Gottfried Heinrich zu Pappenheim
Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim (May 29, jul. / 8. June 1594 greg. In Treuchtlingen ; † 17th November 1632 in Leipzig ) was a general in the Thirty Years' War , which for the Catholic League and Emperor Ferdinand II. Under Wallenstein's command fought. Pappenheim gained notoriety both for his reputation for personal audacity and great loyalty as well as for his military unpredictability. The invention of the gear pump is also attributed to him.
family
Gottfried Heinrich zu Pappenheim came from the ministerial family von Pappenheim , which is said to have been documented since 1111 and had its headquarters in the Middle Franconian town of Pappenheim . He was the son of Reichserbmarschall Veit zu Pappenheim (* 1535, † 1600) and his second wife Maria Salome von Preising-Kopfsburg . His first marriage was to Anna Ludomilla Baronesse von Kolowrat-Novohradsky (* 1601; † 1627) and his second marriage to Anna Elisabeth Countess of Oettingen-Oettingen (* 1603; † 1673). His son Wolf Adam from his first marriage died in Prague in 1647 in a duel with Martin Maximilian von der Goltz .
Life
origin
The noble family Pappenheim had converted to the Protestant faith in the course of the Reformation , so Gottfried Heinrich zu Pappenheim was baptized Protestant. However, his mother, Maria Salome, was a Catholic and after Veit's death on June 18, 1600, tried to give Gottfried Heinrich, contrary to the testamentary provisions, a Catholic upbringing. The renewed marriage to a Protestant, Adam Graf von Herberstorff , prevented these efforts.
Pappenheim's childhood is largely in the dark. There is a record of matriculation at the University of Ingolstadt from 1604, which is, however, no proof of actual studies, as the young Pappenheim was not even ten years old at the time. For the Swiss historian Barbara Stadler, "[s] elbst [after] research in the archive of the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich [...] did not provide any more precise information [regarding studying in Ingolstadt]". What is certain, however, is that Pappenheim studied in Tübingen from 1607 and at the Academy in Altdorf from 1610 . There he was enrolled in the philosophy faculty and thus enjoyed a general education that was rather untypical for a nobleman of his time.
Conversion to Catholicism
After his conversion to the Catholic faith in 1616, Emperor Matthias appointed him to the Reichshofrat in 1617 . The year 1618 was spent by Pappenheim in Treuchtlingen. There he must have decided at the turn of the year 1618/1619 to end his civilian career and embark on a military one. He wrote the following sentence to his relative, Landgrave Maximilian von Stühlingen :
"So with these sweaty times I didn’t consume my youth in laziness, but may seek further honors, [I], who have accomodated the seculo after me, have now left the pen and took action against it."
Beginning of the military career
The death of the emperor on March 20, 1619 released Pappenheim from his duties as Reichshofrat and enabled him to apply as a lieutenant colonel in an imperial infantry regiment . He was turned down, but a little later he got a post as captain in the Catholic League and the job of recruiting a 200-man cuirassier company in the Rhineland and leading it to Ingolstadt within eight weeks .
Pappenheim's company took part in the subjugation of Upper Austria in the summer of 1620, and on November 8 he finally took part in the battle of the White Mountain near Prague as a lieutenant colonel in his stepfather's regiment . He caught a breakthrough of the Bohemian infantry through the Catholic lines with his cavalry , suffering more than 20 severe cut and stab wounds, which later earned him the nickname Schrammhans . He probably only survived the following night because he was trapped under his shot horse and the horse's body kept him from hypothermia . The next morning he was brought into the city by a Catholic looter and treated there by the Bohemian state doctor Andreas Stegemann.
The serious injuries prevented him from participating in the submission of Bohemia, and in the following year 1621 he stayed for a short time in Vienna as an envoy of Lieutenant General Johann t'Serclaes von Tilly . Afterwards he took part in the persecution of the Protestant general Ernst von Mansfeld in the Upper Palatinate , but in 1622 and 1623 he was no longer able to actively participate in the war due to the late effects of his injury. During this time he also addressed several resignation requests to Duke Maximilian of Bavaria , the head of the Catholic League, but instead he was promoted to colonel in April 1622 . At the Reichstag in Regensburg in 1623, Emperor Ferdinand II knighted him.
