State forest

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As state forest or state forests are forests in state ownership referred.

The historical name is Forstarkar , as part of the Arar , the historical name for state property .

Germany

In Germany, state forest is defined in accordance with Section 3 (1) of the Federal Forest Act (BWaldG) as follows: forest wholly owned by the federal government, a state or an institution or foundation under public law, as well as forests jointly owned by a state, insofar as it is regarded as state forest under state law : In Germany , the term state forest is mostly understood to be synonymous with state forest, the forest owned by a federal state . In addition, the forest owned by the Federal Republic of Germany (managed by the Federal Forests division of the Federal Agency for Real Estate ) is part of the state forest. Forest owned by a German city or municipality (communal forest) is not a state forest, but a form of corporate forest .

According to the surveys of the Third National Forest Inventory (2012) , 3,309,537 hectares or 29.0 percent of the forest in Germany are state forests of the federal states and 403,464 hectares or 3.5 percent are state forests of the federal government (federal forest). In Germany there are 16 state forest enterprises: 15 forest enterprises of the federal states (except Bremen) and the federal forest. The largest forest owner in Germany is the Free State of Bavaria with around 778,000 hectares, which are mainly managed by the Bavarian State Forests (BaySF).

Development in Germany

Historical boundary stone of a former Saxon state forest area

The Franconian Empire

The first state founding in what is now the Federal Republic of Germany was the Frankish Empire. The rulers were the kings of the Merovingians (482–714) and Carolingians (714–843). The king was a large landowner and owner of natural forests (silvae) and managed forests (forestes). Fourteen royal wilderness districts and eight Carolingian royal estates and forests are known. The king also claimed a right of appropriation for abandoned forests; he was able to plant forests in the imperial estate and have them farmed by royal courts. The Franconian Empire was divided in the Treaty of Verdun in 843 into the West Franconia under King Karl II., In Lotharingia under Emperor Lothar I, and in the East Franconia, between the Rhine and Saale / Elbe, under King Ludwig II Forests, the kings often transferred to spiritual and secular landowners, mostly in the rank of prince. In addition to the 92 ecclesiastical and 22 secular princes, lower-ranking secular landlords, cathedral chapters, canons' monasteries and the cities founded in 752 also acquired forests. Of the Carolingian wilderness districts, the high forest in the Saar / Mosel / Nahe area went to the Archbishop of Trier between 802 and 895, the wilderness districts of Aachen in 1342 partly to the territorial lords of Jülich and Montjoie, the Lorsch wildbann to the diocese of Worms and in 1002 to the Lorsch monastery . The Zanderhart went to the Hochstift and the Fulda Monastery in 1013; the Steigerwald 1023 to the Hochstift Würzburg. The Carolingian royal courts also went to spiritual landlords with their forests. The Kondelwald between Saar and Moselle went to the Echternach monastery in 752. The Königshof Kreuznach acquired in 882 and the Königshof Ingelheim acquired in 974 went to the Speyer Monastery in 1065 and to the Count of Sponheim in 1025.

Princes become rulers

In 1231 and 1232, King Heinrich and Emperor Friedrich II recognized in the statute in favorem principum that the clerical and secular princes are sovereigns, domini terrae. Heinrich and Friedrich renounced sovereign rights, such as building fortresses on their territory, appointing judges, minting coins and regulating trade and transport. The royal rights, including ownership of the forest, were passed on to the clergy and secular princes.

City forests

In the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, money flowed in the cities. Landlords and other landlords received loans from the cities and pledged their forests as well as their corpses and mines. Between 1463 and 1492, the city of Görlitz bought the forests of the von Penzig family, who had fallen into financial disrepair. Between 1376 and 1427 the imperial-free city of Nuremberg acquired the imperial forest as an imperial fief. The cities wanted to facilitate the supply of their citizens with construction and firewood. The communal forest share is now 20 percent.

