1870, and citizens of Glarus turned it into a Schappe spinning mill in 1873 . In 1900, a Zurich factory owner opened a silk weaving mill with steam engine drive ( locomobile ) in Görwihl . The wages in the first few years were 1.50 to 2 marks.
Already before 1800 there was an ironworks in Albbruck with a blast furnace and an attached hammer mill . In the first half of the 19th century it was the largest ironworks in the Grand Duchy of Baden.
Traffic history
Only a few footpaths until the 18th century
Until the 18th century, no country or trade route of supraregional importance ran through the Hotzenwald. Since the valley gorges run in a north-south direction, west-east connections were difficult to implement. The connections were limited to footpaths and cart paths. Therefore, the settlements on the Hotzenwald remained cut off from the outside world until the 18th century. Only spur roads led to the Upper Rhine. Many farms in the Hotzenwald were only connected with dirt roads and arable fields. The most important traffic connection in the region was the road from Basel to Schaffhausen along the High Rhine. For centuries it ran from Basel on the left bank of the Rhine, crossed the Rhine in Laufenburg in order to bypass the marshy mouth of the Aare on the southern edge of the Hotzenwald on the right bank . This road led via Tiengen into the Klettgau and Lake Constance . In 1856 the single-track Baden Hochrheinbahn Basel - Säckingen - Waldshut with a tunnel in Laufenburg and a railway bridge in Hauenstein was completed on the Upper Rhine .
In the 18th century, St. Blasien was connected to the Upper Rhine via Immeneich - Niedermühle - Unteralpfen - Birndorf - Albbruck. At the end of the 18th century, a map of the County of Haustein did not yet show a continuous road through the Albtal Gorge . The only postal connection led on an "ordinari way" and not a "Haupt-et Poststraße" for mail riders from Waldshut via St. Blasien to Neustadt. After 1767 bridges were built over the Wutach, Steina and Schlucht. In winter, the villages in the forest were completely cut off for months. In 1781 it was said that the road into the forest was so bad, especially at Niederhof , that you couldn't even drag a dead person through it .
Post roads in the 19th and federal roads in the 20th century
Until 1760 the road from St. Blasien via Höchenschwand to Waldshut could only be used by pack horses. The St. Blasien monastery therefore expanded this path in 1764 with Austrian participation, which led to resistance from the communities on the Höchenschwander Berg, as they were concerned about military marches. In 1819 a riding letter post Lenzkirch - St. Blasien - Waldshut was set up. A road through the gorge-rich Alb valley was built with tunnels in 1854–59. It mainly served the faster timber transport to the newly built train station in Albbruck am Hochrhein. From 1859 the mail was delivered three times a week in the Hotzenwald. In 1872 the first four-horse stagecoach drove through the Alb valley. The founding of the St. Blasien motor vehicle company in 1904 required the roadway to be widened to six meters, as well as the elevation of the tunnels in 1924. The post station in the Alb valley was the Gasthaus Sonne in Niedermühle between Tiefenstein and St. Blasien.
Despite the remoteness and lack of rail connections, the road network in the Hotzenwald lagged behind other parts of Baden until 1952 . Only in the course of the Hotzenwald program was the construction of the federal highway 500 from Waldshut via Höchenschwand to Baden-Baden with bypasses and cross connections.
Planning of rail connections in the 20th century
As part of the construction of the Dreiseenbahn, there were plans for a rail link to expand from Seebrugg to St. Blasien and on through the Murg Valley to the Upper Rhine. Another plan of the city of St. Blasien provided for a route through the Alb valley. Until 1914, the Baden State Railroad negotiated with the municipalities about station buildings for a route from St. Blasien to Waldshut. The project was abandoned in 1922. The Hotzenwald therefore has no rail connection to this day. The village of Urberg was the most remote municipality in Baden with a distance of 14 km to the nearest train station.
The Hotzenwald in national history
Vorhabsburg and early Habsburg times (until 1396)
The Alpgau , named after the Hauensteiner Alb , emerged from the Carolingian district division . Most of the Hotzenwald belonged to him.
The Habsburg family came from Alsace and built their ancestral castle in 1020 on the Habichtsberg near Brugg at the confluence of the Aare and Reuss rivers. Under Emperor Friedrich I. (Barbarossa) Count Albrecht III. (Habsburg) the Reichsvogtei over the Säckingen monastery. As a result, the Habsburg family was able to expand their rule on the Hotzenwald clearing area of the Fridolinstift to sovereignty.