Veltlinkrieg and Upper Austrian Peasants' War
Subsequently, Gottfried Heinrich zu Pappenheim fought in the so-called Veltlin War in 1625 in Spanish service in Northern Italy and Switzerland against troops from France and Venice . Thanks to his good relations with the Spanish governor of Milan , he had succeeded in maintaining command of troops with 6000 men in Valtellina and on September 25, 1625, in the battle of Verceia . The victory recommended him for further military tasks, so he returned to Bavarian service in 1626 and fought the peasant uprising that broke out in Upper Austria after it was pledged to Bavaria on behalf of Bavaria. With his help, the extensive - and at times successful - uprising , known as the Upper Austrian Peasants' War, was broken.
Fight against Danish troops in the Lower Saxony Reichskreis
After the expulsion of the Danish King Christian IV after the battle of Lutter am Barenberge in August 1626, the Lower Saxony fortress of Wolfenbüttel , an important power base of the Danes, had to be recaptured. Pappenheim, who was to lead the siege from August 1627, would have needed at least 10,000 soldiers and half a year, but he was short of 4,000 men and winter was imminent. Therefore, he dammed the Oker flowing past with a dam , flooded Wolfenbüttel and forced the city to give up at Christmas 1627. An attempt to permanently appropriate the part of the Principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel by conducting an imperial high treason trial against Duke Friedrich Ulrich von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel failed due to the contradiction of Maximilian of Bavaria, who wanted a repetition of Wallenstein's rise to prince (as Duke of Mecklenburg) and the one required for this Refused expropriation of an old dynasty, now by Pappenheim, for reasons of principle. Wallenstein himself was sympathetic to the idea of dividing the duchy between Pappenheim and Tilly, since it would have led to the emergence of a military aristocracy - and consequently he would not have been as lonely as before: The robbery of Mecklenburg then had to fall silent ”. Due to his merits, however, Pappenheim was raised to the rank of imperial count in 1628 and made field marshal in 1631 .
From Magdeburg to Breitenfeld
After the landing of the Swedish King Gustav II Adolf , Pappenheim began the siege of the city of Magdeburg , which was allied with the Swedes, with smaller troops , whereby after a short time his commander-in-chief Tilly followed with the ligistic-imperial main army and completely enclosed the city. The storm on the city was to come from all sides on the morning of May 20, 1631 at 6:30 a.m. However, Tilly postponed the attack for an hour without Pappenheim being informed. During the fighting, a major fire broke out that almost completely destroyed Magdeburg (see Magdeburg wedding ). Pappenheim's troops played their part in the atrocities committed against the civilian population that followed the conquest and were unprecedented:
"Then the people from Pappenheim / as well as the Walloons / so raged on all non-Christian people more than Turks / not easily given quarters / but with nidergehawen / both women and small children / also pregnant women in houses and churches / equal in clergy tyrranized and ravaged / dz also had much of the other Tyllian people themselves a farewell to it. "
During the storming of Magdeburg, the subsequent excesses of violence and fires, 20,000 (according to some sources 30,000) citizens lost their lives. After the disaster, 449 of the once 35,000 inhabitants were counted. The “Magdeburg Wedding” is considered to be the biggest and worst massacre of the Thirty Years War and at the same time marked a turning point in the conduct of the war. In addition, the events sparked an unprecedented propaganda confrontation.
In the summer Pappenheim took part in the unsuccessful campaign to Thuringia and then marched into Saxony with Tilly . In September 1631 Pappenheim and his troops came across the Swedish field camp on a reconnaissance ride near Leipzig and embroiled the Swedes in fierce battles on their own initiative. Tilly had wanted to avoid an open field battle because he wanted to wait for reinforcements to arrive, but Pappenheim's actions forced him to intervene. On September 17, 1631, at Breitenfeld , there was a battle between the imperial troops under Tilly and Pappenheim and their Swedish and Saxon opponents under the command of the Swedish king Gustav Adolf , in which the imperial league troops were crushed. Through tough defensive battles, Pappenheim's cuirassiers secured the retreat of Tilly's remaining troops.
Mobile warfare in the rear of the Swedes
After this defeat, a dispute broke out in the League's military leadership over future strategy. Pappenheim advocated continuing the fight in northern Germany, while the Bavarian Elector and the Emperor pressed for safe winter quarters in southern Germany. The Swedish troops had advanced as far as the Main when Pappenheim was able to prevail and was allowed to operate in the rear of the Swedish armies between the Rhine and Elbe. On the way to Westphalia they looted and pillaged Langensalza . The imperial troops spent the winter of 1631/1632 in the Weser Valley near Rinteln , while Pappenheim resided at Sternberg Castle in today's Extertal .