secularization

The Reformation enabled the confiscation of the church property, which had previously been considered necessary. In 1525 Duke Albrecht von Brandenburg converted the Teutonic Order into the secular Duchy of Prussia. The Margraves of Brandenburg abolished the dioceses of Brandenburg, Havelberg and Lebus, as well as the monasteries Chorin, Himmelpfort and Lehnin. Large monasteries were drafted into Württemberg, such as Hirsau, Maulbronn, Lorch and Murrhardt; the sovereign was the largest landowner in his state. The diocese of Meißen was drafted into Albertine Saxony, as were the monasteries Altenzella and Meißen. In 1546, Duke Moritz finally took the church property into his sovereign property. In 1555 the Augsburg Reichstag approved the secularization of church property, which took place before 1552, and thus also the Saxon one. In 1557, Elector August von Sachsen (1553–1563) commissioned the Leipzig mathematician Humelius to measure the electoral forests. In 1567 Georg Oeder was commissioned to record the forests and hunts in the offices of Weißenfels and Freyburg, and the Naumburg, Zeitz and Merseburg monasteries. In the 16th century, the copper, silver, lead and iron works flourished. Their basis was mining and forestry. The many competing needs for wood, from construction timber to charcoal to house fires, led in the 16th and 17th centuries to a large number of forest and forest regulations, which were intended to balance the interests and also the fiscal interests of the sovereigns.

Consolidation of sovereignty into a state

The Thirty Years' War did not bring down the rights of the sovereigns; Rights lost during the war were restored in the Peace of Münster and Osnabrück on October 24, 1648. Because of the increased need for money and the associated increase in administrative staff, the sovereign rulers condensed into states in the 17th and 18th centuries. The question arose as to whether the increasingly tax-financed sovereign was still allowed to dispose of his property like a private person. The question also gained in importance because the sovereign forests in the second half of the 18th century were more extensive than ever before. Under Elector Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg (1640–1688), Prussia received the income from all domains through the state administration. By edict of August 13, 1713, King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia abolished the legal distinction between domains and private goods and declared both domains to be inalienable domains. A legal definition was adopted in the General Land Law for the Prussian States of 1794: Individual pieces of land, whose special property belongs to the state, are called domain or Cammer goods.

Reorganization of Europe

Napoleon rearranged Germany: Baden, Württemberg, Bavaria, Hanover, Saxony and Prussia became centralized states. The middle states except Saxony were enlarged by numerous smaller territories. The real estate of the former sovereigns did not pass to the new middle states, but remained with the former sovereigns as patrimonial or private property. This is how the private aristocratic forest came into being. Under the pretext of compensation for their losses on the left bank of the Rhine, the remaining rulers were able to move in long-awaited church and monastery property due to the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of February 25, 1803. In Bavaria the domains were recognized as state property by the constitution of 1818; in Württemberg by the constitution of 1819. Prussia transferred the regulation of the general land law for the Prussian states to added goods. In the constitution of 1818, Baden declared the domains to be the patrimonial property of the Grand Duke, who could only be sold with the consent of the estates. Saxony recognized the domains in the constitution of September 4, 1831 as state property. Hanover followed in 1848. In 1776, the founder of economics, Adam Smith, pointed out that there was not a single tree left in many state forests and that it was better to sell the state forest to active private individuals and thus reduce the national debt. Due to the financial hardship after the Napoleonic wars, Prussia was ordered to sell the forests. However, the larger state forests were spared, and after 1820 the state income improved so that the intention to sell was no longer pursued. There was no privatization in Württemberg. In Bavaria, the sale of the state forests became government policy from 1794. However, Bavaria was able to sell the church property that had been confiscated due to the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, so that the sale plans were abandoned.

After that, the state forest areas increased again overall: In Prussia the state forests increased between 1820 and 1865; in Bavaria they remained almost constant between 1844 and 1859. In Württemberg they increased slightly between 1804 and 1855. In Baden, the state forests increased between 1837 and 1870, as well as in Saxony between 1807 and 1859. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars, the great powers reorganized state conditions in Europe for the second time in a short time. The German Federation of Sovereign Princes and Free Cities of Germany was agreed for Germany . The German Confederation did not interfere with the property rights of the member states. The Paulskirche constitution of March 28, 1849, which did not come into force because Prussia rejected it, also did not provide for any interference with the property rights of the individual states.

The state forest in the nation state

After the dissolution of the German Confederation on July 28, 1866, the North German Confederation was founded on April 17, 1867 for the German states north of the Main Line. The constitution of this first German nation-state only diminished the sovereign rights, not the property rights of the states. In 1870 the southern German states joined the North German Confederation, which a little later was named German Empire . Even as member states of the new federal state, the states retained their property rights, including forest property. After the collapse of the monarchy in 1918, the Weimar Constitution came into force on August 14, 1919. The Weimar Imperial Constitution only affected the postal assets and the railroad assets, and left the other state assets unaffected. Under National Socialism, the Reich took over the sovereignty of the states; the state governments were subordinated to the imperial government. The states remained in existence as Reich funds authorities with a special property law position and retained their property rights.

