Silver hookbeak

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Silver hookbeak
Silver hooked bill (near Onzaga, Departamento de Santander, Colombia)

Silver hooked bill
(near Onzaga , Departamento de Santander , Colombia)

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Family : Tangaren (Thraupidae)
Subfamily : Diglossinae
Genre : Hooked beaks ( diglossa )
Type : Silver hookbeak
Scientific name
Diglossa caerulescens
( Sclater, PL , 1856)

The silver hooked beak ( Diglossa caerulescens ) is a bird art from the family of tanagers (Thraupidae) that in Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru and Bolivia is widespread. The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The silver hook beak reaches a body length of about 13.5 cm with a weight of about 10.1 to 16.0 g. It is a relatively matt-colored, bluish hooked bill with a rather long, thin, black, beak that is only slightly curved upwards and, compared to other species of the genus, does not have a hook at the tip. The male is mainly a dull bluish gray. The upper front of the head, the reins area and a small area around the eyes are blackish, making it look like a small undefined mask. The upper wing-coverts are matt blue, the wings and flight feathers are dark with blue borders. The throat and bottom are slightly paler than the top. The underside is dull blue interspersed with a little white feather fringes, more gray in the middle of the belly. The iris is dark red to orange-red, the eye color being rather inconspicuous. The legs are dark gray. The female resembles the male, but is even more dull in color and eye color. Young animals look even more matt, with faint lines on the underside. The base of the lower mandible is yellow. Adolescents are similar to adult animals, but they also have a dull blue color, the mask is inconspicuous and the eyes are brownish to reddish brown. The nominate form is the largest of all subspecies.

Behavior and nutrition

The silver hooked bill feeds on insects and small berries, preferably of the Miconia genus . There are reports that it also eats the fruit of Cavendishia bracteata in Colombia or Rubus in other areas . Even nectar is part of his diet. It occurs singly or in pairs. Occasionally he mingles in groups of wood singers , other hooked beaks or tanagers. He gets his food in the middle and upper strata up to the tree tops. Here he eats a lot of small berries or collects insects from the outer leaves or branches. He only pierces the flower crowns irregularly to get the nectar. Usually he gets the nectar directly from the flowers. Its behavior is more similar to that of the masked hookbeak and that of forest singers or other tanagers than that of other hooked beaks. It is less active and nervous than its smaller conspecific conspecifics. He also seems to be less sneaky.

Vocalizations

The singing of the silver hooked beak is described from Peru as very variable, high, and lisping with a melancholy twittering and decreasing pitch. In Venezuela and Colombia, a few slow, high-pitched notes, followed by an accelerated hail of staccato notes that he utters from the treetops and that can vary geographically, are part of his repertoire. These can sound like iiit, esa-it, it-tsu-ti 'tip-ta-lip' ta-lip, tschlip, chi-ep, chilip 'iz si ... , usually decrease and end in overzealous, giggling confusion that can last anywhere from two seconds to a very long time. In Venezuela and Colombia you can often hear a hard, metallic tiink , which is unmistakable.

Reproduction

In February, a nest of silver hookbill eggs was discovered in Venezuela in the state of Trujillo . There were young animals in the Departamento de Santander in December, as well as birds in breeding mood from June to August in Colombia. Nestlings were reported in the Amazon in February. In the north of Peru, young animals were observed in June, in the south in August. All of these reports suggest that it breeds from the middle of the dry season to the early stages of the rainy season. The nest is an open cup made of dry grass and moss that he places in the bushes. In Venezuela a nest was found in a deep pit on a steep mossy roadside. There is hardly any information about the number of eggs in a clutch. One nest in Venezuela had two eggs. The eggs from Colombia are described as pale greenish-blue with reddish-brown spots mostly on the larger end.

distribution and habitat

The silver hooked bill prefers moist mountain forests, older secondary vegetation and forest edges. In southern Peru, he seems to prefer bushier forests on poor soils. It moves in northern Venezuela at altitudes of 1400 to 2100 meters, between 1600 and 3200 meters in the southern Andes of Colombia and Ecuador. In both countries he is mostly on the move between 2100 and 2700 meters. In Peru, its altitude ranges from 1300 to 3100 meters.

migration

The silver hook beak is considered a resident bird . There could be seasonal train movements in northern Venezuela. Finally, the migration behavior has so far hardly been researched.

