Solanum sisymbriifolium
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Solanum sisymbriifolium |
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The Raukenblättrige nightshade or Sticky nightshade ( Solanum sisymbriifolium ) is a plant type from the genus Solanum ( Solanum ) in the family of the nightshade family (Solanaceae). Within the genus of the nightshade, the species is classified in the subgenus Leptostemonum , which differs from other members of the genus primarily through the presence of spines. The species has been introduced in many areas and is considered an invasive weed.
description
Vegetative characteristics
Solanum sisymbriifolium is a perennial shrub with a stature height of 1.2 to 2 m. It is strongly branched, the stem axis can reach a diameter of 1 to 8 cm at the base. The plant has lush, sticky hair, the hair consists of glandular and non-glandular, simple and star-shaped branched trichomes . Spines that are close together can also be found all over the plant . These are 8 to 16 mm long, awl-shaped, orange and very pointed. The leaves are alternate, the outline of the leaf blade is elongated, ovoid, it is strongly pinnately or pinnately divided, the partial leaves are rounded and have a curved edge. The size of the leaves is stated differently by authors, for example 10 to 15 cm long and 6 to 10 cm wide or up to 40 cm long and 25 cm wide. The upper side of the leaf is sparsely covered with star-shaped branched trichomes, the underside is densely hairy. The leaf stalks are 1.5 to 6 cm long. Sometimes individual plants spread out over long, fistula-like rhizomes .
Flowers and inflorescences
The inflorescences are grape-shaped and usually consist of 6 to 8 (rarely up to 10 flowers . In the front flowers of an inflorescence only the male reproductive organs are fertile. The inflorescence stalks are 3 to 7 cm long, glandular-tomentose and covered with spines Flower stalks are 8 to 15 mm long, glandular-tomentose, but only slightly prickly. The calyx is cup-shaped, green, membranous, 6 to 9 mm long and 2 to 4 mm in diameter. It is strongly divided into five, the calyx lobes are lanceolate pointed and densely covered with spines in hermaphrodite flowers. The crown is pure white or lavender-bluish to pale violet, wheel-shaped and measures 40 to 45 mm in diameter. It is weakly lobed, the corolla lobes are broadly triangular. The outside of the crown is tomentose with star-shaped trichomes hairy. The stamens are of the same shape, the filaments are slender, hairless and 2 to 3 (rarely up to 4) mm long. The anthers are lanceolate and e Reach lengths from 7 to 10 mm. The pollen grains have a size of 29.5 to 40.0 µm. The ovary is ovate and hairless. It has a stylus 1 to 1.2 cm long .
Fruits and seeds
The fruit stalks are bent back and have dense glandular-tomentose hair and sticky. The calyx enlarges and almost completely encloses the almost spherical, 8 mm diameter, bright red berry . The cuticle is thick and smooth, and there are no stomata . The epidermis is made up of isodiametric or rounded cells, the contents of which are very dense. The hypodermis is only formed by two to three layers of collenchyme , the protective effect normally assigned to this layer is guaranteed in this way by the reinforced calyx that surrounds the fruit. An outer zone of the mesocarp , as it occurs in other species of the subgenus Leptostemonum , is missing. The inner zone consists of nine to twelve moist, parenchymatic layers, with the cells becoming larger towards the inside of the fruit. The placenta shows a proliferation , so that the placental tissue makes up more of the pulp than in other species of the subgenus Leptostemonum . The fruit appears four-chambered through a false partition, each of the four chambers has its own placenta. Each fruit contains around 50 to 200 seeds . These are about 3 millimeters in size, kidney-shaped and finely pitted.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.
Distribution and locations
The species is originally native to South America, its natural range is in Argentina , in the south of Brazil , Paraguay , Uruguay , Bolivia and Colombia . It mainly grows in disturbed locations such as rubble heaps, roadsides, fences and dams; it is often associated with short-term disturbances such as fires, plowed areas and pastureland. The plant has been introduced mainly in southern Europe, Africa, Australia and southeastern North America and is mainly found near ports.
The species was likely introduced to South Africa in the early 1900s . The first record of the species in Turkey comes from 1996, in Iran it was first recorded in 2010.
meaning
Invasive weeds
Solanum sisymbriifolium often counts as an invasive weed outside of the original range due to its rapid distribution by birds that eat the fruit and a high level of protection against predators due to the dense bristles and sticky hairs . In order to find a possible defense measure, several test series were carried out in South Africa between 1989 and 1995 with strains of the tortoise beetle Gratiana spadicea - a predator from the original range of the species - which examined possible negative effects on native nightshades ( Solanum ). These experiments led to the assessment that the risk of endangering native species was low. Therefore, the beetles were released from Solanum sisymbriifolium at several South African locations between 1994 and 1996 . Although in isolated cases the Solanum sisymbriifolium were almost completely defoliated and the beetles reproduced abundantly, only little damage to the plants was recorded at most of the South African locations examined by Solanum sisymbriifolium . The area in which Solanum sisymbriifolium is found continued to expand. Another possible biological method of isolating Solanum sisymbriifolium could be the weevil Anthonomus sisymbrii .
