Linden tree Augustusburg

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Linden tree in Augustusburg
Linden tree Augustusburg
place Augustusburg
country Saxony , Germany
Tree species Dutch lime tree
Height above sea level 516 meters
Geographical location 50 ° 48 '49 "  N , 13 ° 5' 58.5"  E Coordinates: 50 ° 48 '49 "  N , 13 ° 5' 58.5"  E
Schlosslinde Augustusburg (Saxony)
(50 ° 48 ′ 49.02 ″ N, 13 ° 5 ′ 58.49 ″ E)
Status natural monument Yes, since 1986
Age 600 years (2021)
Trunk circumference
(chest height) 		7.90 meters (2007)
Tree height 14 meters
Crown diameter 17 meters

The linden tree stands in the palace complex of the Augustusburg hunting lodge above the town of the same name on the northern edge of the Ore Mountains in Saxony . The Dutch lime tree ( Tilia × vulgaris ) was planted in 1421 and is one of the oldest trees whose planting is specifically documented. It is a natural monument(ND 002) and has a trunk circumference of about eight meters. The "German Tree Archive" counts them among the "Nationally Significant Trees (NBB)", the most important selection criterion for this is the trunk circumference at a height of one meter. The current shape was shaped for centuries by the weather and the actions of the people. The linden tree was supported with a wooden frame as early as 1549, and the branches were shaped like a dancing linden tree. There used to be space for 120 dining tables under the broad crown. The history of the linden tree is as well documented as that of hardly any other tree in Germany. Today there are regular demonstrations of the eagle and hunting falconry at the linden tree.

location

The linden tree stands on the area of ​​the Augustusburg hunting lodge above the town of the same name on the Schellenberg, 516 meters above sea level on the northern edge of the Ore Mountains in Saxony . It is located in the northeast corner on an open space with an unobstructed view of the valley. Most of the area around the linden tree consists of vegetation without restrictions. To protect against soil compaction by visitors, the linden tree is surrounded by a railing.

history

According to Johann Gottlieb Harnisch's chronicle about Schellenberg-Augustusburg , the linden tree is said to have been planted as a seedling in 1421 under Friedrich the Mighty at the castle complex built by those von Schellenberg in 1210/30. In 1528 and 1547 the castle was badly damaged by fire and lightning. Duke George the Bearded worked under the linden tree several times in the 16th century and wrote several of his ordinances there, which he marked with the note "Under the large linden tree at Augustusburg". In 1549 the mighty, almost horizontally branching branches were supported for the first time and guided like a dancing linden tree. At that time the trunk already had a circumference of 4.50 meters (8 cubits). In 1558, Elector August commissioned his master hunter Cornelius von Rüxleben to cut 80 logs of wood to support the great crown. The elector had today's Augustusburg hunting lodge built between 1568 and 1572, when the linden tree was already being admired for its size and shape. When the palace was finished in 1573, Elector August moved in from Dresden. Between 1568 and 1592 he issued many ordinances with the note “Given under the linden tree”. In 1577 he ordered a third shoring of the linden tree by Hans Irmisch according to plans by Paul Büchner.

View of the trunk of the linden tree in the gazebo (1899)

Around 1600 the linden tree was at the height of its vigor. Under the broad branches there were 120 shaded dining tables. A fourth support took place in 1644. The supporting grid consisted of 110 oak beams supported by 68 stone pillars. When the trunk of the linden tree split, in 1669 it was covered with a copper lid, which had several spouts, to protect it from rain and snow and to prevent rot. In 1671 the trunk circumference was 16 cubits and the circumference of the crown 224 cubits. As the branches die off from the top, the crown shrank more and more. In 1720 the crown was only 198 cubits in circumference. Over time, more and more older branches became dry. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the rotten parts of the wooden support grate were replaced with new wood.

Linden tree in the gazebo (1899)

From the end of the 18th century the linden tree was mentioned frequently in literature. The Academy of Sciences in Göttingen reported in 1770 in the Göttingische Schehrten Advertisements : “A large linden tree standing here is also known from the Tavernier, which was planted in 1421 and is therefore a quarter of a hundred years old. The trunk is in the thickness of 11 cubits, and the height from the ground up to the branches of three and a quarter Elle, and the branches have a circumference of 198 cubits. "The writer and geographer Johann Ernst Fabri wrote in 1791 in geography for all classes : “Outside the castle is a very large linden tree, the trunk of which is 16 cubits in circumference; the branches are about 224 cubits around. In 1664, those with 110 oaks were subjected to more than 80 columns, so that under this linden tree there was enough space for 120 tables. ”Thank God Immanuel Merkel and Karl August Engelhardt reported in 1804 in a description of the earth about the Electorate of Saxony and the now associated countries :