The state forest in two German states

Western zones and western Germany

Due to the unconditional surrender in 1945, neither the Reich nor the states went under, as the Reich was not annexed. Some states were continued under the occupation sovereignty, such as Bavaria, Thuringia and Saxony. Baden and Württemberg were simultaneously divided and merged into Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern, and later merged to form Baden-Württemberg. North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Brandenburg and Saxony-Anhalt were separated from Prussia. The forest ownership passed to the newly formed lands. In the period after the Second World War , the forests of the German federal states were mainly managed by state administrations, which, in addition to managing, maintaining and using the state forests, also had to fulfill sovereign tasks and were responsible for advising and promoting private and corporate forests (only federal states with Unified forest administrations). In federal states without standardized forest administrations, advice, support and support have always been carried out without the involvement of the state forest administrations that are currently being dissolved.

Soviet Zone and GDR: From Confiscation to the People's Forest

The Soviet military administration confiscated all the property of the German state in their zone of occupation on 30 October 1945th The seized assets, including the forest, were made available by the Soviet military administration to the self-governments of the five countries in the Soviet zone of occupation on March 29, 1946. On April 7, 1948, public property was introduced for the first time for important economic goods. Public property could neither be sold nor encumbered. The German Economic Commission , a central administration for the five countries in the Soviet zone of occupation, decided on June 15, 1949 that forestry operations should be owned by the people. Former state property, including the former state forests, were administered like public property, but not yet transferred to public property. On January 1, 1952, 94 state forestry enterprises were founded and combined in five associations of state-owned forestry enterprises. They became legal entities for all publicly owned and forestry assets. However, this did not mean that the state forests became public property. On July 23, 1952, districts were introduced in the federal states, which should lead to the disempowerment of the federal states. Until they were finally abolished in 1968, the federal states led a shadowy existence and no longer had any responsibility for the forest. Only in October 1957 were state forests publicly owned. The Minister of Agriculture and Forestry issued the instruction that all forestry assets of the German Reich, the State of Prussia and other regional authorities from the period before May 8, 1945 should be transferred to the legal ownership of the state forestry operations.

From folk forest to country forest

After the political change in 1989, five new federal states were envisaged by the federal state introduction law of July 22, 1990 by amalgamating the district territories . Also on July 22, 1990, the People's Chamber of the GDR stipulated with the Goods Transfer Act that the state forestry operations, including the state-owned land and other assets, are to be transferred to the states as property. The state-owned property of the Office for Forest Management Potsdam and the Forest Management Authorities Dresden, Weimar and Schwerin should also be transferred. The nationally owned forest assets were handed over to the Treuhandanstalt, founded on June 17, 1990, for temporary trustee management by ordinance of August 29, 1990 . It had to ensure the necessary conditions for the reorganization of the nationally owned assets in the forestry sector. What was not to be transferred to the ownership of the federal states and municipalities, the trust company had to privatize.

Restitution of the state forest in Saxony

On September 21, 1990, the government plenipotentiary of the Dresden district commissioned a forestry working group in the three Saxon districts that had come together on its own initiative to list the properties and objects that were to become the property of the future state of Saxony. On October 3, 1990, the new states emerged and at the same time became member states of the Federal Republic of Germany. On February 26, 1991, the Treuhandanstalt commissioned its Agriculture and Forestry Group to inventory the forest areas that existed on October 3, 1990 and to determine the ownership structure that existed on May 8, 1945. By the end of June 1992, 600,000 plots of land had been recorded for Saxony and the ownership structure established. The Free State of Saxony applied for the restitution of 184,259 hectares of forest area. In accordance with the Asset Allocation Act, the President of the Treuhandanstalt decided on the transfer by administrative decision . The restitution of the state-owned land was largely completed in 1995.

Current development

Only in recent years have efforts been made to reorganize the often deficit state forest administrations against the background of the strained budget situation in the federal and state governments. Today the state and state forests of the German federal states are partly still managed by differently organized state administrations (e.g. Baden-Württemberg , Thuringia ), but also partly by companies or companies owned by the respective state (e.g. Lower Saxony , Bavaria , Hesse , Rhineland -Pfalz , Saxony ). In addition to the economic function, ecological and social aspects of forest management play a prominent role in state forest management today, which has always been taken into account by other forms of ownership. The particular importance of these so-called welfare effects of forest management is reflected in the forest laws of the federal states, which stipulate special consideration of the general welfare as a requirement for state forest management. This orientation towards the common good is reflected in the financial operating result. Before the last reforms, the deficit of state forest administrations was cautiously estimated at 75 euros per year and hectare.

