Dryburg Castle
| Dryburg Castle | ||
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 Dryburg Castle |
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| Creation time : | around 1200 | |
| Castle type : | Niederungsburg | |
| Conservation status: | Main building preserved | |
| Standing position : | Count | |
| Place: | Bad Langensalza | |
| Geographical location | 51 ° 6 '32.9 " N , 10 ° 38' 46.5" E | |
| Height: | 190 m above sea level NN | |
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Dryburg Castle is the oldest surviving residential building in Bad Langensalza in the Thuringian Unstrut-Hainich district. It is a four-storey building with an L-shaped floor plan, which was formerly a former castle complex with a dry moat and outer bailey .
Location and use
The last buildings of the medieval Dryburg - the preserved west and south wings of the later castle - are in the north of the historic old town of Bad Langensalza, between Vor dem Schlosse and Am wilden Graben . After extensive renovation work in the 1990s, they now serve as a residential and commercial building.
history
Lords of Salza
The builders of the castle, which was built in the 12th century, called themselves Lords of Salza, after the settlement first mentioned around 900 and the small river of the same name. The Dryburg was the headquarters of this the Thuringian Landgrave related, not insignificant Ministerialengeschlechts , which probably Hermann von Salza belonged, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order and confidant of Emperor Frederick II. They were owned by the RIGHT TO MINT COINAGE and had in the 13th century in Salza a mint , which is proven by coin finds.
In 1212, in the Staufer- Welf throne dispute , Emperor Otto IV besieged the castle with the famous siege machine, the three-goat ( triboch ). Dryburg Castle ( Sloss Driborg ) got its name from the Latin text of a chronicler, which was misunderstood and incorrectly translated in the 15th century .
After 1212, Salza was evidently made a town by Otto IV. In 1222 the settlement appears for the first time in a document as an oppidum (town). The city was fortified with walls and towers, and the Dryburg, included in the fortifications, was now behind the city wall.
The lords of Salza sold their rights to the castle and the city from 1342 due to inheritance disputes. Three brothers sold their share to the Thuringian landgrave, the Wettin Friedrich II , the serious, while the fourth brother his share to Archbishop Heinrich III. sold by Mainz. In the spring of 1346, in the Thuringian Count Feud (1342-1346), the Landgrave's troops conquered the city, which had since been occupied by the Mainz. Salza and the Dryburg were almost completely destroyed by fire. Johann, Heinrich, Günther and Friedrich von Salza were enfeoffed by Landgrave Friedrich, their liege lord, in 1347 in other places with new rights and goods. In 1409 the von Salza family died out in the male line.
Dual power
Landgrave Friedrich and the Archdiocese of Mainz agreed in 1346 on joint administration and in 1350 on joint ownership of the town and castle. The Dryburg, which burned down to two residential towers , was rebuilt by the bailiffs of the two lords. In 1356 they began building an extended city wall that connected the two suburbs to the old town. The Dryburg was now within the enlarged city and lost its importance as a defensive structure on the northern outskirts; in future it was only residential and official residence. With the departure of the Archdiocese of Mainz, the common rule ended in 1387; The town and castle were now in the sole possession of the Wettins.
Albertiner
Through the division of Leipzig in 1485, the northern part of Thuringia with Salza and Dryburg came to the Albertine line of the House of Wettin . The castle was transformed into a representative palace, which also served as quarters for many passing regents and their entourage.
During the German Peasants' War , several hundred farmers and citizens from Mühlhausen and Salza besieged the castle in April 1525. They harassed the magistrate Parakeet von Berlepsch and destroyed the prison. Apparently there was no further damage. During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) the castle was plundered several times, in 1632 by the riders of the imperial general Pappenheim . In December 1640, the Swedish field marshal Johan Banér and his wife took quarters in the castle, which was occupied by the Swedes at the time.
The office of Langensalza (Salza is first mentioned in a document as Langensalza in 1578) with the city and the castle came in 1657 to the Albertine branch of the dukes of Saxony-Weißenfels . Now the castle was expanded into a widow's seat. From 1717 to 1730 Friederike Elisabeth von Sachsen-Weißenfels lived at Dryburg Castle, and in 1745 Anna-Sophie-Elisabeth, the widow of the Duke of Sachsen-Eisenach . After the Saxon-Weissenfels branch line had expired, Langensalza and Dryburg Castle fell back to the main Albertine line in 1746. The widow of the last duke, Friederike von Sachsen-Weißenfels , lived in the castle from 1746 to 1751. After their death, the former servants and their descendants lived here until the beginning of the 19th century.
19th and 20th centuries
After the period of French rule from 1806, the office of Langensalza with the Albertine part of Thuringia came to the Kingdom of Prussia through the Congress of Vienna in 1815 . Dryburg Castle was now the seat of various offices. The rent office , the salary office and the district administration office were housed in the west wing , next to the rent master's apartment. The royal district court had its seat in the north wing since 1838. The palace chapel on the third floor and the large hall on the second floor were divided into individual offices by drawing in walls. The main tax office was on the ground floor. The north wing burned down in December 1899 and was removed the following year. In 1912 the main customs office still existed in the south wing of the palace, which was moved to Mühlhausen in 1925 . In 1927, the town of Langensalza bought the buildings that had remained from the castle and furnished, among other things, four municipal apartments there. The local health insurance fund and the district employment record office were located in the south wing. Parts of the west wing were used as the city library from 1949 to 1991 and parts of the south wing as a school.