Subspecies

There are six known subspecies:

  • Diglossa caerulescens caerulescens ( Sclater, PL , 1856) occurs in northern Venezuela.
  • Diglossa caerulescens ginesi Phelps & Phelps Jr , 1952 is widespread in northwest Venezuela. This subspecies is a little lighter and more dull on the underside. The face mask is smaller.
  • Diglossa caerulescens media Bond, J , 1955 is common in southern Ecuador and northwestern Peru. This subspecies is similar to the nominate form, but the top glows blue. The underside shows less purple tint. There are more white hems on the underside.
  • Diglossa caerulescens mentalis Zimmer, JT , 1942 occurs in southeastern Peru and western Bolivia. This subspecies is darker than D. c. pallida . The top has a blue sheen. The throat and chest are dark grayish. The black chin patch extends over the entire ear covers.
  • Diglossa caerulescens pallida ( from Berlepsch & Stolzmann , 1896) is widespread in northern central and central Peru. This subspecies is the most dull in color. The underside is more gray, with the throat and the upper part of the chest slightly darker than the rest of the underside.
  • Diglossa caerulescens saturata ( Todd , 1917) occurs in Colombia and western Venezuela. This subspecies is noticeably darker and has a little more purple coloring on top. The underside is darker and more slate blue.

Diglossa caerulescens intermedia Carriker Jr , 1935 is now used as a synonym for D. c. saturata considered

Etymology and history of research

The first description of the silver hook beak was in 1856 by Philip Lutley Sclater under the scientific name Diglossopis caerulescens . The type specimen came from near Caracas and was sent to Paris by Léonce Levraud . As early as 1832 Johann Georg Wagler introduced the new generic name Diglossa for the cinnamon-belly hooked beak ( Diglossa baritula ). This name is made up of "di-, dis, duo δι-, δις, δυο " for "double, twofold, two" and "glōssa γλωσσα " for "tongue". The species name »caerulescens« is derived from the Latin »caeruleus« for »azure blue«. "Ginesi" is dedicated to Pablo Mandazen Soto (1912–2011), who was known as Ginés' brother in Venezuela. »Pallida« is derived from »pallidus, pallere« for »pale, pale to be«. »Media« is derived from »medius« for »middle«, »intermedia« extended by »inter-« for »middle«. "Mentalis" comes from the Latin "mentum" for "chin". "Saturata" has its origin in the Latin "saturatus, satur, satura, satis" for "richly colored, darkly colored, abundant, enough".

literature

  • Steven Leon Hilty in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: Bluish Flowerpiercer (Diglossa caerulescens) in Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Philip Lutley Sclater: Description of eight new species of Birds from South America . In: The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History (=  2 ). tape 17 , 1856, pp. 466-470 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Johann Georg Wagler: Reports on some remarkable animals . In: Isis von Oken . tape 25 , 1832, pp. 275-282 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • William Henry Phelps, William Henry Phelps, Jr .: Nine new birds from the Perija Mountains and eleven extensions of ranges to Venezuela . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 65 , August 5, 1952, pp. 89-108 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • James Bond: Notes on Peruvian Coerebidae and Thraupidae . In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . tape 107 , 1955, pp. 35-55 , JSTOR : 4064479 .
  • John Todd Zimmer: Studies of Peruvian birds. No. 44, Notes on the genera Diglossa and Cyanerpes, with addenda to Ochthoeca . In: American Museum novitates . No. 1203 , October 21, 1942, p. 1–14 ( digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 2.1 MB ]).
  • Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch, Jan Sztolcman, John Gerrard Keulemans : On the Ornithological Research of M. Jean Kalinowski in Central Peru . In: Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1896 . tape 12 , no. 3 , 1896, p. 322-388 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Walter Edmond Clyde Todd: New genera, species, and subspecies of South American birds . In: Proceedings of The Biological Society of Washington . tape 30 , July 27, 1917, p. 127-129 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Melbourne Armstrong Carriker: Descriptions of New Birds from Peru and Ecuador, with Critical Notes on Other Little-Known Species . In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . tape 87 , 1955, pp. 343-359 , JSTOR : 4064219 .

Web links

Commons : Silberhakenschnabel ( Diglossa caerulescens )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Steven Leon Hilty
  2. ↑ IOC World Bird List Tanagers and allies
  3. ^ A b Philip Lutley Sclater p. 467
  4. ^ William Henry Phelps et al. a., p. 97
  5. ↑ James Bond, p. 37.
  6. ↑ John Todd Zimmer, p. 6.
  7. ^ Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch a. a., p. 334.
  8. ^ Walter Edmond Clyde Todd, p. 128.
  9. ^ Melbourne Armstrong Carriker, p. 356.
  10. ↑ Johann Georg Wagler, pp. 280–281.
  11. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 136.
  12. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 113.
  13. ^ William Henry Phelps et al. a., p. 98
  14. ↑ James A. Jobling p. 289
  15. ↑ James A. Jobling p. 244
  16. ↑ James A. Jobling p. 206
  17. ↑ James A. Jobling p. 250
  18. ↑ James A. Jobling p. 348