Federal forest

The forest owned by the Federal Republic of Germany is mostly called federal forest, although it is also a state forest . The forests owned by the federal government are looked after by the federal forest division of the Federal Agency for Real Estate . The federal forest is mainly located on areas used by the military and along federal waterways and motorways . Federal forests are therefore usually subject to a special purpose, to which forest management has to be oriented. For example, forests on military properties fulfill important protective functions on the one hand to protect the civilian environment from the stresses of training operations (noise and dust protection). On the other hand, it is of great importance for the exercising troops in the context of the training scenario ("stage design function").

National forests

Austria

In Austria there are in accordance with the cadastral evaluations of 2016 49.294 hectares of state forest , which is of only 1.3 percent of Austria's total forest area is a share of 3,746,073 hectares. 563,827 hectares or 15.1 percent are managed by Österreichische Bundesforste AG (ÖBF) or are in other public ownership (community forest, owned by subsidiaries of the regional authorities). The Austrian Forest Inventory (ÖWI) recorded the forest by other criteria than the cadastral and has for the survey period 2007 to 2009, a total forest area in Austria of 3,991,000 hectares. Around 593,000 hectares and 14.8 percent are then managed by Österreichische Bundesforste AG (the high proportion of private forest , including church forest , is characteristic of Austria).

The state forest in Austria goes back to the kk Forstarkar , including the private forest of the expropriated Habsburgs .

France

The Forêt domaniale exists in France .

Poland

The forests of Poland cover 9,163,800 hectares and thus cover 29.3 percent of the country's area. Over 80 percent of the forest area is state-owned. 7,279,654 hectares or 77.3 percent of the Polish forest area are managed by the Polish State Forests ( Lasy Państwowe ).

Switzerland

The Galm state forest as a Swiss example

In Switzerland , there is no strict distinction between corporate forests and state forests, but rather the general public-sector forest . Around 3,300 forest owners under public law manage 884,302 hectares of forest, 70 percent of the total forest area in Switzerland. The largest forest area is accounted for by property types that essentially correspond to the German corporate forest: 351,039 hectares of forest of the political communities , 278,312 hectares of forest of the civil communities and 101,975 hectares of the cooperatives and cooperatives. With 50,713 hectares of forest in the cantons and 8,759 hectares of federal forest , the actual state forest cover only around 5 percent of the Swiss forest area. There are also 93,495 hectares of remaining, mixed, public forest areas.

United States

There are 155 National Forests in the United States of America administered by the United States Forest Service and totaling approximately 769,000 km² of land. In addition, individual states, such as Connecticut, have their own state forests , which are administered together with the state parks and, depending on the original purpose, are used for logging, research and training purposes and environmental protection.