“In the palace garden there is an enormous linden tree planted in 1421. It is only a little over 8 feet high, but its trunk is 19 feet in circumference, its branches otherwise spread out around 350 feet in the round and rested on an oak grate supported by 68 stone pillars. Admittedly, the length of time and many harsh winters have taken some strong branches from this venerable linden tree, but it still needs around 50 columns or supports, is well maintained and a cornice of square pieces runs around the trunk, which is filled with loose earth. "

- Thank God Immanuel Merkel, Karl August Engelhardt : Earth description of Electoral Saxony and the countries that are now belonging to it. 1804.
Linden tree around 1902

In 1813 the linden tree became troubled. During the Napoleonic Wars , Augustusburg was a military hospital and hundreds of French people came there from Russia, most of whom died of typhoid . Johann Samuelersch , professor and librarian in Halle (Saale) wrote in 1821 in the Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste in alphabetical order by the authors named about the linden tree: “In the castle garden there is an 8 F. high and 19 F. strong planted in 1421 Linden trees, the branches of which would otherwise spread around 350 F. and rest on 68 pillars, have been so trimmed by time and cold that they only need 50 such pillars. ” Ján Kollár , one of the most important Central European poets and scholars of the early 19th century , wrote in 1834: “In Saxony (někdy slawský krag) you can find a very large linden tree, which is over 400 years old, in the castle garden of Augustusburg. It is 13 cubits in circumference, but only 4 cubits in height. Its branches, however, supported on 45 columns, spread over an area of ​​more than 1000 square cubits. ”Eduard Pietzsch wrote in Saxonia in 1837 : Museum for Saxon Fatherland Studies about the linden tree:“ The large one in the castle garden is also famous Linden tree, which, although planted in 1421, did not reach a considerable height, but expanded all the more, so that in 1671 its trunk had a circumference of 16 cubits and its branches extended over a space of 224 cubits. A grate resting on 77 stone pillars served as a support. Since then, however, time and storm have robbed it of many a huge branch, and so it now only needs 18 to 20 supports. " Albert Schiffner , a German geographer, writer and lexicographer, wrote in 1839 in Handbook of Geography: Statistics and Topography of the Kingdom of Saxony in detail:

Linden around 1910

“We finally notice the lichen (Byssus Tolithus) under the bridge of the castle moat, and the ancient linden tree standing in the latter. This is said to have only been planted in 1421, but it must be older, since in 1549, when its branches were subjected to the first rust, it already had a trunk diameter of 2 ¾ cubits. The trunk, which has been split many times, has been protected against the weather by a copper cover since 1669, now holds at its weakest point over 14 cubits in circumference; But even more extraordinary and reminiscent of the chestnut tree of Aetna is the spread of the branches, in the shade of which one once sat at 120 tables, and which received their current grate in 1644, which - measuring 36 cubits square - consisted of 110 oak beams and 68 stone pillars was carried. But since the oldest branches have died, the supervisor found only 28 stone and 17 wooden pillars as early as 1820, and in 1822 this number also decreased again. "

- Albert Schiffner : Handbook of Geography: Statistics and Topography of the Kingdom of Saxony. 1839

In the records of the Silesian Forest Association from 1859 it is reported:

“It is also worth mentioning the large linden tree in front of Augustusburg Castle, whose trunk is 22 feet (6.50 m) in circumference and whose branches are supported by stone and wooden pillars. At the time of Elector August, who had the castle built from 1568 to 1572, many ordinances were signed with the comment: 'Given under the linden tree'. According to writings, it was only planted in 1421 under Frederick the Disputable, but we know that its trunk was already 8 cubits (4.50 m) in circumference in 1549, when a grate was first laid to preserve it. So she could possibly have been more than 128 years old at the time. The trunk later split up, which is why it was given a copper lid to secure it in 1669. The gap continues to widen, however, and now the trunk holds 9 feet (2.80 m) in diameter at its weakest point. The immensely spread out branches, in the shadow of which 120 dining tables once stood, were given their current grate in 1644, whose 110 oak beams originally supported 68 stone pillars, of which hardly half are still standing after many of the oldest branches have died. "

- Records of the Silesian Forest Association. 1859

In 1860 the number of pillars decreased to 16 and the circumference of the crown decreased to 70 cubits. On May 22, 1891, the brick pillars were destroyed in a hurricane, and some of the main branches of the linden tree also broke off. After the storm, the grate was renewed by the Chemnitz Agriculture Authority at the request of the Forstrentamt zu Augustusburg, under whose administration the linden tree was meanwhile. The stone pillars were replaced by wooden stamps. The copper hood over the trunk has also been replaced by a new one made of the same material. In the spring of 1897 the tall shoots were cut back on the main branches. It was feared that the completely hollow trunk with nine fissures could be completely torn apart in another storm.

