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| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Warmia-Masuria | ||
| Powiat : | Działdowski | ||
| Gmina : | Płośnica | ||
| Geographic location : | 53 ° 17 ' N , 20 ° 7' E | ||
| Residents : | |||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 23 | ||
| License plate : | NDZ | ||
Skurpie ( German Skurpien ) is a village in the rural municipality of Płośnica in Poland . It is located in the Powiat Działdowski of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship .
history
The village of Skurpie - possibly named after a prince named Skorpe, although Polish has a similar word meaning bast shoe - was probably founded in 1350 like the neighboring village of Borchersdorf , but the festival has been lost.
In 1397 a Skurpien estate with 80-90 hooves of land is mentioned, which was bought by the Teutonic Knight Order in 1400 and converted into an interest village. During the religious era, goods were usually only committed to an existing village. In 1480 the neighboring towns of Borchersdorf and Niostoy were assigned to Ludwig von Starkenburg under Magdeburg law; with them 10 hooves of land, which previously belonged to Skurpien. During his tenure from 1397 to 1407, the Commander of the Teutonic Knight Order, Hans Schönfeldt von Osterode , bought the Skurpien estate for 1,163 marks, probably for economic reasons. Scharwerk and the interest payments from the peasants were an important source of income for the order. Skurpien appears for the first time in the register of the Soldau office as an interest village in 1437.
Due to the war with Poland, the order lost considerable economic power and had to sell some interest villages. In 1497 the neighboring village of Ruttkowitz changed hands. In this context, the municipality boundaries to Skurpien were redefined. In 1529, a new administrative department with a sheep farm was set up in Hohendorf , which existed until 1610. The farmers of Skurpien were subject to scrutiny there. In 1526, the governor Melchior von Rechenberg received the Soldau office as a pledge for life because Duke Albrecht could not pay his debts. After his death in 1540 Soldau came back into the possession of the duke, and with the office also the property of the governor, including his property in Skurpien.
The information about the size of scurpies vary. When it was bought around 1400 it is given as 90 hooves, in the interest register of 1437 it was 80. In 1552 it was occupied by 92 hooves, and when the farmers complained that their hooves were too small and the governor had the village re-measured in 1555, they revealed only 70 hooves. In a repeated survey in 1567 only 63½ hooves were found, but these were still counted as 66, because 31 farmers with two hooves each and Schulz with four hooves lived in the village. When the surveyor Schiller Skurpien measured again in 1608, only 58 hooves were found, so that the village had to get the missing 8 hooves from Borchersdorf. It is also known that the Kruger von Skurpien served their own beer until 1552. For this right they paid 2 marks interest plus 3 marks for two Hufen of land to the Soldau office. From 1552 only official beer was served, whereupon the interest rate was lowered to a total of 4 marks.
Until 1551, Skurpien, like other villages, had to deliver plowed grain to the office: a bushel of rye and a bushel of wheat were carried away from each plow (approx. 2 hooves) . In 1551 this obligation was lifted. In the years 1609/10, in Skurpien, the grouping work that had previously been carried out in the Hohendorf Vorwerk was abolished and the village was converted to high interest rates. The interest was initially 8 marks from the Hufe, from 1618 then 7 marks.
Severe blows of fate for the village of Skurpien were among other things the plague epidemic and the cattle epidemic of 1602/03, the bad harvests in the years 1606-09, which were mainly caused by hail, the Tatar invasion of 1656 and the plague wave of 1709/11. During the Tatar invasion, the entire main office in Neidenburg was devastated. Many nobles have been taken into slavery. The town of Soldau went up in smoke and flames and the surrounding villages, including Skurpien, were also destroyed. The plague was no less devastating. After the Tatar invasion and the plague, around 80 percent of the previously cultivated land was fallow. The remaining part became desolate due to economic hardship of the owners . The reconstruction could only be completed with massive state aid. As a measure to improve education is the foundation of the village school Skurpien in the years 1737/38, under the reign of Frederick William I called. The school had an average of 20 students.
In 1781 the pre-station table shows the following residents in Skurpien: 2 Kölmer , 2 Kölmische Güter, 5 Hochzinser , 7 Scharwerker , 4 gardener , 2 Eigenkätner , 1 shepherd, 1 schoolmaster and 1 blacksmith.
