Spondias

Spondias
	Spondias purpurea , illustration
Systematics
	Rosids
	Eurosiden II
Order :	Sapindales (Sapindales)
Family :	Sumac family (Anacardiaceae)
Subfamily :	Spondioideae
Genre :	Spondias
Scientific name
	Spondias
	L.

Spondias (German Mombin plums or "Balsampflaumen") is a genus of plants inthe sumac family (Anacardiaceae). The genus comprises 10 species, including various fruit-producing species such as the Umbú ( Spondias tuberosa ).

description

Inflorescence of Spondias dulcis

Spondias species are deciduous to almost evergreen trees that can grow to a height of 25 meters. The alternate and spirally arranged leaves on the branches have a petiole and are pinnate or unpaired depending on the species. The edges of the leaves or leaflets are serrated or smooth.

Terminal or lateral, paniculate inflorescences are formed. The hermaphroditic or functionally unisexual flowers are four or five-fold. There are two circles with four or five equally long stamens . There is an intrastaminal disc . Four to five carpels have become an ovary grown, with only one ovule per ovary compartment. There is a stamp with four to five free styluses.

The edible solitary stone fruits resemble a small mango . The mesocarp is juicy, the endocarp is woody or hard and covered by a fibrous matrix. The elongated embryo is straight to slightly curved.

Systematics

The genus Spondias belongs to the subfamily Spondioideae within the sumac family (Anacardiaceae). The generic name Spondias was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum 1, p. 371. Type species is Spondias mombin L.

Here is a list of the types:

Spondias acida flower : From Malaysia

Spondias admirabilis J.D.Mitch. & Daly : From Brazil

Spondias bahiensis P.Carvalho, Van den Berg & M.Machado : From Brazil

Golden plum or golden balsampflaume ( Spondias dulcis Sol. Ex Parkinson ; Syn .: Spondias cytherea Sonn. )

Spondias expeditionaria J.D.Mitch. & Daly : From Brazil

Spondias globosa J.D.Mitch. & Daly : From Brazil and Venezuela

Spondias haplophylla Airy Shaw & Foreman : It was described from Yunnan and Myanmar .

Spondias indica (Wight & Arn.) Airy Shaw & Forman (Syn .: Solenocarpus indicus Wight & Arn. ): It occurs in the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu .

Yellow mombin plum ( Spondias mombin L .; Syn .: Spondias lutea L. ): It occurs from Mexico to Paraguay .

Spondias novoguineensis Kosterm. : From Malaysia

Yellow Balsampflaume ( Spondias pinnata (J. Koenig ex L. f.) Short ; Syn .: Mangifera pinnata J. Koenig ex L. f. , Spondias mangifera Willd. ): It occurs in the Indian subcontinent, in China, Malesia , Indochina and in the Solomon Islands .

Red mombin plum ( Spondias purpurea L .; Syn .: Spondias cirouella Tussac ): It occurs from Mexico to Ecuador .

Spondias radlkoferi Donn.Sm. (Syn .: Spondias nigrescens Pittier ): It occurs from Mexico to Peru and Venezuela.

Spondias tefyi J.D.Mitch., Daly & Randrian. : From Madagascar

Spondias testudinis J.D.Mitch. & Daly : From Brazil

Umbú ( Spondias tuberosa Arruda ): It occurs in Brazil.

Spondias venulosa (Engl.) Mart. ex Engl. (Syn .: Spondias purpurea var. venulosa Engl. ): It occurs in eastern Columbia , eastern Ecuador, Bolivia , Peru and Brazil.

Spondias xerophila Kosterm. : From Sri Lanka

The following species formerly listed in this genus are now assigned to other genera:

Spondias axillaris Roxb. : Is now Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) BL Burtt & AW Hill
Spondias birrea A. Rich. : Is now Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst.
Spondias pleiogyna F. Muell. : Is now Pleiogynium timoriense (DC.) Leenh.
Spondias solandri Benth. : Is now Pleiogynium timoriense (DC.) Leenh.

Others

An illustration of Spondias purpurea by Maria Sibylla Merian was used in 2006 as the cover of the Blumfeld album “Forbidden Fruits”.

Spondias dulcis , illustration by Blanco
Spondias dulcis in Hawaii
Spondias mombin , fruiting branch
Spondias purpurea , fruits

swell

Tianlu Min & Anders Barfod: Anacardiacdeae in the Flora of China : Volume 11, p. 339: Spondias - Online. accessed in March 2010 (section description)

Individual evidence

^ The International Plant Names Index. [1]
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Spondias in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 1, 2018.

Web links

Commons : Spondias - collection of images, videos and audio files

Spondias in Flora de Nicaragua. (Spanish)
Entry in GRIN Taxonomy for Plants. (engl.)
Entry at TROPICOS of the Missouri Botanical Garden

[IPNI-1] The International Plant Names Index. [1]

[GRIN-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Spondias in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 1, 2018.