Trunk view (2009)

The linden tree was placed under protection by the council of the Flöha district by resolution with the number 125/86 of July 17, 1986. After reunification in 1990, the resolution of 1986 from the time of the German Democratic Republic was no longer a valid legal basis and only continued to apply within the framework of the transitional provisions. Since 1992 there have been regular demonstrations of birds of prey from the Saxon eagle and falconry court of Augustusburg Castle, with the birds landing on four conical platforms under the crown of the linden tree. In 2005 there was a legal harmonization procedure for all natural tree monuments in the Altland district of Freiberg . The linden tree was then subjected to a renewed examination of the need for protection and protection. It passed this test and was re-designated by ordinance of December 7, 2005 on the basis of the nature conservation assessment. On behalf of the Lower Nature Conservation Authority in the Central Saxony District Office, pillars were installed under the strong branches in 2006. Most recently, a crown relief cut was made in December 2013 and dead wood was removed.

description

Trunk and notice board (2009)

The trunk of the linden tree split several times and now consists of three parts. The tree is 14 meters high and has a crown diameter of about 17 meters. Some of the lower branches, which reach far outwards, are supported on stone or wooden pillars so that the crown does not break. The three trunk parts have circumferences of 4.10, 2.90 and 2.50 meters. For centuries, the branches of the linden tree were guided and supported like a dancing linden tree. After the dry branches were cut back several times, new ones grew vertically from the stumps, causing the crown of the almost 600-year-old tree to rejuvenate again and again. It consists of shoots that are sometimes 20 to 30 years old. The linden tree has very good vitality with a leafy crown, which is due to the fact that the crown load has been reduced again and again.

Tree species

It is a common lime ( Tillia × vulgaris , formerly Tilia x europaea ), a hybrid between the summer Linde ( Tilia platyphyllos ) and the small-leaved lime ( Tilia cordata ). In the literature, the linden tree is also incorrectly referred to as summer linden tree several times. At the Lower Nature Conservation Authority of the former Freiberg district, today Central Saxony district , the linden tree is listed as the Dutch linden tree. In 2004, Sandy Richter assigned the linden tree in her diploma thesis to the development of a decision model for the designation of natural tree monuments and application using the example of the Freiberg district as a Dutch linden tree. In a nature conservation award in 2005, it is also listed as the Dutch lime tree. A report by a publicly appointed and sworn expert commissioned by the former Freiberg District Office in 2006 also certified that it was a Dutch linden tree.

Trunk circumference

Trunk view (2009)

The circumference of the linden tree has been measured several times over the past centuries. The oldest information comes from the year 1549, when the linden tree, if the named planting year is correct, was 128 years old. The trunk was then 2¾ cubits in diameter. In 1671 it was 16 cubits in circumference. In 1804, the god of thanks, Immanuel Merkel and Karl August Engelhardt, gave a trunk circumference of 19 feet in a description of the earth of the Electorate of Saxony and the countries that are now belonging to it. In 1834, Ján Kollár stated a circumference of 13 cubits, while in Saxony's church gallery from 1837 a trunk circumference of 11 cubits is given. In the records of the Silesian Forest Association from 1859, a circumference of 22 feet (6.50 meters) is mentioned. In 1899, the gazebo at half height, the weakest point of the trunk, indicated a circumference of nine meters. In natural monuments. Trees, rocks, waterfalls from 1988 were given a circumference of about eight meters. The German tree archive established in 2001 on the site of the smallest diameter (waist) circumference of 7.56 and in 1990 at one meter height of 7.50 meters. In 2005, the castle linden tree was recognized as having a circumference of 7.85 meters. Michel Brunner, photographer, author and founder of pro arbore, an inventory of old and curious trees in Switzerland, stated in 2007 in Significant Linden a circumference of 7.90 meters.