In 1254 King Conrad IV left "St. Blasien and the Black Forest" to Count Rudolf von Habsburg and later King Rudolf I of Habsburg . The Hotzenwald was then in the hands of the Habsburgs. Rudolf I took possession of Vienna and the Austrian lands in 1278. From then on, the counts called themselves dukes and, from 1453, archdukes of Austria. This shifted the focus of their politics to the east. Their old ancestral lands became Upper Austria , where they had their Habsburg offices administered by bailiffs. The Vogt over the Hotzenwald initially sat at Hauenstein Castle . The county of Hauenstein developed from this bailiwick in the late Middle Ages . Under King Albrecht I , son of Rudolf I, an orderly administration was established for the region and the settlements, which was laid down in 1303 in the Habsburg land register .
In addition to telephone services, St. Blasien demanded the same oath of subjects from all residents, irrespective of whether they were only subject to judicial obligations or whether they were assigned to him with basic bondage or serfdom. This called out the first unrest on the Hotzenwald, which was repeated over the centuries. The passed farmers fought for the first time in 1371. "With Uffsatz, outrageous and dishonest" it says in a document of Duke Albrecht in Vienna.
The last ruling Count Johann IV von Habsburg-Laufenburg , known as Count Hans, issued a lapel in 1396 stating that the “Feste Haustein with the Black Forest and its affiliation” was left to him for life and that he wanted to preserve the rights and customs of the people as they were handed down. From 1396 the name Grafschaft Hauenstein was coined. However, there never was an actual county, only a district of the Black Forest. According to Rudolf Metz , the existence of this document has not been proven, and Count Hans’s act has not been legitimized. However, the certificate is proven.
Wars of the Habsburgs with the Confederates and Burgundians (1386–1499)
The Hotzenwald was not an area that suggested strategic conflicts, as it had no wealth to show. Nevertheless, due to its exposed location between Austria, Switzerland and France, there were many disputes.
The well-equipped Habsburg troops, supported by Hauenstein nobility and farmers, suffered a sustained defeat against strengthening Swiss peasants in the Battle of Sempach in 1386. The emergence of an independent Confederation was thus initiated. The city of Basel then tried to expand its territory to the Hotzenwald. The Basel army moved against Säckingen in 1415 . However, the people of Basel did not succeed in conquering the island city because farmers from Hauenstein were advancing. The Confederates also tried to take Tiengen in 1415, which they also failed. The Schwyz Day in Tiengen is a reminder of this event to this day.
In 1439 the Hotzenwald was ravaged by a plague that claimed many victims. During the Old Zurich War (1443–44), the Basel, Bern and Solothurn residents besieged the important Habsburg bridge city of Laufenburg in vain in the summer of 1443 . In 1444 a French mercenary army, the Armagnaks , poached on the Upper Rhine and especially on the Hotzenwald. The four forest towns were occupied with 6000 men . The farmers from the Hotzenwald and the Wiesental drove the Armagnaks out in several skirmishes. There were further attacks by the Baselers on the Upper Rhine in 1445–49, and in 1446 an attack on the lower Wehratal. The residents fled to the Hotzenwald with their belongings. The people of Basel set the village of Öflingen near Wehr on fire and stole 400 head of cattle before they left.
Around 1458, the Habsburg Duke Sigismund (Sigmund) promised the Hauensteiners “to keep the same graciously in all their freedoms, rights and old habits”. The Swiss began a new campaign against Austria in 1468, the Waldshut War , with the unsuccessful attempt at conquests on the Upper Rhine, but with looting on the Hotzenwald, with which they forfeited their sympathies with the inhabitants. The successes of the Habsburgs are recorded in the Waldshut Chilbi . In 1468 the Swiss plundered Bonndorf . The villages of Dogern , Birndorf , Gurtweil , Waldkirch and many individual farms, including the St. Blasien monastery , experienced particular suffering from the Swiss raids .
In 1469, Duke Sigmund pledged the four forest cities to the French Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy in exchange for a loan of 50,000 florins . This prevented the Swiss from accessing the Hotzenwald. From 1469 to 1477 the Hotzenwald was therefore in Burgundian hands.
The inhabitants of the Hotzenwald and the surrounding area opposed the rigorous administration of the hated bailiff Peter von Hagenbach, appointed by Karl the Bold, with all their might. His execution in 1774 and the strict refusal of Charles the Bold to return the pledged territories to Habsburg, although large sums were offered for it, triggered the Burgundian Wars between the Duchy of Burgundy against the Confederation and Lower Union . Sigmund joined the alliance. The Eternal Direction was signed in Constance in 1774. Habsburg and the confederates came to an agreement. All forest cities joined the agreement. Two hundred years of war between the Habsburgs and the Swiss initially came to an end.