Building history
Old castle
Of the castle of the Lords of Salza, which was destroyed in 1346, only a residential tower has been preserved. Today part of the west wing, it originally stood on the southwest corner of the core castle , presumably free-standing in the courtyard area. A round arched window opening, a toilet in the wall, the remains of a twin window, the console stones of a fireplace and other structural details still testify to the late Romanesque living space from around 1250. A second residential tower, which was preserved in 1346, stood in the northeast area of the castle. It burned down together with the north wing of the castle in 1899 and was demolished. In the courtyard a resulting strong foundation suggests possibly on the location of the keep out of the first castle, nothing is known about their precise design.
reconstruction
When the castle was rebuilt after 1346, an almost square complex was created in which three castle houses stood, one of them in the northwest corner as part of the curtain wall . The preserved residential tower was incorporated into the house in the northeast corner, which was then raised like a tower. The second residential tower, which has been preserved to this day, was integrated into the house in the south-west corner. The buildings were not connected to each other. The two castle houses on the west side with no basement had a groin -vaulted , windowless ground floor with an entrance from the courtyard in the east, in which there were utility and storage rooms. The living rooms and bedrooms were on the second and third floors. The keep was obviously demolished because it had lost its function due to the tall castle houses. A multi-part gate system with a bridge over the dry trench, which could be flooded in an emergency, was located in the southeast corner of the system. The inner castle was bordered to the south by a wall . In the east was the outer bailey - the later front castle - with the agricultural buildings and the administrative building, separated from the inner bailey by a moat. Over a bridge and through a gate one came into the inner courtyard, which was also built on in the area of the Zwingermauer - in the place of today's south wing. Next to the gate was the brushwood stable with eight horse stalls and a stable bed. A small stall, which was used for "embarrassing" (torturing) questioning, followed. There was also a cowshed and a small oven, a kiln with four racks, a bath room, a pump well, a kitchen and a pantry. There is also evidence of a sheep house in the 15th century, but it can no longer be located.
lock
In the 16th century, construction phases can be proven again. Around 1530, the two castle houses in the west were connected by the installation of a staircase. The northern house was given a representative entrance with a grooved door wall instead of the simple doorway that was built during the construction period. In the 16th century, windows were also broken into the originally windowless ground floor of the west wing and the roof trusses were rebuilt: the stepped gables were removed or their pitch reduced and all the pinnacle towers removed. Two storage cellars were set up in the north wing and a chain prison for severe cases in the cellar under the residential tower. In 1594 the gate building in the southeast received a half-timbered floor.
Only after the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) there was building activity again. In 1665 five floors were drawn in in the desert northeast residential tower and in the adjoining house, for the storage of the fruit tithe from the Langensalza office. Of the rooms in the castle, the Blue Room with five windows is mentioned in 1683, the Yellow Room with two windows, the Prince or Table Room with seven windows, the living room with four windows, the Hall with ten windows and the lower vaulted Blue Room with four Windows. The location of the rooms cannot be localized in every case because the north wing is missing today.
In 1694, work began on building the dukes' widow residence . The middle part of today's south wing was rebuilt for the castle kitchen. In contrast to the west wing, the rooms on the ground floor and upstairs could be heated here. The west wing was a door in front of the staircase 1705 staircase created. The gate structure, damaged after a fire, was restored in 1711. The castle tower was dismantled in 1712 and the baroque building with a mansard roof , which was preserved until 1899, was built on the existing wall structures of the north wing . In the west wing, extensive chimneys were added to the gable walls to increase living comfort. The installation of the baroque staircase and the elevation of the roof above the stairwell also took place at this time. In 1718 the south wing was expanded to the east and west to its present length. Construction work on the widow's residence continued until around 1720.
With the extinction of the duchy of Saxony-Weißenfels in 1746 and the death of the widow of the last duke in 1775, construction activities came to an end for the time being. Only after the office of Langensalza passed to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1815 was the palace complex rebuilt. Doors and partition walls were installed on the ground floor of the west wing and apartments were built on the upper floor. Conversion work has also been documented for the south wing. In 1900 the burned down north wing was demolished, which entailed work on the east side of the west wing: all openings in the north area were walled up and plastered. In 1936 the south wing on the ground floor was partially rebuilt again. After the apartments had been vacated, the renovation of the historic buildings began in the 1990s.
The late Romanesque residential tower with the almost completely preserved living space from the middle of the 13th century, the two Gothic castle houses from the middle of the 14th century, an early Baroque castle kitchen that is rarely preserved in its structures and representative remains of the baroque widow's residence close the preserved substance of the Dryburg an architectural monument of national importance.
Individual evidence
literature
- Udo Hopf (arrangement), in: Stadtarchiv Bad Langensalza, archive library No. 0152, excerpt from: "Documentation ... Schloß Dryburg".
- Hermann Gutbier: Building history of the city of Langensalza . o. O. 1930, pp. 4-8.
- G. and H. Schütz: Chronicle of the city of Langensalza and the surrounding areas. German printing and mail order company Langensalza 1900, pp. 267–270.
- Michael Köhler: Thuringian castles and fortified prehistoric and early historical living spaces. Jenzig-Verlag, Jena 2003, ISBN 3-910141-56-0
- Hans Patze , Peter Aufgebauer (Ed.): Handbook of the historical sites of Germany . Volume 9: Thuringia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 313). 2nd, improved and supplemented edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-520-31302-2 .
- Thomas Bienert: Bad Langensalza, Dryburg Castle . In: Medieval castles in Thuringia, Gudensberg-Gleichen 2000, pp. 301–302, ISBN 3-86134-631-1
- Giesela Münch: The medieval city fortifications of Bad Langensalza . Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza 1999, pp. 6-12, ISBN 3-932554-36-1
