Pod (fruit)
The pod (Siliqua) is a sub-form of the capsule fruit , which is particularly characteristic of the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae) and some other cruciferous species (Brassicales). The legume looks similar to the pod, but is easily distinguishable from it by the lack of a partition inside. This form of fruit is also rarely referred to as a window capsule .
With the cruciferous vegetables, this opening capsule consists of two carpels , according to a different morphological interpretation of four. It consists of a placental frame (replum) that remains on the fruit stalk and on which the seeds sit. Two seedless, sterile flaps ( pericarp , valves ) fall from this frame at the predetermined breaking points when the fruit is ripe . In the interpretation with four carpels, the frame is made up of two fertile carpels, the two flaps are two sterile carpels. The two loculaments, compartments are separated from each other by a membranous and translucent, real septum (septum), one follows the interpretation of the ovary consisting of four intergrown carpels. If, on the other hand, there were only two carpels, it was a false septum . If the septum is as wide as the fruit, it is called a Latisept (wide-walled) (e.g. Lunaria ), but if the septum is narrower than the largest width of the fruit, this is called an Angustisepte (narrow-walled) (e.g. Capsella ). The septum can also rarely be completely absent. Pods that are more than three times as long as wide, hot silicles (Silicula), regardless of size. Large pods are found, for example, in species from the genus silver leaves ( Lunaria annua and Lunaria rediviva ).
(Pseudo-, semi-) pods, pods without a diaphragm also have some soap tree plants , various fume plants , some caper plants and some poppy plants such as celandine , as well as some barberry plants . These pods have no septum and sometimes more than two flaps or even just one, or they don't open at all.
A special form of the pod, a broken fruit , can be found e.g. B. in the radish or in the radish ( Raphanus sativus ). Here the fruits disintegrate between the seeds. Such pods are called limb pods . Double and angustisept pods can be found in Lepidium and the Brillenschötchen . Winged pods can be found in Acker-Hellerkraut .
The standard language also includes the fruits of peas , beans and lentils and their seed coats under the term “pod”; botanically speaking, these fruits are legumes. In terms of landscape, the term “pod” describes the peas (plant). From a botanical point of view, so -called bell peppers or chili peppers are berries .
A durable Replum is also formed in the frame sleeve of a special form of limbs sleeve .
In order to use crops such. B. rape , with pods, to avoid premature seed loss due to strong wind, attempts are made to eliminate the predetermined breaking point by breeding .
literature
- Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 103 .
- Otto Wilhelm Thomé , AW Bennett: Text-book of structural and physiological botany. Wiley, 1877, p. 412 f, archive.org .
- C. Brückner: Clarification of the Carpel Number in Papaverales, Capparales, and Berberidaceae. In: The Botanical Review. Vol. 66, No. 2, 2000, pp. 155-307, doi: 10.1007 / BF02858151 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Veit M. Dörken: Brassicaceae - Kreuzblütler (PDF), from the University of Konstanz, accessed on July 31, 2018.
- ^ Dictionary of contemporary German. Klappenbach / Steinitz, Berlin 1976, Volume 5, p. 3293: “a bed with pods; the pods bloom ”.
- ↑ Strong pods: New rapeseed variety reduces crop losses in the field at research.bayer.de, accessed on August 2, 2018.