Age

The linden is one of the few old trees whose planting year has been documented. According to this, the linden tree was planted in 1421 and is currently (2021) 600 years old. But this age is not without controversy in the literature. It is said that in 1549 the linden tree had a trunk circumference of 8 cubits, the equivalent of 4.50 meters. At this point in time, the linden tree would have been 128 years old, which would have been too short with a circumference of 4.5 meters. The linden tree could therefore have been planted earlier than 1421.

legend

According to a legend, the linden tree is said to have been planted upside down. The judge found a defendant accused of murder guilty. Despite the torture, he repeatedly protested his innocence. In his distress he tore up a linden tree, planted it upside down in the ground and said: “As true as roots sprout from the branches and leaves sprout from the roots, I am innocent.” A fixed time passed without the linden tree grew. The day of the execution was finally fixed and the accused was taken to the gallows hill, where he looked forward to his end. After the noose had been put around his neck, a rider rushed up and shouted: "She is green, she is green!" The first leaves had formed on the roots protruding into the air. Thereupon the defendant was given life and liberty.

literature

  • Bernd Ullrich, Stefan Kühn, Uwe Kühn: Our 500 oldest trees: Exclusively from the German Tree Archives . 2nd revised edition. BLV Buchverlag, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-8354-0957-6 .
  • Stefan Kühn, Bernd Ullrich, Uwe Kühn: Germany's old trees . 6th revised edition. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-8354-0740-4 .
  • Frank Löser: Legend book of Augustusburg: Legends and stories from Börnichen, Borstendorf, Breitenau, Eppendorf, Falkenau, Flöha, Großwaltersdorf, Hetzdorf, Hohenfichte, Leubsdorf, Lippersdorf, Niedersaida, Reifland and Schellenberg . Rockstuhl Verlag, Bad Langensalza 2009, ISBN 3-86777-041-7 , Chapter: Augustusburg: The linden tree planted the wrong way round , p. 7 .
  • Michel Brunner: Important linden trees. 400 giant trees in Germany . Haupt-Verlag, Bern / Stuttgart / Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-258-07248-7 , chapter: Schlosslinde Augustusburg .
  • Hans Joachim Fröhlich: Old lovable trees in Germany . Cornelia Ahlering Verlag, Buchholz 2000, ISBN 3-926600-05-5 .
  • Karl Lemke, Hartmut Müller: Natural monuments. Trees, rocks, waterfalls . 2nd Edition. VEB Tourist Verlag, Berlin / Leipzig 1990, ISBN 3-350-00284-6 .
  • G. Mühlmann: The gazebo: Illustrated family sheet . Ed .: Adolf von Kröner. Ernst Keil's successor, Leipzig 1899, chapter Germany's strange trees: The great linden tree from Augustusburg ( scan in Wikisource ).
  • Wilhelm Wachsmuth, Karl von Weber (Ed.): Archives for the Saxon history . tape 2 . Bernhard Tauchnitz, Leipzig 1864, p. 176-177 ( online ).
  • Johann Gottlieb Harnisch: Chronicle about Schellenberg-Augustusburg . Printed and published by JC Reutzel, Schellenberg 1860, p. 56 ( online ).
  • Rossberg: The latest women's conversation lexicon: an epitome of total knowledge for the world of women . Verlag der Roßberg'schen Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1856, p. 181 ( online ).
  • Saxony's church gallery . First volume, 1837, chapter: Kaditz , p. 65 ( Google Books ).
  • Albert Schiffner: house and school supplies to the customer Saxony, for higher educational institutions, etc . Verlag Comptoir, Grimma 1836, p. 122 ( online ).
  • Ján Kollár: Národnié zpiewanky čili pjsně swětské Slowáků w uhrách . tape 1 . W Král. universické tiskárne, 1834, p. 431 ( online ).
  • Thank God Immanuel Merkel, Karl August Engelhardt: Earth description of Electoral Saxony and the countries that are now belonging to it . tape 2 . Merkel, Dresden 1804, p. 123 ( online ).
  • Johann Ernst Fabri: Geography for all classes . First part, third volume. Schwickertschen Verlage, Leipzig 1791, p. 583 ( online ).
  • Academy of Sciences: Göttingen scholarly advertisements . tape 1 . Johann Albrecht Barmeier, Göttingen 1770, p. 338 ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Schlosslinde Augustusburg  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Conservation-related appreciation for the natural monument: "Linde Castle in Augustusburg" . 2005, p. 1 .
