Solandra
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Solandra maxima |
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Solandra (German: Gold Chalice) is a plant genus of the family of the nightshade family (Solanaceae). The ten species occur in Central and South America as well as on the West Indies . The gold chalice is rarely usedas a shamanic trance drugdue to the tropane alkaloids it contains.
description
Vegetative characteristics
Solandra are woody plants that usually grow as a shrub or liana or occasionally appear epiphytic . On large trees, liana-shaped plants can reach a total length of 7 to 30 m. There are both hairless and hairy representatives, usually the leaves and the calyx are hairy. The trichomes are single-row, multicellular, simple or branched, occasionally they are glandular, their length varies between 60 and 500 µm. The stem axis has a strongly wrinkled bark , which is occasionally provided with many conspicuous cork warts . The marrow is strong.
The leaves are leathery or almost leathery and shiny. They are elliptical, elongated-elliptical, egg-shaped-elliptical or almost round in shape. The length of the leaf blade is usually 7.5 to 17.5 cm, in individual cases only 4 cm, the width is usually between 4 and 11 cm, in individual cases the leaves are only 2 cm wide. The leaves are pointed or pointed towards the front. The leaf stalks are usually 3 to 5, rarely 1 to 6 cm long.
blossoms
The striking and fragrant flowers are terminally on 5 to 17 mm long, thick flower stalks . The calyx is tubular-bell-shaped, has a length of 2.5 to 11 cm and is irregularly two- or five-lobed. The individual lobes are pointed and elongated. The slightly zygomorphic crown is funnel-shaped or chalice-shaped, it is usually 13.5 to 37 cm (rarely only 10 cm) long and 4 to 14 cm wide. It is either white, yellow or green in color and has five to ten longitudinal stripes, or it is violet-blue or yellowish-white with a purple mottling. The corolla lobes are short, wide and slightly bent back, their edge is usually wavy and irregularly notched-frayed.
The stamens can protrude beyond the crown or be located inside the crown. At the starting point of the stamens in the crown, they are covered with simple, single-row trichomes. The anthers are 6 to 13 mm long. Occasionally they are almost triangular in shape and then have a width of about 2 to 3 mm at the time of opening, otherwise they are elliptical and 4 to 5 mm wide. The pollen grains are trizonocolporate and relatively small at 17 to 23 µm. The pollen outer wall (exine) has a thickness of about 1.5 µm, in the areas of the pollen poles it is network-like, and streaky towards the pollen equator. The scar is disc-shaped, head-shaped, indented and only very slightly bilobed.
Fruits and seeds
The fruits are indented spherical, conical, pear-shaped or rounded-egg-shaped berries . They are leathery, sometimes whitish, sweetish, edible and 4 to 6 × 5 to 6 cm long. The calyx remains on the fruit, but pops open. The seeds are 4 to 6.5 mm long and 2.5 to 4 mm wide.
ingredients
The phytochemical composition is very similar to that of the thorn apples ( Datura ) and Duboisia . Various tropane alkaloids occur in all parts of the plant, some of which have a strong delirious hallucinogenic effect. Atropine , noratropine and (-) - hyoscyamine have the largest share . There are also a number of other alkaloids: littorin , hyoscine , norhyoscine , tigloidin , 3α- tigloyloxytropan , 3α- acetoxytropan , valtropin , norhyoscyamine , tropine , nortropine , χ-tropine and cuskohygrin .
The alkaloid content is about 0.15%, the highest concentration was found with 0.64% in the root of Solandra grandiflora . In contrast, the highest alkaloid concentration was found in the fruits of Solandra maxima .
Occurrence and locations
The distribution of the genus extends from Mexico over the west Indian islands to Peru , Bolivia and the southeast of Brazil , whereby Mexico forms the center of diversity with five species . The climbing representatives of the genus occur in tropical rainforests at heights between 500 and 3000 m.
Systematics
About ten species are recognized within the genus:
- Solandra boliviana Britton ex Rusby
- Solandra brachycalyx Kuntze : It was first described from Costa Rica.
- Solandra brevicalyx Standl. : It was first described from Mexico.
- Solandra grandiflora Sw. (Syn. Solandra nitida Zucc. ): The home is Mexico, Central and South America. On the islands in the Caribbean, the species is a neophyte. Their chromosome number is 2n = 24.
- Solandra guerrerensis Martinez : It was first described from Mexico.
- Solandra guttata D.Don : It was first described from Mexico.
- Solandra longiflora Tussac : It is native to Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, Suriname and Venezuela.
- Solandra maxima (Sessé & Moc. Ex Dunal) PS Green : The home is Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama and Ecuador.
- Solandra nizandensis Matuda : It was first described from Mexico.
- Solandra paraensis Huber ex Ducke : It was first described from Brazil.
use
Ornamental plant
The species Solandra grandiflora , Solandra longiflora and Solandra maxima are grown as ornamental plants because of their showy flowers .
Ritual use
Due to the alkaloid content, the plants were used as entheogens and magical plants in pre- Columbian times . Even today, the plants are used as hallucinogens by some indigenous people in Mexico .
Ethnographic reports on the use of the gold goblet are rare because Solandra is rarely used as a shamanic trance drug. The use of the "plant of the gods " kiéli or kiéri is best known by the Huicholindians . These natives in what is now the Mexican state of Jalisco have been shown to use at least one species ( Solandra brevicalyx ).
A whole cycle of myths revolves around the plant among the Huichol. So be Solandra originally a god named "kieli Tewiali" to German god of wind and Wizardry. According to this belief, at the beginning of time it emerged from the union of the cosmic serpent with the rain. Later it transformed - for the benefit and blessing of humanity - into the plant with the beguiling scent, the "tree of the wind". Since the "plant of the gods" is considered to be very powerful, it is also used for dark purposes (harmful magic, death magic). So the plant must not be disturbed or offended; otherwise the punishment is madness or even death. Sacrifices are also made to the plant, including ceremonial pipes, corn cakes, tequila, coins, pictures of woolen yarn and jewelry. The plant is rarely used as a hallucinogen. The leaves are preferred, but fruits and roots are considered more potent.
In folk medicine in Mexico, Solandra are mainly used as a love potion and an aphrodisiac . A tea from the flower is also drunk against coughs.
swell
Individual evidence
Most of the information in this article has been taken from the sources given under literature; the following sources are also cited:
- ^ WC Evans, A. Ghani, VA Woolley: Alkaloids of Solandra Species. In: Phytochemistry , Volume 11, 1972. Pages 470-472.
- ↑ Luis M. Bernardello and Armando T. Hunziker: A synoptical revision of Solandra (Solanaceae) . In: Nordic Journal of Botany , Volume 7, Number 6, 1987. Pages 639-652. doi : 10.1111 / j.1756-1051.1987.tb02032.x
- ^ A b c Solandra in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
- ↑ Solandra grandiflora at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ^ Tim Knab: Notes Concerning Use of Solandra Among the Huichol. In: Economic Botany , Volume 31, 1977. Pages 80-86. doi : 10.1007 / BF02860658
- ^ Yasumoto Masaya: The Psychotropic Kiéri in Huichol Culture. In: Stacy Schaefer and Peter T. Furst (eds.): People of the Peyote. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque 1996. ISBN 978-0-8263-1905-0 . Pages 235-263.
literature
- Armando T. Hunziker: The Genera of Solanaceae. ARG Gantner Verlag KG, Ruggell, Liechtenstein 2001, ISBN 3-904144-77-4