In 1476 Duke the Bold was defeated at the Battle of Murten . A flag from the Hotzenwald fought on the side of the Swiss. In 1477 Charles the Bold was finally defeated on the French Moselle with 400 men lost by the Hauensteiners and soldiers from the forest towns. The pledged areas on the Upper Rhine became Austrian again. During the Swiss War in 1499, the Alemanni faced each other for the last time on both sides of the High Rhine. The Swiss conquered Dogern, set the village on fire and stabbed 60 Austrians. The Swiss were pushed back by the country flags near Gurtweil , captured 500 head of cattle and were finally driven back by troops of the Swabian Federation . Even with a new siege of Laufenburg, they had to withdraw from 600 Nuremberg residents. Ultimately, the Confederates won the Swiss War. The Hotzenwald remained Habsburg property.
Reformation and peasant uprising (1524–1526)
The Hotzenwald stayed with the Catholic faith during and after the Reformation . The peasant uprising had a stronger impact in the region. The attacks were directed primarily against the monastery of St. Blasien. In May 1524, the monastery subjects announced to the abbot John III. in St. Blasien from their allegiance to free themselves from oppressive compulsions and payments in kind. On All Saints' Day in 1524, 500 farmers gathered under the leadership of Hans Müller von Bulgenbach near St. Blasien and were catered for by the monastery. The war experienced Hans Müller succeeded in curbing and organizing the disorderly crowd. In the spring of 1525 the uprising began on a larger scale. The flag with the Bundschuh became the farmers' symbol for hope and freedom ( Bundschuh movement ). On April 27, 1525, 600 farmers from Hauenstein, Stühling and Fürstenberg under Hans Müller attacked the St. Blasien monastery. They chased away the monks, destroyed the library, ransacked the wine and food supplies, and devastated everything. After six days they moved to Freiburg for new raids and then to Radolfzell , where they were dispersed on July 25, 1525 and many of them were killed. The farmers did not get the support they had hoped for from the Swiss. Hans Müller was captured in Laufenburg, tortured and beheaded on August 12, 1525 by the Schaffhausen executioner. The unrest on the Hotzenwald and other places continued, however. Abbot John III was reinstated in St. Blasien. Kunz Jehle from Niedermühle im Albtal, another leader of the farmers in the Hotzenwald, was hung on an oak tree on December 13, 1525 on the old Waldshuter Strasse. His followers set fire on April 11, 1526 in revenge in St. Blasien, so that the monastery burned down completely.
The villages destroyed in the peasant uprising were quickly rebuilt. A long period of peace followed in the 16th century with a flourishing economic life in ironworks and smelting furnaces (Albbruck, Tiefenstein, Kutterau), shipping , rafting , fishing and handicrafts.
The Thirty Years War and wars thereafter (until 1709)
During a long siege of Rheinfelden in August 1634, the Swedes undertook raids in the Hotzenwald and raided villages and farms. The abbot of St. Blasien tried together with the forest cities to set up a defense of the Hotzenwald. After the unsuccessful attempt, he fled to Kaiserstuhl on the Upper Rhine. He left his monastery for open robbery; his subjects lived in the woods, where many women and children died. In September the Swedes had to give up the Hotzenwald after a defeat. Before that, they devastated everything on the Upper Rhine that could be valuable to the imperial troops who were advancing. In 1638 the Hotzenwald was occupied again by the Swedes after the Rheinfelden fortress surrendered . Villages and farms were looted. The abbot of St. Blasien fled again. The imperial troops had to withdraw completely from the southern Black Forest at the end of 1638. Thousands of soldiers and horses died in winter. The wolves multiplied on the overgrown Hotzenwald. Because of the wolf plague, rewards were offered for killed wolves. After the end of the Thirty Years' War the country remained occupied by Swedes and French until 1650 in order to delay the return to Austria. It was not until 1652 that the Austrian administration gradually resumed. The Hotzenwald had suffered badly in the Thirty Years' War. At the time of the peace treaty in 1648, only 177 people were still alive in the county of Hauenstein. The landscape was utterly impoverished; it took the population decades to rebuild the settlements. As a result, the population was shifted from Switzerland and Austria.
After the Thirty Years' War, the Upper Austrian Hotzenwald administratively carried the designation "kk Kameralherrschaft der Grafschaft Hauenstein forest vogue official district" and was subordinate to the administrative authorities in Freiburg, which were subordinate to the Upper Austrian government in Innsbruck .
Between the end of the Thirty Years War in 1648 and the beginning of Salpeterunruhen 1728 there were several wars and raids by marauding French often on the Hotzenwald ( Dutch War , Nine Years' War , War of Spanish Succession , Polish War of Succession ). The farmers could no longer cultivate their fields, had to dig in, and they suffered from hunger, and the forest was "sucked up to the bluoth" after soldiers passing through. In April 1709, the Imperial General Mercy camped with 2000 men on horseback in Herrischried when he was clearing the Hotzenwald of enemy troops.
Saltpetre Riots (1728–55)
Collecting saltpeter (salt) was a privilege of the farmers. The efflorescence rich in nitrate in the stables and dung pits had to be scraped off and boiled into saltpeter. This was needed as a raw material for the production of powder.
The beginnings (1720-1730)
In the chaos of war in the 17th century, the administration of the Hotzenwald was in disarray. Charges could no longer be collected regularly. The abbot Blasius III. in St. Blasien, therefore, in coordination with Vienna, an overview of the residents should be drawn up, from which it should be clear who was free and who was “subject to the monastery of the church”. At the same time he had the peasants pay homage to him again and set up a new thing court in Remetschwiel . There was increasing dissatisfaction among the population against this approach and other measures ( Dogerner Recess , 1720). Signatures against orders were collected. Johann Fridolin Albiez (Salpeter-Hans) became the spokesman for the discontented. They repeatedly referred to the freedom letter of the last Count Hans IV of Habsburg-Laufenburg from 1396, who gave the landscape to the Hauensteiners (see Chapter 3.1). From this they believed they could derive their old claims.
The saltpeter had a privileged trade and were angry that an imperial export ban was issued for saltpeter in 1722.
The onset of saltpeter riots quickly affected large parts of the Hotzenwald and divided the residents into hostile camps for almost 30 years. The fronts often went right through villages and families. Albiez traveled to Vienna in May 1726 to bring before Emperor Charles IV his concerns about greater freedoms. But he could not achieve success in Vienna. Nevertheless, rumors spread in the Hotzenwald that the emperor wanted to accommodate the wishes of the saltpeterers. Albiez was arrested in Freiburg, arrested and died there a year later. In the forest he became a martyr against the hated monastic rule, and the unrest continued among new leaders.
In 1727 the new abbot of St. Blasier demanded a renewal of the homage from the inhabitants. The residents did not comply. The contrasts intensified. Both the abbot and the people sent deputies to Vienna after the government suspended the election of unity men. Vienna then sent a military command with 1,000 men to the Hotzenwald, but did not seek to end the conflict by force.
On May 17, 1728, under military pressure, the Hotzenwald opinions were forced to pay homage to Waldshut. The unions were then allowed to submit their claims against the monastery of St. Blasien. They formulated 38 complaints. Most of these were rejected in a resolution by the Vienna Court Chancellery and the rights of the St. Blasien Monastery were confirmed in most points. In 1730 the unions were made responsible for the costs and sentenced to damages. There were decapitation and forced labor convictions. The first section of the dispute came to an end.
Compromise Agreement and Rejection (1730–1739)
The rule in Vienna did not give in to the saltpetre workers. The claims of the rebel claims culminated in the demand for complete autonomy of their county of Hauenstein. In 1738 an agreement was reached with a redemption of 58,000 guilders to the monastery of St. Blasien, which waived its rights from serfdom. The agreement was not universally recognized by the people. Many saw them as unnecessary. The people went on a tax strike.
The Habsburg military reappeared in 1739 and now encountered armed resistance. The Viennese finally occupied the troubled villages in the Hotzenwald and arrested the rebels. The leaders were executed near Albbruck , others were sentenced to digging in Hungary. Fines were fined for hundreds. Participating villages Dogern, Görwihl, Wolpadingen, Rickenbach, Höchenschwand and Hochsal had to pay fines. After an imperial mandate was hung up in 1739, calm returned to the forest.
Civil war-like development and exile (1742–1755)
From 1742, however, returning exiles called for new activities, in which up to 1000 saltpeterers took part at meetings. Again and again the troubled people presented their complaints. There was no success against the rigid behavior in Vienna. In 1750 there were again convictions that failed to appease the population. In June 1754, the government ordered a company of soldiers into the country. These had instructions from the imperial side to comply with the applicable legal system and to avoid arbitrariness. Nevertheless, they took tough action. Men believed to be rebels and their relatives were arrested. On October 14, 1755, the judgment passed by Empress Maria Theresa in Vienna was announced. A total of 112 people, men, women and children, were sent to the deportation. The men were chained to one another in pairs and taken to seven carts under strict military guard in the Hungarian, now western Romanian Banat near Temesvar . Their goods have been sold. The government abolished the free elections for the unification masters. The resistance of the Hotzen was broken. Much of the unrest was due to the poverty of the population. There was only a hesitant improvement with the introduction of home work from 1750.