Literature on forest ownership in Germany

  • August Bernhardt: History of forest ownership , Volume 1, Berlin 1872.
  • August Bernhardt: History of forest ownership , Volume 2, Berlin 1874.
  • August Bernhardt, History of Forest Property , Volume 3, Berlin 1875.
  • Otto Depenheuer / Bernhard Möhring (ed.): Forest property . Heidelberg u. a. 2010.
  • Werner Frotscher / Bodo Pieroth: Constitutional history . 14th edition Munich 2015.
  • Karl Hasel / Ekkehard Schwarz: Forest history: a plan for study and practice , 3rd edition Remagen 2006.
  • Ernst Ulrich Köpf (Ed.): Documentation on forest and forestry in the Free State of Saxony before and after the social change in 1989/90 from the perspective of contemporary witnesses , Remagen-Oberwinter 2015.
  • Albrecht Milnik: Responsible for the forest , 2nd edition Remagen-Oberwinter 2013.
  • Karl-Reinhard Volz: The German Forest , The Citizen in the State, Stuttgart, Issue 1/2001.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ § 3 of the Federal Forest Act
  2. ↑ Results database of the Third National Forest Inventory (2012) . Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  3. ↑ Heino Polley, Petra Hennig: Forest ownership in the mirror of the national forest inventory. In: AFZ-DerWald. 6/2015. (on-line)
  4. ↑ Capitulare de villis, Chapter 36.
  5. ↑ Capitulare de villis, Chapter 36.
  6. ^ Uwe Eduard Schmidt in: Otto Depenheuer / Bernhard Möhring (eds.): Waldeigentum , Heidelberg a. a., 2010, p. 24.
  7. ↑ August Bernhardt: History of forest ownership , Volume 1, Berlin 1872, pp. 56–60, 99–102.
  8. ^ August Bernhardt, History of Forest Property, Volume 1, Berlin 1872, pp. 170 f.
  9. ↑ August Bernhardt: History of forest ownership , Volume 1, Berlin 1872, p. 172 f.
  10. ↑ Andreas Bohe / Heino Polley in: Otto Depenheuer / Bernhard Möhring (eds.): Waldeigentum , Heidelberg a. a., 2010, p. 60.
  11. ^ Karl Hasel / Ekkehard Schwarz: Forest history: A plan for study and practice , 3rd edition Remagen 2006, p. 80.
  12. ↑ Reiner Groß: Geschichte Sachsens , Berlin 2001, p. 80.
  13. ↑ Reiner Groß: Geschichte Sachsens , Berlin 2001, p. 74.
  14. ↑ Reiner Groß: Geschichte Sachsens , Berlin 2001, p. 79 f.
  15. ↑ Ulrich Wengenroth in: Martin Vogt (Hrsg.): German history from the beginnings to the present , 3rd edition, Frankfurt am Main 2006, p. 310.
  16. ↑ Ulrich Lange in: Martin Vogt (Hrsg.): German history from the beginnings to the present , 3rd edition Frankfurt am Main 2006 p. 215.
  17. ↑ August Bernhardt: History of forest ownership , Volume 2, Berlin 1874, p. 44.
  18. ↑ August Bernhardt: History of forest property , Volume 2, Berlin 1874, p. 43 f.
  19. ↑ August Bernhardt: History of forest ownership , Volume 2, Berlin 1874, p. 44.
  20. ↑ Prussian General Land Law Part II, Title 14, Section 11.
  21. ↑ Michael Behnen in: Martin Vogt (Hrsg.): German history from the beginnings to the present , 3rd edition, Frankfurt am Main 2006, p. 397.
  22. ↑ August Bernhardt: History of forest ownership , Volume 2, Berlin 1874, p. 241.
  23. ↑ Art. 27 of the Rhine Federation Act of July 12, 1806.
  24. ↑ August Bernhardt: History of forest ownership , Volume 2, Berlin 1874, pp. 241–245.
  25. ^ Heinrich Schmidt (ed.): The wealth of the nations by Adam Smith. After the translation by Max Stirner , Jena 1910. Reprint Cologne 2009, p. 846.
  26. ↑ August Bernhardt: History of forest ownership , Volume 2, Berlin 1874, p. 249.
  27. ^ August Bernhardt: History of the forest property , Volume 2, Berlin 1874, p. 251.
  28. ↑ August Bernhardt: History of forest property , Volume 2, Berlin 1874, p. 251 f.
  29. ↑ August Bernhardt: History of forest property , Volume 3, Berlin 1875, p. 55 f.
  30. ↑ Werner Frotscher / Bodo Pieroth: Verfassungsgeschichte , 14th edition Munich 2015, p. 173.
  31. ↑ Art. 170 of the Weimar Imperial Constitution
  32. ↑ Article 171 of the Weimar Constitution
  33. ↑ Art. 2 of the law on the rebuilding of the Reich of January 30, 1934, RGBl. I, p. 75.
  34. ↑ Werner Frotscher / Bodo Pieroth: Verfassungsgeschichte , 14th edition Munich 2015, p. 311.
  35. ^ Otto Koellreutter: German constitutional law. A floor plan . 3rd edition Berlin 1938, p. 123.
  36. ↑ Decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court Volume 36, p. 1 [15 f].
  37. ↑ SMAD Order No. 124 of October 30, 1945
  38. ↑ SMAD Order No. 97 of March 29, 1946
  39. ↑ SMAD Order No. 64 of April 17, 1948
  40. ^ Order on the formation of the Association of Nationally Owned Goods of the German Economic Commission of June 15, 1949, ZVOBl 1949, p. 498.
  41. ↑ § 6 of the law on the reform of the public budget of December 15. 1950, Journal I, p. 1201.
  42. ^ Ordinance of the Council of Ministers of the German Democratic Republic of February 14, 1952 on the formation of state forestry enterprises, Journal of Laws of 1952, p. 149.