According to the mill consignment of the Amtsmühle Soldau (PT No. 5) from 1792, the following people lived in Skurpien:
| Families with | ... People | and ... servants | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kölmer | 3 | 13 | 7th |
| Inst people | 11 | 34 | |
| High yield | 8th | 39 | 9 |
| Own account | 3 | 13 | |
| Scharwerkbauern | 7th | 39 | 4th |
| of which inst people | 3 | 5 | |
| Owners of company apartments | 3 | 12 | 2 |
| (Shepherd, teacher) |
The peasant registers from 1860 give the number of viable peasant foods for the year 1816 as 20, for the year 1859 as 29. The total area in Skurpien was 4271 hectares in 1859 and 2836 hectares in 1816, so it had increased by 1435 hectares.
| year | Ha | Residential buildings | Residents | Men | Women | possibly | cath. | Others |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1785 | 28 | |||||||
| 1817 | 30th | 192 | ||||||
| 1830 | 469 | |||||||
| 1848 | 37 | 329 | 317 | 12 | ||||
| 1871 | 59 | 445 | 227 | 218 | 405 | 40 | 134 <10 years, 184 can read and write, 114 illiterate, 13 no report | |
| 1885 | 1189 | 68 | 495 | 250 | 245 | 454 | 41 | 93 families, 1189 ha = 945 ha of arable land and 100 ha of meadows |
| 1895 | 1074.5 | 64 | 553 | 272 | 281 | 527 | 26th | 91 families |
| 1905 | 1075.8 | 69 | 639 | 322 | 317 | 600 | 35 | 103 families; 4 other Christians; ev. languages 52 German, 547 Masurian, 1 other, cath. languages 0 German, 30 Masurian, 5 other. |
| 1910 | 1075.8 | 70 | 604 | 282 | 322 | 101 families |
The Skurpien estate (owner until 1905 was Richard Unrauh, who also owned the Sbylutten estate , then Ströhmer), which was part of the Skurpien municipality, owned 179 hectares of land in 1909 (147 hectares of arable land, 25 hectares of meadows and 4 hectares of roads). The estate had 17 horses, 48 cattle and 43 pigs. In 1920 the estate only had 47 hectares of land with 12 horses, 38 cattle, 40 sheep and 12 pigs. The owner that year was Jakob Willamowski.
Since 1908 there was a volunteer fire brigade in Skurpien. From 1891 to 1920 there was a post office . The place Skurpien belonged to 1920 (and 1939-45) to the district Borchersdorf. The Protestant church and the registry office were also located there. In 1910 the place had an area of 1075.8 hectares and 604 inhabitants. On October 10, 1941, the number of inhabitants was 532 people. There were four expansion yards in the municipality.
At the beginning of the First World War , the southern area of the Neidenburg district was located from 23 to 31 August 1914 in the focus area of the Battle of Tannenberg . On August 27, 1914, Skurpien was in the middle of the combat zone. To the west and north of Skurpien, the 2nd Division and the 5th Landwehr Brigade met the 3rd Russian Guards Division and the 1st Russian Rifle Brigade. A third of the buildings were destroyed. As a relic of the war, Skurpien, like many other villages, was given a military cemetery as part of the municipal cemetery, where 16 German and 42 Russian soldiers were buried.
After the Treaty of Versailles , the southern district was handed over to Poland on January 17, 1920. Due to the separation of the Soldau area, melioration plans worked out in Skurpien could no longer be implemented before the war .
In 1939 the Soldau area was occupied and annexed by the German Reich , the place Skurpien then belonged to the parish Borchersdorf, Amt Soldau, district Neidenburg / East Prussia until 1945 .
On January 18, 1945, Soviet troops captured the village and returned it to Polish administration.
literature
- Fritz Gause: History of the office and the town of Soldau . Johann Gottfried Herder Institute, Marburg / Lahn 1958 ( Scientific contributions to the history and regional studies of East Central Europe 38, ISSN 0510-7008 ).
- Walter Görlitz : The Prussians. The old inhabitants of East Prussia. History, culture and merging with the Germans . Landsmannschaft East Prussia - Department of Culture, Hamburg 1980.
- Max Meyhöfer (ed.): The Neidenburg district. An East Prussian diary . Thomann'sche, Landshut Buchdruckerei 1968.
- Max Meyhöfer: The rural communities of the Neidenburg district . Thomann'sche, Landshut Buchdruckerei 1969.
- Michael North: The offices of Osterode and Soldau. Comparative studies of the economy in the early modern state using the example of the Duchy of Prussia in the second half of the 16th and 1st half of the 17th centuries . Duncker & Humblot, Berlin et al. 1982, ISBN 3-428-05289-7 ( Eastern European Studies of the Universities of the State of Hesse 1, 118), (At the same time: Giessen, Univ., Diss., 1979).