Support (component)

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A column is a (mostly) vertical component that mainly absorbs and transfers loads in the direction of its longitudinal axis . The concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete standard DIN 1045-1 defines a column as a rod-shaped compression member whose largest dimension in cross section - in contrast to a wall - does not exceed four times the smallest dimension.

Support pillars on the west wall of the village church of Beenz, a district of Lychen

All building materials that have sufficient compressive strength can be used as material . In the construction industry , among other things, are used for this:

The load-bearing capacity of a column depends on the strength of the selected material, the cross-sectional geometry, the length or height of the column, the storage conditions at the ends (rotatable or clamped), geometric imperfections such as B. misalignment, curvature or twist and the type and combination of the action (s) .

Columns with larger dimensions are also referred to as pillars (e.g. bridge piers), as is the case with masonry or natural stone. In contrast to the column , columns and pillars are not subject to any architectural order ( base , shaft and capital ) or structure ( column order ).

Fundamental solutions to the buckling problem for calculating the load-bearing capacity of a column were developed by the mathematician Leonhard Euler .

The support in the classic column order

In the classic column arrangement , the term support is used as a collective element for load-bearing components. In the classic order, the column can have two different characteristics, which are viewed as opposites: the pillar with a square or polygonal cross-section and the column with a round cross-section.

Leon Battista Alberti defines the pillar as the remnant of a wall perforated by openings. He assigns it to the statically effective core structure and postulates that pillars basically have to support arches. The support is understood as a free-standing element, which is derived from the wooden architecture and belongs to the area of ​​the applied ornament. The column is thus a secondary unit, the necessity of which arises from the imperfections of the core structure and which is actually not statically necessary.

The prototype of an elevation design using a column and pillar as a support element is the outer facade of the Colosseum in Rome. This pattern, spread through the treatises of Alberti , Serlios , Vignolas , Palladios and Scamozzis, became the central motif of modern building from the 15th to the beginning of the 20th century.

literature

  • Manfred A. Hirt, Rolf Bez, Alain Nussbaumer: Steel construction. Basic concepts and assessment methods. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne 2007, ISBN 978-2-88074-702-2 .
  • Martin Mittag: Building Design. 18th edition. Friedrich Vieweg and Son Publishing Company, Braunschweig 2000, ISBN 3-322-83020-9 .
  • H. Buchenau, A. Thiele: Steel building . Part 1, BG Teubner, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-322-93880-8 .
  • Joachim Lange, H. Schulze: Small structural analysis . BG Teubner, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-519-15625-3 .

Web links

Wiktionary: support  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations