Velvety mouse-eared
| Velvety mouse-eared | ||||||||||||
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| Myotis simus | ||||||||||||
| Thomas , 1901 |
The velvety mouse - eared bat ( Myotis simus ) is a medium-sized bat species from the genus of the mouse - eared bat within the smooth-nosed bat (Vespertilionidae). The coloring of the animals varies regionally and seasonally, with the color spectrum ranging from orange-brown to chocolate brown. It is common in the tropical areas of South America in the area of the Amazon basin and the Río Paraná . It lives near water and hunts for insects over water.
Little data is available about the way of life and the size of the herd, mainly from individual catches. For this reason, it is not classified in any of the IUCN hazard categories.
features
general characteristics
The velvety mouse-eared mouse is a small to medium-sized type of mouse-eared mouse with a head-to-trunk length of 83 to 92 millimeters and a tail length of 33 to 40 millimeters. The weight is 5 to 11 grams. There are no external differences between the sexes in the form of sexual dimorphism . The color of the animals and the length of their hair vary regionally and seasonally, with the hair of the peritoneum usually being slightly two-colored and the hair on the back being monochrome. Animals caught in Ecuador from February to March had a very short, monochrome orange-brown fur, while animals from October to December had a longer chocolate-brown fur with rolled up tips. One specimen in Bolivia was ocher-orange and individuals from the western to central Amazon basin were sand-colored, reddish-brown, and cinnamon-brown. The extremely short and woolly fur with hair lengths of less than 5 millimeters is characteristic of the species.
The ears and the membranes are black. The ears are comparatively short with 11 to 13 millimeters and point forward. The antitragus is poorly developed, the tragus is pointed, rounded on the upper side and convex in the lower part with a small triangular lobe at the outer attachment, which corresponds to that of the black mouse-eared mouse ( Myotis nigricans ). The hand fly skin (Plagiopatagium) differs from that of all other American mouse ears by the attachment to the heels or toes of the feet, which happens through a narrow membrane band. The tail fly skin (uropatagium) is bare and does not have a hair comb on the edge like other species of the genus, it only has isolated hairs on the base. The calcar usually has a small keel.
Features of the skull and skeleton
The skull has a basal length of 13.5 to 15 millimeters and a maximum width in the area of the zygomatic arches of 8.8 to 10.2 millimeters. It has a well-developed facial skull with a clear interorbital constriction and a short snout. When viewed from the side of the skull, the parietal bone leans forward and the supraorbital region is flattened. A sagittal ridge is generally formed and occipital ridges are always formed, their height varies. Although no subspecies are distinguished, the skulls can differ regionally. Collection copies from Bolivia are somewhat larger than those from the Amazon basin or from Paraguay and have differences in the shape of the mastoid process on the temporal bone. There is a possibility that these specimens are of their own, not yet described, species.
| 2 | · | 1 | · | 3 | · | 3 | = 38 |
| 3 | · | 1 | · | 3 | · | 3 |
The type, like all species of the genus in an upper jaw half and two in a lower jaw three cutting teeth (incisors) and each jaw half a canine (canine), three Vorbackenzähne (Praemolares) and three molars (molar). The animals have a total of 38 teeth. The upper canines are generally longer and stronger than in other South American species of the genus and the distance to the following premolar is shorter.
The penis bone (baculum), which is longer and thinner than other Myotis species in South America, is also characteristic of the species . It reaches a length of 0.8 and a width of 0.3 millimeters and has slightly raised nodes on the sides. In some individuals, however, it is more similar to the penis bone of the sea mule ear ( Myotis riparius ).
distribution
The distribution area of the velvety mouse-eared ear includes large parts of central South America, primarily in the area of the Amazon basin in northern Brazil , southern Venezuela and the lowland areas of the eastern Andes in Colombia , Ecuador , Peru and northern Bolivia as well as the basin of the Río Paraná in central-western Brazil, Paraguay and northeastern Argentina , connected by a narrow distribution corridor in northeastern Bolivia. The mountain ranges of the Andes, the plateau regions and the dry areas of the Gran Chaco probably act as natural barriers to spread .
The elevation distribution ranges from 28 meters in Itacoatiara , Brazil, to 600 meters in Huánuco , Peru.
Way of life
Very little data is available on the way of life of the velvety mouse-eared mouse. It hunts its prey over water and occurs both in the area of permanently flooded as well as in the non-periodically flooded lowland forests and savannas. Their sleeping and resting places are in hollow trees and in the leaves of banana trees, whereby they can occur in the former together with the Noctilio albiventris belonging to the bulldog bats . In Bolivia they were also found in holes in the ground and in the roofs of thatched houses, where they occur together with the Eptesicus furinalis .