The banishment can also be seen in connection with regular, state-sponsored emigrations in the period before and after 1755. The imperial family tried to secure newly won territories in the east. As early as 1725 people moved from Tiefenhäuser to Hungary, where colonist villages were created. The saltpeterers, however, were distributed to different villages, which created new unease. In 1991, Görwihl re-established contact with the descendants of exiled Hotzen forests from the village of Saderlach .
The saltpetre riots from today's perspective
For more than thirty years a struggle with intermittent violence had been waged. There were only two dead, however, and only on the side of the "restless". In this struggle, both sides had been deeply convinced that they were right. What was right for the state was injustice or dictatorship from the point of view of the population. The right of the peasants from the point of view of the state was injustice and rebellion. The people themselves were divided in their convictions. It was less the ideological desire for freedom than the frustration, anger and hatred of farmers towards farmers and the restless against the city of Waldshut that were the driving force behind the civil war-like conflicts. Today historians still occasionally write of "freedom struggle" and revolutionary forces that aimed at complete liberation from feudal dependencies and the recognition of regional autonomy. On the other hand, the resistance is interpreted today as a "reactive social protest" and "distrust of the superior power of the state".
Revolutionary wars and end of Austrian rule (1789–1806)
Under Empress Maria Theresa and her reform-loving son Joseph II , the administration and tax situation improved noticeably. The school system was introduced, embezzlement by the nobility was prevented, witch trials were abolished, and a general code of law was introduced. In 1785 Joseph II revoked serfdom .
After the French Revolution , refugees came to the Hotzenwald and saved themselves from the guillotine. The French crossed the Rhine several times (1796, 1799, 1800) and penetrated along the Upper Rhine into the Hotzenwald villages, devastating Säckingen, Laufenburg and Waldshut. On their hasty retreat across the Rhine in October 1796, they also burned the Rhine bridge in Laufenburg. Most recently they advanced with 45,000 men via Freiburg and St. Blasien. The Hotzenwald was badly affected. The county had to raise 1,256,000 gulden (guilders) in war taxes from 1791–1803, the damage from looting amounted to around 500,000 gulden.
In the Treaty of Lunéville (1801), the Upper Rhine became the state border in 1806. Austria had to cede the left bank of the Rhine ( Fricktal ) to Switzerland. The city of Laufenburg was thereby divided. The forest cities and the county of Hauenstein fell temporarily as compensation to Duke Hercules III. from Modena. Since he died in 1803, the Hotzenwald became Austrian again for two years. The Austrian administration remained in office. In 1805 Napoleon's troops advanced on the Upper Rhine. In the Peace of Pressburg (1805) after Napoleon's victory in the Battle of Austerlitz , Austrian supremacy in the foothills finally ended. The Breisgau , the Hauensteinerland and the four forest towns were added to the Baden Elector Karl Friedrich . The handover took place in 1806.
Grand Duchy of Baden (1806–1918)
Resistance to the new affiliation
In the Länderschacher at the beginning of the 19th century, Württemberg troops tried to enforce claims in numerous places in and around the Hotzenwald. The Kingdom of Württemberg also occupied the county of Hauenstein and the forest towns. On French instructions, however, the Württemberg king had to withdraw his annex troops from the Hotzenwald. On April 15, 1806, Elector Karl Friedrich officially took possession of the newly won Austrian territory in the southern Black Forest for Baden in Freiburg. A Hauensteiner deputy paid homage to Karl Friedrich on June 30, 1806 with great cheer in Freiburg. The county of Hauenstein with 26,000 inhabitants in 1805 ceased to exist, as did the unions.
The young Baden state was obliged to keep Napoleon paying high taxes and had to provide him with soldiers for his campaigns. New taxes were therefore constantly being levied. Many recruits from the Hotzenwald fled before being recruited to Switzerland, from where they emigrated to America. In 1812 the communities received an accisor . As the forerunner of today's tax office, it had to collect taxes.
Minorities of the population in the Hotzenwald and other Baden regions did not agree with the annexation to the Grand Duchy and wanted to have the Austrian affiliation back. The Protestant line of the Grand Duchy was also rejected by the Catholics in the Hotzenwald. Some Hotzenwälder did not recognize the Baden state because they believed that the residents should have been asked whether they wanted to leave Austria. That a new sovereignty was established over their heads contradicted their sense of justice deeply. For this reason and because of the increased tax burden, there were refusals of military service in 1813, in 1826 there was a boycott of compulsory vaccinations and school attendance as well as avoidance of church services. Resistant saltpeter minorities were fined, which did not scare them, or they were brought to the workhouse in Pforzheim. In general, the saltpeterers, who again played a major role in the unrest, were no longer able to push through any mass movements in the second half of the 19th century.