In Westphalia, Pappenheim and his troops moved along the Hellweg . From Paderborn to Soest , the cities opened their gates for him without a fight. Only the neutral imperial city of Dortmund refused to allow the troops to enter. Pappenheim then besieged and conquered the city, which his troops finally used as a base for 25 weeks. After an exchange of fire while digging siege trenches, he had the city bombarded on July 21, 1632, causing some houses to catch fire. The city then surrendered. Pappenheim demanded 50,000 thalers arson (as a waiver for burning down), which could be reduced to 17,000 in negotiations, but still represented an enormous burden for the imperial city .
His troops subsequently plundered many aristocratic residences. It was later written in the "War Complaints for Elector Georg Wilhelm" in 1638 that the county of Mark had "had to merge the march there and back with 70 and more aristocratic Heuseren high dethauric".
In February 1632 the Swedes appeared under Duke Georg von Braunschweig in the Weser Valley. They won the Battle of Rinteln on March 2nd and the Battle of Hameln on June 28th .
In June 1632 the siege of the Habsburg city of Maastricht by Dutch troops began. The regent of the Spanish Netherlands , Isabel Clara Eugenia of Austria , finally asked Pappenheim for help and promised him a large sum of money as a reward. Pappenheim immediately set off for Maastricht with some of his troops, where he failed with an assault on the Dutch positions on August 17th because he was unable to support the enclosed Spanish troops. He withdrew - at the same time plundering allied regions. Five days later, the city's Spanish garrison surrendered to the Dutch.
Mortal wound near Lützen
In November 1632, after joining the main army, Pappenheim was summoned to Halle by the imperial general Wallenstein to move into winter quarters. With Pappenheim, large troops, including the elite of the imperial cavalry, withdrew from the main army. This did not remain hidden from King Gustav Adolf and he decided to fight. Wallenstein's troops were almost surprised by the Swedish deployment. As a field battle was imminent, Wallenstein called back the troops that had already marched off.
Wallenstein sent express messengers after Pappenheim with the order to return immediately to the main army with all soldiers and artillery ("the Lord [leave] everything and do it and incaminire [himself] here with all the people and things"). On November 16, Pappenheim arrived at lunchtime with three thousand horsemen in a critical phase on the battlefield near Lützen and immediately started the attack. He took command of the endangered left wing of Wallenstein's army and drove the Swedes back. His intervention could have been decisive. However, he was badly wounded, whereupon his riders panicked and broke off the attack. Seeing this he cried (or groaned):
“Oh, brothers, may God have mercy! Is there no one left who wants to fight faithfully for the emperor? "
During the entire course of the battle it was not possible to discipline the paperboard riders again. His personal servant Jakob Ehinger brought him to Leipzig , where he died on November 17, 1632 in the early hours of the morning. On Wallenstein's orders, Pappenheim was buried in the Strahov monastery in Prague . Pappenheim's epitaph is located in the monastery church .
Museum reception
In the Vienna Army History Museum , a large room of the permanent exhibition is dedicated to the Thirty Years War. In this area there is also Wallenstein's written order to Pappenheim, which has been preserved to this day and is also accessible to the public. The letter is, as it were, “framed” by Pappenheim's blood, as he carried the paper under his circlet in the battle of Lützen while he was inflicted with the fatal wound.
Through the imperial resolution of Franz Joseph I of February 28, 1863, Pappenheim was added to the list of the "most famous warlords and generals of Austria worthy of perpetual emulation", in whose honor and memory there was also a life-size statue in the military hall of the then newly erected kk Hofwaffenmuseums (today: Army History Museum Vienna) was built. The statue was created in 1868 by the sculptor Ludwig Schimek (1837–1886) from Carrara marble and was dedicated by Emperor Franz Joseph himself.
At Pappenheim Castle there is a historical museum, in whose exhibition the life of Gottfried Heinrich zu Pappenheim is thematized.
Character, meaning and idiom
Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim was an extremely educated person. He was considered impulsive and daring, but at the same time fearless and reliable. His character traits could easily be reconciled with the self-image of the cuirassiers. Pappenheim sustained some of the wounds he received in the battle of the White Mountain in the face, so that he was subsequently nicknamed "Schrammenheinrich" or "Schrammhans" by his soldiers. In the course of the war, more facial scars followed during battles, as Pappenheim always fought with an open helmet visor.
