Fork gluewort

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Fork gluewort
Fork gluewort (Silene dichotoma), illustration

Fork gluewort ( Silene dichotoma ), illustration

Systematics
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Carnation family (Caryophyllaceae)
Subfamily : Caryophylloideae
Tribe : Sileneae
Genre : Glue herbs ( Silene )
Type : Fork gluewort
Scientific name
Silene dichotoma
Honor

The fork-campion ( Silene dichotoma ) is a plant from the genus of Silene ( Silene ) within the family of Caryophyllaceae (Caryophyllaceae).

description

Appearance and leaf

The fork catchwort grows as a deciduous, biennial or summer annual or annual wintering herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 30 to 90 centimeters. The above-ground parts of the plant are hairy and, unlike some other Silene species, not sticky. The independently upright stem has short hairs in the lower area and downy hair in the upper area. No non-flowering rosettes of leaves are formed.

The opposite leaves are seated and gradually get smaller towards the top. In the case of the lower leaves, the simple leaf blades are 6 to 8 centimeters long and 15 to 30 millimeters wide and lanceolate to inverted-lanceolate, and the upper ones are lanceolate with a length of 2 to 5 centimeters and a width of 3 to 20 millimeters .

Inflorescence and flower

The flowering period extends from June to September. Gynodioce is present in the fork cucumber , there are specimens with hermaphrodite and specimens with purely female flowers in a population . The one-sided inflorescence is repeatedly forked, multi-flowered, with a single flower on each fork branch.

The sedentary to almost sedentary flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The whitish calyx has ten green nerves and is 9 to 15 millimeters long and densely hairy with short bristles; the calyx teeth are 2 to 4 millimeters long. The five white to red, 15 to 20 millimeter long petals have a bald nail, a deep, two-column plate with spatula-shaped tips and two tiny appendages. It is a corolla about 0.5 millimeters high. In the female, the plate is smaller. The stamens rise above the corolla. There are three styluses that protrude above the corolla.

Fruit and seeds

The 1 to 2 millimeter long stalked capsule fruit is egg-shaped with a length of 6 to 14 millimeters and opens with six teeth when ripe. The dark brown seeds are 1 to 1.5 millimeters in size.

Chromosome set

The basic chromosome number is x = 12, there is diploidy , i.e. 2n = 24.

ecology

The fork catchwort is a therophyte .

Protandry is present in the fork catchfly . The flowers open in the evening and the strong scent attracts moths , which serve as pollinators . There is insect pollination and self-pollination.

There is wind spreading and self-spreading in the fork catchfly, the diaspores are the seeds.

Occurrence

The home and the main area of ​​distribution of the fork gluewort is in southern Eastern Europe . From there it was probably introduced into Central Europe as a seed contamination in the 19th century and then quickly gained a foothold in climate-favorable areas. The distribution area of ​​the fork catchwort stretches from Persia across Asia Minor, Eastern and Southern Europe to Central Europe, Scandinavia, Italy and France. In the northern outskirts it is mostly dragged off incessantly. Natural distribution sites exist in Italy, Hungary, Belarus, Georgia, Ciscaucasia, the European part of Russia, the Ukraine (including Crimea), Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania, Macedonia, the northern Greek mainland, Crete, Cyprus , in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Israel. It is a neophyte in Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, France, northeastern Spain, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, the Baltic States, Sweden, Algeria, Japan, South Australia , Tasmania, Canada and the USA.

In Central Europe , the fork catchwort needs nutrient-rich , at least calcareous or even calcareous clay soils . It only thrives in areas with a warm and dry climate in summer . It grows in weed stocks in cereal fields, but also grows in leguminous fields , for example in alfalfa plantations . It is a species of the Secalietea or Chenopodietea classes.

In Austria it is inconsistent or even naturalized; it is missing in Vorarlberg and is rare in all other federal states.

Taxonomy

The first publication of Silene dichotoma was in 1792 by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in Contributions to Natural History , Volume 7, pp. 143-144. Although subspecies have been described, many authors consider them to be synonyms. Synonyms for Silene dichotoma Ehrh. are: Silene mathei Pénzes , Silene racemosa Otth , Silene sibthorpiana Rchb. , Silene Trinervis Banks & Sol. , Silene dichotoma subsp. praedichotoma (P.Candargy) Rech. f. , Silene dichotoma subsp. racemosa (Otth) Graebn. , Silene dichotoma subsp. sibthorpiana (Rchb.) Rech. f. , Silene dichotoma Ehrh. subsp. dichotoma .

literature

  • Fork gluewort. In: FloraWeb.de.
  • The Jepson Manual, 1993: data sheet
  • Otto Schmeil, Jost Fitschen (greeting), Siegmund Seybold: The flora of Germany and the neighboring countries. A book for identifying all wild and frequently cultivated vascular plants. 95th completely revised u. exp. Edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01498-2 .
  • Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). 2nd, corrected and enlarged edition. Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2 .
  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (Hrsg.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 1: General Part, Special Part (Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta): Lycopodiaceae to Plumbaginaceae. 2nd, supplemented edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3322-9 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe. 2nd Edition. Volumes 1–5, Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Gabel-Leimkraut. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c d e The Jepson Manual, 1993: data sheet
  3. ↑ a b c d data sheet at BiolFlor  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www2.ufz.de  
  4. ↑ a b c d data sheet at InfoFlora - the internet portal of the national data and information center on Swiss flora .
  5. ^ A b Silene dichotoma in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  6. ↑ Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen: Atlas Florae Europaeae: Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe , Volume 3, Cambridge University Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0-5213-4270-4 Distribution map for Europe by Silene dichotoma on p. 109 in Google - Book search
  7. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  362 .
  8. ↑ Data sheet at Botanik im Bild / Flora von Österreich , 2005.
  9. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  10. ↑ Silene dichotoma at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 18, 2014.
  11. ↑ K. Marhold, 2011: Caryophyllaceae. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. data sheet

Web links

Commons : Fork catchwort ( Silene dichotoma )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files