Outskirts in Baden and the development in the 19th century
In the new Grand Duchy of Baden, the Hotzenwald led a remote existence as a peripheral location. The area of the centuries-old unions was separated by the new district border between Säckingen and Waldshut. The term Hauenstein thus disappeared from the official language. Feudal relationships from the Middle Ages were gradually eliminated. By the end of the 1840s, the old easements, compulsory obligations and tithes were abolished in almost all Hotzenwald communities.
In 1849 the republic was proclaimed. In the forest people partly sympathized with the republican ideas. Free troops formed on the Upper Rhine. Armed people's brigades arose in Laufenburg and Säckingen . Prussian troops intervened. Hotzen leaders and conscientious objectors were sentenced. The last Prussian troops left the Waldstädte in 1851. The state of war was not lifted until 1852.
The population had increased sharply between 1835 and 1860. Already after the famine year 1817 and even more so after the famine and revolutionary years 1848–49 a strong wave of emigration began, mainly to the USA, supported by the state government, which wanted to prevent the emergence of a peasant proletariat. "The great need in these forest areas has prompted the state government to organize an emigration of the afflicted to America at state expense". Emigration was strongest in Herrischried and Rickenbach , where in May 1851 alone 500 citizens emigrated to the New World in four large transports due to economic hardship. Between 1860 and 1935 around 13,500 people emigrated from the Hotzenwald. From 1875 to 1880, almost 400 people moved from Görwihler Berg to start a new life. Many farms were given up and the government reforested.
In 1863 the surviving guilds were abolished. Many people found work in the emerging industries on the Upper Rhine.
The Hotzenwald in the 20th century
After the First World War, the Hotzenwald belonged to the Republic of Baden . The depopulation in the Hotzenwald continued until the 1930s. At the same time, the number of inhabitants in the cities on the Upper Rhine increased due to industrialization in Waldshut, Albbruck and Laufenburg (Baden). The forest remained a disaster area. In 1937 41 municipalities with 17,352 inhabitants were declared "Hotzenwald emergency area". The Second World War interrupted the relief efforts. The French occupation could not do anything to alleviate poverty in the forest. It was not until the “Hotzenwald Program” of the newly founded state of Baden-Württemberg that a decisive change was made in 1953-60. The road network has been massively expanded. Central water supply was set up and modern schools founded. The Schluchseewerk created new jobs with the construction of the Säckingen cavern power station (1966) and the Wehr power station (1976) and gave substantial grants for the construction of central water supply systems. The former emergency area has become a much-visited recreation and vacation area.
The Atdorf pumped storage power plant planned by the Schluchseewerk , the largest of its kind in Europe with an output of 1,400 megawatts, was not built. The plans were abandoned in 2017.
literature
- Joseph Bader : Badenia or the Baden region and people , 3 volumes, Magstadt, (reprint)
- Helmut Bender, Karl-Bernhard Knappe, Klauspeter Wilke: Castles in southern Baden . 1979, ISBN 3-921340-41-1 .
- Patrick Bircher: The rule of Hauenstein , in: Fricktalisch-Badische Vereinigung für Heimatkunde (Ed.): Neighbors on the Upper Rhine. A geography of the region between the Jura and the Black Forest. Vol. 1, Möhlin / CH 2002, pp. 293-307.
- The county of Hauenstein in Upper Austria: from the history of the 8 unions . Ed .: Working Group 1000 Years of Austria, 625 Years of Hauensteinische Einungen , 1996 Waldshut.
- Leopold Döbele : The domestic industry of the Hotzenwald . In: Heimarbeit und Verlag in der Neuzeit Volume 15 G. Fischer, 1929
- Leopold Döbele: The Hotzenhaus . In: From Lake Constance to the Main Issue 35 CF Müller, 1930
- Jakob Ebner : History of the Saltpeterer of the 19th Century , Volume III., 1952
- Jakob Ebner: History of the Saltpeterer of the 18th Century , Volume I., 1953
- Jakob Ebner: History of the Saltpeterer of the 18th Century , Volume II., 1954
- Jakob Ebner: History of the villages in the parish Birndorf near Waldshut on the Upper Rhine
- Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe (GLA): Lower and higher jurisdiction in the counties of Hauenstein, Schönau and Todtnau 1783, Sign .: 113: No .: 31
- Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe (GLA): ban and jurisdiction disputes between the county of Hauenstein, the city of Laufenburg and the Säckingen monastery 1780–1782, Sign .: 113: No .: 30
- Eberhard Gothein : Economic history of the Black Forest and the adjacent landscapes. First volume: City and Business History , Verlag Karl J. Trübner, Strasbourg 1892 ( digitized version )
- Heinrich Hansjakob : The Saltpeterer, a political-religious sect in the south-eastern Black Forest , Waldshut 1867
- Günther Haselier: The disputes between the Hauensteiners and their authorities. A contribution to the history of Front Austria and the south-west German peasant class in the 18th century , Diss. Phil. Freiburg 1940.