A contemporary song from the Upper Austrian peasant uprising characterized Pappenheim's wild courage to attack with the words:
Hascha, there comes the nonsensical
Von Pappenheim ridden quite grimly,
runs over all fences and ditches, so
that his hair would come open.
Acts as if he were winnish
No beating, no stick
Will spill at him,
Nor our butts pointed,
No rifle, no rapier
Even the blessing of wounds,
He himself is quite the annoying devil;
See how he looks heated.
The determination of his cuirassier regiment was literally recorded: “I know my Pappenheimers!” This saying was originally meant positively. To be one of the Pappenheimer regiment back then stood for unconditional courage, loyalty and bravery. Today the term “Pappenheimer” is more associated with the winking insight into human inadequacies.
Friedrich Schiller used this sentence in a modified form in his drama Wallenstein's Death . He lets General Wallenstein say: "This is how I recognize my Pappenheimers." Wallenstein said this to a delegation of the Pappenheim cuirassiers, who asked him whether the rumor about negotiations with the Swedish war opponent was true, which was a betrayal would have been the same. Wallenstein is touched that the people of Pappenheim do not want to believe circulating rumors, but only hope to learn the truth from himself.
A bust of Gottfried Heinrich zu Pappenheim was placed in the Hall of Fame in Munich .
Drinking song
A traditional drinking song also refers to Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim, the source of which is not known, but which is still often sung and celebrated in various versions in student associations . The Pappenheim appealing excerpt reads in variations:
- ||: General Pappenheimer, he should live,
- General Pappenheimer live high! : ||
- With beer and wine
- We want to be lusty Pappenheimers.
- With wine and beer
- lust'ge Pappenheimer, that's us!
The majority of the singing is General Pappenheimer instead of General Pappenheim . It is possible that passages such as “General Pappenheim, he should live” were misunderstood as “General Pappenheimer should live”.
literature
- Heinrich Bücheler: From Pappenheim to Piccolomini. Six characters from Wallenstein's camp. Biographical sketches. Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1994, ISBN 3-7995-4240-X .
- Anne Dreesbach: Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim. In: Jürgen Wurst, Alexander Langheiter (Ed.): Monachia. Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-88645-156-9 , p. 131.
- Rudolf Herold: Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim. His war activities in western Central Germany and his campaign on the lower Elbe in 1630 are presented on the basis of archival research. Beck, Munich 1906.
- Johann Eduard Heß: Gottfried Heinrich, Count of Pappenheim, edited according to historical sources and documents ... In addition to a plan for the battle of Lützen. Weigel, Leipzig 1855.
- Dieter Lent: Pappenheim, Gottfried Heinrich Graf too. In: Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Dieter Lent et al. (Ed.): Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon. 8th to 18th centuries. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2006, ISBN 3-937664-46-7 , p. 548 f.
- Helmut Neuhaus : Pappenheim, Gottfried Heinrich Graf too. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 20, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-428-00201-6 , p. 51 f. ( Digitized version ).
- Alexander Querengässer: Field Marshal Pappenheim and the Imperial League Army in the first half of the Thirty Years War. Zeughaus Verlag, Berlin 2014
- Maik Reichel (ed.): Gottfried Heinrich zu Pappenheim - Des Reiches hereditary marshal and general. Verlag Janos Stekovics, Wettin-Löbejün 2014, ISBN 978-3-89923-330-8 .
- Hans Schwackenhofer: The Reichserbmarschalls, counts and gentlemen from and to Pappenheim. On the history of an imperial ministerial family. Keller, Treuchtlingen and others 2002, ISBN 3-934145-12-4 ( Contributions to the culture and history of the city, house and former rule Pappenheim 2).
- Barbara Stadler: Pappenheim and the time of the Thirty Years War. Gemsberg-Verlag, Winterthur 1991, ISBN 3-85701-091-6 (also: Zurich, Univ., Diss., 1990).
- Karl Wittich : Pappenheim, Gottfried Heinrich Graf von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 25, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1887, pp. 144-161.
