Swedish Ingermanland
Swedish Ingermanland ( Swedish Svenska Ingermanland ) was a province of the Swedish Empire from 1583 to 1595 and again from 1617 to 1721, when Ingermanland was ceded to the Russian Empire as a result of the Nystädter Peace Treaty .
history
Ingermanland passed into Swedish ownership for the first time in the course of the Livonian War in the 1580s , but was returned to Russia in the Peace of Teusina in 1595 . At the time, Russia was severely weakened by the chaos of the throne and could not withstand the Swedish expansion efforts in the Ingermanland War . As a result of the armed conflict, Swedish-Ingermanland was ceded to Sweden by the Russian Tsar in 1617 together with the Kexholms län in the Treaty of Stolbowo .
It reached from the catchment area of the Neva in the east, the Gulf of Finland , the Narva River and Lake Peipus in the south-west and Lake Ladoga in the north-east. In the north, the border between Ingermanland and the Swedish Karelia province ran along the Sestra . Sweden's interest in Ingermanland was strategic. It served as a buffer zone against Russian attacks on the Karelian Isthmus northwest of today's Saint Petersburg . In addition, Russia's sea trade had to be cleared through Swedish ports, which resulted in additional income for Sweden. Ingermanland became a destination for deportees from the Swedish heartland, but remained only sparsely populated. In 1664, 15,000 people lived in the entire province. Swedish attempts to spread the Protestant faith met with reservations on the part of the local Orthodox population. Nyenschanz on the Neva near today's Saint Petersburg was the commercial center of Swedish-Ingermanland and in 1642 it was appointed the administrative center. 1656 destroyed a Russian attack the city and the administrative center was in the west in Swedish Estonia situated Narva laid. The most important fortresses in the province were fortress Nöteborg , Nyenschanz, Koporje and Jam .
Swedish-Ingermanland did not have its own state parliament . There was also no indigenous, politically and economically important nobility . The predominantly Swedish donation nobility based there was organized in the Swedish knight's house . Unlike in Swedish Estonia or Swedish Livonia, in which there were strong aristocratic corporations, Swedish law was transferred to the province of Ingermanland without including local customary rights.
In 1703 Ingermanland was again conquered by Russian troops in the Great Northern War . In place of Nyenschanz, the Russians built the new Russian capital Saint Petersburg on the Gulf of Finland from 1703 . In 1708 the now Russian Ingermanland was declared as the Gouvernement Ingermanland as the first governorate of the Russian Empire; A little later, the rest of the empire was divided into seven other governorates. In 1710, the Ingermanland governorate was renamed the Saint Petersburg governorate . It comprised much larger territories extending beyond the area of Swedish-Ingermanland. The governorate existed until 1927, gradually being reduced in size by assigning territory to surrounding and newly formed administrative units. In 1927 the governorate became the Leningrad Oblast , which still exists today and which completely encompasses the area of the former Swedish-Ingermanland.
literature
- Ralph Tuchtenhagen : Central State and Province in Early Modern Northeast Europe , Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2008