Crop plant
The species has been found in European botanical gardens since the 18th century , where it is shown as a curiosity, primarily because of its numerous spines.
The berries, which are red when ripe and about 2 to 3 cm in diameter, are edible. In Germany, the plant is sold as a lychee tomato in garden centers.
Others
Solanum sisymbriifolium is a possible host of the nematodes Globodera pallida and Globodera rostochiensis , as well as the fungus Phytophthora infestans . Both the nematodes and the fungus are important pests in potato cultivation . Since Solanum sisymbriifolium is more resistant to infestation by both pests, it can potentially be used as a bait plant to reduce infestation on affected soils. Due to its natural resistance, the species is also an interesting option as a grafting base for various useful plants from the nightshade genus. Studies on this were carried out, for example, with tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum ) and aubergines ( Solanum melongena ).
Ethnobotanical use of the species is known from Paraguay . Medicines that are used for contraception or for abortion are made from the roots of the plant. Plants also mentioned in the recipes for these medicines include the cedar tree ( Melia azedarach ), the Syagrus romanzoffiana palm, and the polypodium phyllitides . Also in Paraguay, the dried root is sold for the preparation of diuretics , a soft drink that supports the kidneys and as a blood pressure medicine.
Systematics
Solanum sisymbriifolium is a member of the subgenus Leptostemonum in the genus of nightshade ( Solanum ). Molecular biological studies of the subgenus were able to identify ten different clades, but Solanum sisymbriifolium could not be clearly assigned to any of these clades. According to investigations by Bayesian analysis , the type of Androceras / Crinitum clade is suggested, while the analysis based on the principle of maximum economy can not determine any classification. Investigations of the morphological features of the seed surface put the species possibly to the species group around Solanum rostratum .
Individual evidence
- ^ Eckehard J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller: Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Vol. 5, 2008. Heidelberg, spectrum
- ↑ a b c d e f William D'Arcy: Solanum and its close relatives in Florida. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 61, 1974. pp. 819-867. ( online )
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Fergan Karaer, H. Güray Kutbay: Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. (Solanaceae): A New Record for Turkey . In: Turkish Journal of Botany , Volume 31, 2007. pp. 481-483. ( online ; PDF; 554 kB)
- ^ Franco Chiarini and Gloria Barboza: Anatomical study of different fruit types in Argentine species of Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum (Solanaceae). In: Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid , Volume 64, Number 2, July-December 2007. pp. 165–175.
- ^ Franco Chiarini and Gloria Barboza: Placentation Patterns and Seed Number in Fruits of South American Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum (Solanaceae) species . In: Darwiniana , Volume 45, Number 2, 2007. pp. 163-174. ( online ; PDF; 837 kB)
- ↑ a b c d e A.M. King, R. Brudvig and MJ Byrne: Biological Control of Dense-Thorned Bitter Apple, Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. (Solanaceae), in South Africa. In: African Entomology , Volume 19, Issue 2, 2011. pp. 427-433. doi : 10.4001 / 003.019.0212
- ↑ Solanum sisymbriifolium at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ B. Eslami and A. Naqinezhad: A new shrubby Solanum (Solanaceae) species for the flora of Iran. In: Iranian Journal of Botany , Volume 17, Number 2, 2011. pp. 254-256. ( online ; PDF; 1.5 MB)
- ↑ Sandra Knapp: Species of the day: Solanum sisymbriifolium , Natural History Museum, London, online , accessed June 30, 2013.
- ↑ Product page Lychee-Tomato from Blu Blumen GbR ( Memento of the original from July 26, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed on July 26, 2016, the species is incorrectly named here as Solanum sisymbrifolium (without double-i) and declared annual.
- ^ Bart GH Timmermans: Solanum sisymbriifolium (Lam.): A trap crop for potato cyst nematodes , dissertation, Wageningen University , 2005. ISBN 90-8504-325-5 . ( online )
- ↑ Naotaka Matsuzoe et al .: Fruit Quality of Tomato Plants Grafted on Solanum Rootstocks. In: Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science , Volume 65, Number 1, 1996. pp. 73-80. doi : 10.2503 / jjshs.65.73
- ↑ Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis et al .: Effect of grafting and modified atmosphere packaging on eggplant quality parameters during storage. In: International Journal of Food Science and Technology , Volume 40, 2005. pp. 311-322.
- ^ P. Arenas and R. Moreno Azorero: Plants of Common Use in Paraguayan Folk Medicine for Regulating Fertility . In: Economic Botany , Volume 31, July-September 1977, pp. 298-301. doi : 10.1007 / BF02866879
- ↑ Isabel Basualdo et al .: Medicinal Plants of Paraguay: Underground Organs, II. In: Economic Botany , Volume 49, Number 4, 1995. pp. 387-394. doi : 10.1007 / BF02863089
- ↑ Rachel Levin, Nicole Myers, Lynn Bohs: Phylogenetic Relationship among the “Spiny Solanums” (Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae). In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 93, Number 1, 2006. pp. 157-169.