- Literature by and about Gottfried Heinrich zu Pappenheim in the catalog of the German National Library
Web links
- Works by and about Gottfried Heinrich zu Pappenheim in the German Digital Library
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Search for Gottfried Heinrich zu Pappenheim in the online catalog of the Berlin State Library - Prussian Cultural Heritage . Attention : The database has changed; please check result and
SBB=1set - Publications by and about Gottfried Heinrich zu Pappenheim in VD 17 .
- Klaus Koniarek: Biography Pappenheims
- WDR report on Pappenheim's 410th birthday ( memento from December 11, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), May 29, 2004, via the Internet Archive
Remarks
- ↑ F. Paturi; Chronicle of Technology 1988. p. 119:
- ↑ Barbara Stadler: Pappenheim and the time of the Thirty Years' War. P. 26
- ↑ Quoted from Stadler: Pappenheim and the time of the Thirty Years' War. P. 28 in note 39
- ↑ Barbara Stadler: Pappenheim and the time of the Thirty Years' War. P. 33
- ^ Letter from Gottfried Heinrich zu Pappenheim to Landgrave Maximilian von Stühlingen of June 4, 1619, Fürstlich Fürstenbergisches Archiv, Donaueschingen, Main Department A25c II 11; quoted in: Barbara Stadler: Pappenheim and the time of the Thirty Years War. Gemsberg Verlag, Winterthur 1991, ISBN 3-85701-091-6 , p. 64.
- ↑ Barbara Stadler: Pappenheim and the time of the Thirty Years' War. P. 64
- ↑ Barbara Stadler: Pappenheim and the time of the Thirty Years' War. P. 65
- ↑ a b Hans Schwackenhofer: The Reichserbmarschalls, counts and lords from and to Pappenheim. P. 176
- ^ A b Christian Pantle: The Thirty Years War. When Germany was on fire. P. 51, Propylaen, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-549-07443-5
- ↑ Barbara Stadler: Pappenheim and the time of the Thirty Years' War. Pp. 89-90
- ↑ Barbara Stadler: Pappenheim and the time of the Thirty Years' War. P. 91
- ↑ Barbara Stadler: Pappenheim and the time of the Thirty Years' War. P. 109
- ^ A b Barbara Stadler: Pappenheim and the time of the Thirty Years' War. P. 2
- ↑ On the siege of Wolfenbüttel see Barbara Stadler: Pappenheim and the time of the Thirty Years' War. Pp. 255-269
- ↑ Golo Mann : Wallenstein. His life , Frankfurt am Main 2016 (first 1971), p. 590 ff.
- ↑ Golo Mann : Wallenstein. His Life , Frankfurt am Main 2016 (first 1971), p. 591
- ↑ Barbara Stadler: Pappenheim and the time of the Thirty Years' War. P. 507
- ↑ Barbara Stadler: Pappenheim and the time of the Thirty Years' War. P. 513
- ↑ Jan N. Lorenzen: The great battles. Myths, people, fates. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt / New York, 2006
- ↑ Matthias Puhle (Ed.): “… Gantz devastated!” Magdeburg and the Thirty Years War, Mitteldeutscher Verlag, Halle, 1998
- ↑ Hannes Schuler, Anne Roerkohl: The great battles 2/4: 1631 - The Magdeburg Massacre, television documentary, WDR, 2006
- ↑ Barbara Stadler: Pappenheim and the time of the Thirty Years' War. P. 7
- ↑ a transcription of the letter is available on Wikisource: Wallenstein request for help to Pappenheim 1632
- ^ Golo Mann, Wallenstein, Samuel Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt a. Main, 1971, p. 883
- ↑ quoted from Golo Mann, Wallenstein, Samuel Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt a. Main, 1971, p. 883
- ^ Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : The Army History Museum Vienna. Room I - From the beginnings of the standing army to the end of the 17th century. Salzburg 1982, p. 59 f.
- ↑ Manfried Rauchsteiner , Manfred Litscher (Ed.): The Army History Museum in Vienna. Graz, Vienna 2000, p. 14.
- ^ Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : The Army History Museum Vienna. The museum and its representative rooms . Kiesel Verlag, Salzburg 1981, ISBN 3-7023-0113-5 , p. 32
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Pappenheim, Gottfried Heinrich to |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Pappenheim, Gottfried Heinrich Graf too |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Commander of a cavalry regiment in the service of the Habsburg emperor |
| DATE OF BIRTH | June 8, 1594 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Treuchtlingen |
| DATE OF DEATH | November 17, 1632 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Leipzig |