  2. ^ A b Johann Gottlieb Harnisch: Chronicle of Schellenberg-Augustusburg . Printed and published by JC Reutzel, Schellenberg 1860, p. 56 ( online ).
  3. ↑ a b c d e Karl Lemke, Hartmut Müller: Naturdenkmale. Trees, rocks, waterfalls . 2nd Edition. VEB Tourist Verlag, Berlin / Leipzig 1990, ISBN 3-350-00284-6 , p. 47 .
  4. ↑ a b c Albert Schiffner: house and school supplies to the customer Saxony, for higher educational institutions, etc . Verlag Comptoir, Grimma 1836, p. 122 ( online ).
  5. ↑ Rossberg: Newest women's conversations lexicon: an epitome of total knowledge for the women's world . Verlag der Roßberg'schen Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1856, p. 181 ( online ).
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n G. Mühlmann: The garden arbor: Illustrated family sheet . Ed .: Adolf von Kröner. Ernst Keil's successor, Leipzig 1899, chapter: Germany's strange trees: The great linden tree of Augustusburg , p. 452 ( scan in Wikisource ).
  7. ↑ a b c d e Michel Brunner : Significant linden trees. 400 giant trees in Germany . Haupt-Verlag, Bern / Stuttgart / Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-258-07248-7 , chapter: Schlosslinde Augustusburg , p. 265 .
  8. ↑ a b c d The oldest linden tree in the Ore Mountains tells. Sächsische Zeitung, September 2, 2009, accessed on March 1, 2014 .
  9. ^ A b Johann Ernst Fabri: Geography for all classes . First part, third volume. Schwickertschen Verlage, Leipzig 1791, p. 583 ( online ).
  10. ^ Academy of Sciences: Göttingische learned advertisements . tape 1 . Johann Albrecht Barmeier, Göttingen 1770, p. 338 ( online ).
  11. ↑ a b Dankegott Immanuel Merkel, Karl August Engelhardt: Earth description of Electoral Saxony and the countries that are now belonging to it . tape 2 . Merkel, Dresden 1804, p. 123 ( online ).
  12. ↑ Johann Samuel Ed .: General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts in alphabetical order by named writers . Sixth part. Johann Friedrich Gleditsch , Leipzig 1821, p. 402 ( online ).
  13. ^ A b Ján Kollár: Národnié zpiewanky čili pjsně swětské Slowáků w uhrách . tape 1 . W Král. universické tiskárne, 1834, p. 431 ( online ).
  14. ^ A b Eduard Pietzsch: Saxonia: Museum for Saxon Fatherland Studies . Eduard Pietzsch and Gomp, Dresden 1837, p. 59 ( online ).
  15. ^ A b Albert Schiffner: Handbook of Geography: Statistics and Topography of the Kingdom of Saxony . Friedrich Fleischer, Leipzig 1839, p. 72-73 ( online ).
  16. ↑ a b c d e Stefan Kühn, Bernd Ullrich, Uwe Kühn: Germany's old trees . 6th revised edition. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-8354-0740-4 , chapter: Schlosslinde in Augustusburg , p. 89 .
  17. ↑ a b c d e f g District Office Central Saxony, Department Environment, Forestry and Agriculture 2014.
  18. ↑ Falkenhof Augustusburg: We about us. Retrieved April 7, 2014 .
  19. ↑ a b c District Office Freiberg (Ed.): Annex I to the Ordinance of the District of Freiberg on the Determination of Natural Monuments of December 7, 2005 . Freiberg 2005, p. 1 .
  20. ↑ a b Hans Joachim Fröhlich: Old lovable trees in Germany . Cornelia Ahlering Verlag, Buchholz 2000, ISBN 3-926600-05-5 , chapter: All trees in this book , p. 502 .
  21. ↑ Hans Joachim Fröhlich: Old lovable trees in Germany . Cornelia Ahlering Verlag, Buchholz 2000, ISBN 3-926600-05-5 , Chapter: 231: Große Schloßlinde von Augustusburg , p. 399 .
  22. ↑ a b Bernd Ullrich, Stefan Kühn, Uwe Kühn: Our 500 oldest trees: Exclusively from the German Tree Archive . 2nd revised edition. BLV Buchverlag, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-8354-0957-6 , chapter: Schlosslinde in Augustusburg , p. 121 .
  23. ↑ Sandy Richter: Development of a decision model for the designation of natural tree monuments and application using the example of the Freiberg district . Tharandt 2004 (diploma thesis).
  24. ↑ Saxony's Church Gallery . Eighth volume. The inspections Chemnitz, Stollberg, Zwickau and Neustädtel, 1837, chapter: Augustusburg , p. 142 .
  25. ^ Frank Löser: Book of legends of Augustusburg: Legends and stories from Börnichen, Borstendorf, Breitenau, Eppendorf, Falkenau, Flöha, Großwaltersdorf, Hetzdorf, Hohenfichte, Leubsdorf, Lippersdorf, Niedersaida, Reifland and Schellenberg . Rockstuhl Verlag, Bad Langensalza 2009, ISBN 3-86777-041-7 , Chapter: Augustusburg: The lime tree planted the wrong way round , p. 7 .
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on May 20, 2014 .