  43. ↑ Law on the further democratization of the structure and functioning of the state organs in the countries in the German Democratic Republic of July 23, 1952, Journal of Laws of I, p. 613.
  44. ↑ Albrecht Milnik: In responsibility for the forest . 2nd edition Remagen-Oberwinter 2013, p. 168 f.
  45. ↑ Land introduction law of July 22, 1990, Journal of Laws of I, No. 51, p. 955.
  46. ↑ Section 7, Paragraph 1 of the Act on the Transfer of Nationally Owned Goods, State Forestry Enterprises and Other Agricultural and Forestry Enterprises into the Property of the Länder and Local Authorities of July 22, 1990, Journal of Laws of August 9, 1990, p. 897– 899.
  47. ↑ Section 7 (3) of the Act on the Transfer of Nationally Owned Goods, State Forestry Enterprises and Other Agricultural and Forestry Enterprises into the Property of the Federal States and Local Authorities of July 22, 1990, Journal of Laws of August 9, 1990, p. 897– 899.
  48. ↑ § 1 of the Third Implementing Ordinance for the Trust Act of 29 August 1990, Journal of Laws of I, p. 1333.
  49. ↑ § 4 of the Third Implementing Ordinance for the Trust Act of 29 August 1990, Journal of Laws of I, p. 1333.
  50. ↑ § 2 Clause 1 of the Third Implementing Ordinance for the Trust Act of 29 August 1990, Journal of Laws of I, p. 1333.
  51. ↑ Alexander Riedel in: Ernst Ulrich Köpf (Hrsg.): Documentation on forest and forestry in the Free State of Saxony before and after the social change in 1989/90 from the perspective of contemporary witnesses , Remagen-Oberwinter 2015, pp. 13 f, 24.
  52. ↑ Article 1, Paragraph 1 of the Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic on the establishment of German unity of August 31, 1990, Federal Law Gazette II, p. 889 ff.
  53. ↑ Eckart Sailer in: Ernst Ulrich Köpf (Hrsg.): Documentation on forest and forestry in the Free State of Saxony before and after the social change in 1989/90 from the perspective of contemporary witnesses , Remagen-Oberwinter 2015, p. 89.
  54. ↑ Eckart Sailer in: Ernst Ulrich Köpf (Hrsg.): Documentation on forest and forestry in the Free State of Saxony before and after the social transition in 1989/90 from the perspective of contemporary witnesses , Remagen-Oberwinter 2015, p. 90.
  55. ↑ Section 1, Paragraph 1, No. 1 of the Act on Determining the Allocation of Formerly Nationally Owned Assets of March 22, 1991.
  56. ↑ Eckart Sailer in: Ernst Ulrich Köpf (Hrsg.): Documentation on forest and forestry in the Free State of Saxony before and after the social transition in 1989/90 from the perspective of contemporary witnesses , Remagen-Oberwinter 2015, p. 100.
  57. ↑ ForstBW . Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  58. ↑ Bavarian State Forests: Statistics Volume 2014 . Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  59. ↑ The Berlin Forests . Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  60. ^ Website of the Landesbetrieb Forst Brandenburg
  61. ↑ One year Landesbetrieb Forst Brandenburg - first balance. In: info-potsdam.de. February 22, 2010, accessed February 10, 2020 .
  62. ↑ The Hamburg district foresters . Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  63. ↑ Hessen-Forst . Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  64. ↑ Brief portrait of the Landesforst MV. (PDF; 4.6 MB) Information flyer from the State Forests Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania - Public Law Agency. 2019, accessed February 10, 2020 .
  65. ↑ Lower Saxony State Forests . Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  66. ↑ The forest in NRW. Landesbetrieb Wald und Holz NRW, accessed on February 10, 2020 .
  67. ↑ Forestry. State government of Rhineland-Palatinate, accessed on February 10, 2020 .
  68. ^ SaarForst: From the districts. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  69. ^ Website of the Sachsenforst state enterprise
  70. ↑ Staatsbetrieb Sachsenforst: Annual Report 2016. p. 4. Accessed on November 12, 2018.
  71. ↑ State Forestry Office of Saxony-Anhalt . Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  72. ↑ Forest for more - the Schleswig-Holstein State Forests. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  73. ↑ Thuringia Forest . Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  74. ^ Ministry for an Austria worth living in (ed.): Sustainable forest management in Austria - data collection on Austrian forests. As of November 2017, Table 1.1 online version . Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  75. ^ Austrian Forest Inventory (ÖWI) . Retrieved October 29, 2015.
  76. ^ Polish State Forests: The state forests in figures 2013. S. 4f. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  77. ↑ Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN, ed.): Forest Report 2015. p. 100. online ( Memento from August 31, 2015 in the Internet Archive )