As parasites on velvety mouse ear were Paradyschiria parvula , Trichobius parasiticus and Basilia manu various kinds of Streblidae detected, wherein Paradyschiria as a specific parasite of rabbits mouth bats is known (Noctilionidae) and other species rarely invades and with the detection on the velvety mouse ear for the first time on a bat from the family of smooth noses has been proven.
nutrition
Like other bats, the velvety mouse-eared mouse feeds on insects, which it catches in flight. The range of prey includes crickets , bedbugs and cicadas , beetles , butterflies and mosquitoes . Most of the prey, around 90%, are smaller than 10 millimeters.
Reproduction
No data are available on the reproductive biology of the species; details can only be derived from individual catches. Pregnant females were caught in Bolivia in September, in Paraguay in October and in Peru in February to March. All of these individuals carried only one embryo each . In Balta , Peru, a male with swollen epididymis and sperm cells at all stages of development was captured in the testes . In this specimen, the testes were significantly enlarged and, compared to individuals of the black mouse-eared mouse ( Myotis nigricans ), larger and provided with less connective tissue.
Systematics
The velvety mouse-eared mouse is classified as an independent species within the mouse-eared species (genus Myotis ). The first scientific description comes from Oldfield Thomas from 1901, who already described the species with the name that is still valid today after a specimen from Sarayacu in the Ucayali province of Peru. In 1943, AMC Proença described individuals from Solabra in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso as Myotis guaycuru , the name is now considered a synonym .
Within the mouse ears, the species is placed in a separate family group together with the other 14 South American species of the genus. Within this group, it was combined as the M. ruber group due to similarities in the structure of the skull with the sea mouse ear ( Myotis riparius ) and the red mouse ear ( Myotis ruber ) . A closer relationship with the bank mule ear was also confirmed by molecular biological data. In 2014 the species Myotis midastactus was split off as a separate species based on animals originally assigned to M. simus .
Apart from the nominate form, no further subspecies are distinguished within the species . However, significant differences in fur color and different skull dimensions between animals from Bolivia and the Peru and Amazonia area were found, which could indicate a separation of the species into two subspecies or even species.
Hazard and protection
The species is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) due to insufficient data on the population size without a risk classification ("data deficient"). For Bolivia, however, the species is considered endangered.
supporting documents
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ricardo Moratelli: Myotis simus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) . In: Mammalian Species . 44, Issue = 892, 2012, p. 26-32 ( abstract ).
- ↑ a b c Celia López-González, Steven J. Presley, Robert D. Owen, and Michael R. Willig: Taxonomic status of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Paraguay. Journal of Mammalogy 82 (1), 2001; Pp. 138-160. doi : 10.1644 / 1545-1542 (2001) 082 <0138: TSOMCV> 2.0.CO; 2
- ↑ a b Myotis simus in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012.2. Listed by: R. Barquez, M. Diaz, 2008. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
- ^ A b Ricardo Moratelli, Cecilia S. de Andreazzi, João A. de Oliveira, José Luís P. Cordeiro: Current and potential distribution of Myotis simus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae). Mammalia 75 (3), 2011; Pp. 227-234. doi : 10.1515 / mamm.2011.028
- ^ A b Myotis simus In: Alfred L. Gardner: Mammals of South America, Volume 1: Marsupials, Xenarthrans, Shrews, and Bats, Volume 1. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 2008; P. 480. ( Google Books )
- ↑ a b Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (eds.): Myotis simus ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed).
- ↑ Oldfield Thomas : New Myotis, Artibeus, Sylvilagus, and Metachirus from Central and South America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 7, 1901: pp. 541-545. ( Digitized in the Biodiversity Heritage Library)
- ↑ AMC Proença: Myotis guaycurú n.sp., morcego proveniente de Salobra, Estado de Mato Grosso (Microchiroptera, Vespertilionidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 3, 1943: 313-315.
- ↑ Roxanne J. Larsen, Michelle C. Knapp, Hugh H. Genoways, Faisal Ali Anwarali Khan, Peter A. Larsen, Don E. Wilson, Robert J. Baker: Genetic Diversity of Neotropical Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) with an emphasis on South American Species. PLoS ONE 7 (10): e46578. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0046578
- ^ Ricardo Moratelli, Don E. Wilson: A new species of Myotis (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) from Bolivia. Journal of Mammalogy 95 (4), 2014; Pp. E17-E25. doi : 10.1644 / 14-MAMM-149
- ↑ Ricardo Moratelli, Adriano L. Peracchio, João A. de Oliveira: Morphometric and morphological variation in Myotis simus Thomas (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), with an appraisal of the identity of Myotis guaycuru Proença based on the analysis of the type material Zootaxa 2985, 2011: pp. 41–54. ( Abstract ; PDF; 20 kB)
literature
- Ricardo Moratelli: Myotis simus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) . In: Mammalian Species . 44, Issue = 892, 2012, p. 26-32 ( abstract ).
Web links
- Myotis simus inthe IUCN 2012 Red List of Threatened Species . Listed by: R. Barquez, M. Diaz, 2008. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