- Arthur Hauptmann : Castles then and now . (2 volumes). Südkurier publishing house, Konstanz 1987.
- Johannes Künzig : Saderlach. An Alemannic village in the Romanian Banat and its original home. Karlsruhe, Müller 1937; XVI, 354 pp. + 31 plates, maps; 1943, Berlin (Volksforschung, supplements to the Zeitschrift für Volkskunde, 6).
- Joseph Merk: History of the origin, the development and establishment of the Hauenstein unification in the Middle Ages , in: Karl Heinrich Ludwig Poelitz : Year books of history and statecraft , Volume 2, Leipzig, 1833
- Joseph Lukas Meyer : History of the saltpeterers on the south-eastern Black Forest , 1857
- Emil Müller-Ettikon : The saltpeter. History of a struggle for freedom in the southern Black Forest. Schillinger, Freiburg im Breisgau 1979, ISBN 3-921340-42-X .
- Joachim Rumpf : The saltpeter riots in the Hotzenwald. 3rd revised and expanded edition. Schillinger, Freiburg im Breisgau 2010
- Fritz Schächtelin: Basic questions of historical self-administration. The unions of the county of Hauenstein (Hotzenwald) . Part 1, in: Das Markgräflerland 1986, Issue 1, pp. 3–10.
- Fritz Schächtelin: Basic questions of historical self-administration. The unions of the county of Hauenstein (Hotzenwald) . Part 2, in: Das Markgräflerland 1987, Issue 1, pp. 72–77.
- Markus Schäfer: The early history of Hauenstein Castle , editor of the Hochrhein History Association, yearbook 2011
- Joseph Viktor von Scheffel : From the Hauenstein Black Forest (1853). In Scheffel: Collected works in six volumes. Adolf Bonz & Comp. 1907. Here vol. 3, pp. 111-150. (Folklore study based on the model of Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl .)
- Heinrich Schwarz: The Hotzenwald and its passed farmers . Südwestdt. Pressure u. Verlagsges., 199
- Helge Steen: Mining on deposits in the southern Black Forest , 2013, BoD. ISBN
- Konrad Sutter : The bitter struggle of the Hauenstein people against their authorities , in: Das Markgräflerland 1996, 2, pp. 133–155.
- Karl Friedrich Wernet : The county of Hauenstein , in: Friedrich Metz (Hrsg.): Vorderösterreich. Eine geschichtliche Landeskunde, 4th, extended edition, Freiburg / Brsg 2000, pp. 259–281.
See also
Grube Gottesehre (history of the most important mine in the Hotzenwald)
Web links
- History of the Hotzenwald Hotzenwald Online (Markus Jehle)
- The history of the county of Hauenstein (Hotzenwald) and the saltpeterers in the 18th and 19th centuries
- The Hotzenwald in Hotzenland (Gerhard Boll)
- Free farmers in the forest - from the fight of the saltpeter in the 18th century ( Wolfgang Hug )
- Albtalstraße with a long history (Badische Zeitung August 19, 2017)
- The Romans made the start (Badische Zeitung November 24, 2017)
Individual evidence
- ^ Rudolf Metz : Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 171–173
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, p. 173
- ↑ Günther Haselier . History of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag Lahr / Schwarzwald 1973, p. 18f
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, p. 179
- ↑ a b Günther Haselier. History of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag Lahr / Schwarzwald 1973, p. 12
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 175–177
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 179, 182
- ↑ Günther Haselier. History of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag Lahr / Schwarzwald 1973, p. 59
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, p. 183
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, p. 183
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 189–192
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 192–196
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 218f
- ↑ Joachim Rumpf. The saltpeter uprising in the Hotzenwald. Schillinger Verlag Freiburg. 3rd revised and expanded edition 2010, p. 33
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 206-216
- ↑ Günther Haselier. History of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag Lahr / Schwarzwald 1973, pp. 30–34
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 220-225
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 225–230
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 242–244
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 247-252
- ↑ Günther Haselier. History of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag Lahr / Schwarzwald 1973, p. 42
- ^ Paul Eisenbeis. The Görwihl local history museum in the Hotzenwald. In: Helge Körner (ed.). The Hotzenwald. Nature and culture of a landscape in the southern Black Forest, p. 261
- ↑ Joachim Rumpf. The saltpeter uprising in the Hotzenwald. Schillinger Verlag Freiburg. 3rd revised and expanded edition 2010, p. 126
- ^ Paul Eisenbeis. Görwihl community. Friends of the local history museum Hotzenwald. 2008.
- ^ Paul Eisenbeis. Görwihl community. Friends of the local history museum Hotzenwald. 2008, p. 183
- ^ Paul Eisenbeis. Görwihl community. Friends of the local history museum Hotzenwald. 2008
- ^ Paul Eisenbeis. The Görwihl local history museum in the Hotzenwald. In: Helge Körner (ed.). The Hotzenwald. Nature and culture of a landscape in the southern Black Forest, p. 263
- ↑ Albtalstrasse with a long history (Badische Zeitung August 19, 2017)
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 585-593
- ↑ Günther Haselier. History of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag Lahr / Schwarzwald 1973, p. 63
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 259–261
- ↑ Günther Haselier. History of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag Lahr / Schwarzwald 1973, p. 20
- ↑ Günther Haselier. History of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag Lahr / Schwarzwald 1973, p. 22
- ↑ Günther Haselier. History of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag Lahr / Schwarzwald 1973, p. 35f
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, p. 289
- ↑ Documents and registers from the archives of the former county of Hauenstein p. 8 with reference to the source: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine. 1859 tenth volume by Josef Bader pp. 353 - 384; 1860 eleventh volume p. 465 - 490 and 1861 twelfth volume p. 101 - 127 Text of the lapel of 1396 online
- ↑ "Regesta of the Counts of Habsburg-Laufenburgiscier line 1198-1408 together with documentary enclosures by Arnold Münch, National Council Aarau, Buck von HB Sauerländer 1879." There: "The lapel of Count Hans v. H. on the Black Forest pledged to him by Duke Lüpold z-Austria ”, p. 118. Harvard Univ. 5R51TY Library, May 30, 1972. Online
- ↑ Günther Haselier. History of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag Lahr / Schwarzwald 1973, p. 40
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 262–270
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 270–278
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 279–283
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 283–286
- ↑ Joachim Rumpf. The saltpeter uprising in the Hotzenwald. Schillinger Verlag Freiburg. 3rd revised and expanded edition 2010, p. 49
- ↑ Günther Haselier. History of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag Lahr / Schwarzwald 1973, p. 48
- ↑ Joachim Rumpf. The saltpeter uprising in the Hotzenwald. Schillinger Verlag Freiburg. 3rd revised and expanded edition 2010, p. 159
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 286–327
- ↑ Günther Haselier. History of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag Lahr / Schwarzwald 1973, pp. 45–57
- ↑ Günther Haselier. History of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag Lahr / Schwarzwald 1973, p. 58
- ↑ Joachim Rumpf. The saltpeter uprising in the Hotzenwald. Schillinger Verlag Freiburg. 3rd revised and expanded edition 2010, p. 118
- ↑ Joachim Rumpf. The saltpeter uprising in the Hotzenwald. Schillinger Verlag Freiburg. 3rd revised and expanded edition 2010, p. 162
- ↑ Joachim Rumpf- Were the Saltpeter Freedom Fighters? "Published in the magazine" Badische Heimat "No. 2/2005, pp. 281–285
- ↑ Wolfgang Hug. Free farmers in the forest - from the battle of the saltpetre in the 18th century. In: Helge Körner (ed.). The Hotzenwald. Nature and culture of a landscape in the southern Black Forest, p. 183.
- ↑ Tobias Kies: Denied Modernity? On the history of the 'Saltpeterer' in the 19th century (= conflicts and culture - historical perspectives; vol. 9), Konstanz: UVK Verlagsgesellschaf., ISBN 3-89669-724-2
- ↑ Joachim Rumpf. The saltpeter uprising in the Hotzenwald. Schillinger Verlag Freiburg. 3rd revised and expanded edition 2010, p. 157
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 328–333
- ^ Paul Eisenbeis. Görwihl community. Friends of the local history museum Hotzenwald. 2008.
- ↑ Joachim Rumpf. The saltpeter uprising in the Hotzenwald. Schillinger Verlag Freiburg. 3rd revised and expanded edition 2010, pp. 141f
- ↑ Joachim Rumpf. The saltpeter uprising in the Hotzenwald. Schillinger Verlag Freiburg. 3rd revised and expanded edition 2010, p. 150
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 333–337
- ↑ Günther Haselier. History of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag Lahr / Schwarzwald 1973, pp. 63–66
- ^ Rudolf Metz: Geological regional studies of the Hotzenwald. Moritz Schauenburg Verlag, Lahr / Schwarzwald 1980, pp. 337–338