City Palace Cool Fountain
The Stadtpalais Kühler Brunnen , also known as Zum Kühlen Brunnen or Kühlebrunnen , is a palatial, extensive residential and trading house built in Halle (Saale) in the first half of the 16th century . With the Halle Cathedral and the New Residence , it is one of the most important buildings of the Central German Early Renaissance and is the most remarkable secular building in Halle of the 16th century. In the register of monuments of the city of Halle , the palace is listed as a residential building under registration number 094 11591.
location
The spacious property with two inner courtyards extends from the market square in the south along the Gasse Kühler Brunnen to Grosse Nikolaistraße in the north, from where it was entered and driven through a gatehouse that was demolished in 1964. The now separate houses Markt No. 15 and No. 16 also belong to the complex. In the 16th century they were a unit and used as a residential building for the client.
Building history
According to the historian and local historian Siegmar Schultze-Gallera is an urban was originally on the site of the city palace House of Pleasure , the so-called tits folding. In 1522, the treasurer and confidante of Cardinal Albrecht von Brandenburg , Hans von Schönitz , with the support of the latter, acquired a "Hofstette" (Markt 15 and 16) on the market from the Neuwerkstift, and that between this property and the Großer Schlamm (today's Große Nikolaistraße) Extending former cemetery area of the Lamberti Chapel in order to erect a building complex grouped around two inner courtyards as his residential and business seat. Schönitz was also responsible for the princely construction of the city, and his own property should also be representative. The horrific sum of 20,000 guilders expended on the construction was at least partly the result of unfair financial manipulations, which ended up on the gallows for Schönitz. The name of the palace Kühler Brunnen was derived from a fountain with cool water that was located on the property. The path leading from the market to the palace was originally called Taube Gasse, a common name for a cul-de-sac in the Middle Ages , and was only given the name of the Kühler Brunnen building in the course of the 19th century.
Despite the building inscription “Dis Haus, Hans v. Schenitz built in 1531 jar “on the portal of the courtyard side of the house at Markt 16, Schönitz did not build the house from scratch, because the late Gothic gable wall of the corner house at Markt 15 shows the year 1512, when Hans von Schönitz was just 13 years old. In the following years, up to 1532, a western wing was built on the courtyard side and the so-called gallery to the east as a second wing. Both connected the house with the stately three-story kitchen building at the rear, the roof of which dates from 1530. These four structures enclose the front courtyard. To the rear of the kitchen building, the arcade building, which is no longer in existence today, was connected to the east as a side wing and the representative hall and courtyard building to the west. The rear inner courtyard was closed with the gatehouse to the north on Grosse Nikolaistrasse between the two wings.
Well-known artists of the time worked on the equipment: Lucas Cranach the Elder. and his workshop, Matthias Grünewald , the Altdorfer student Conrad Faber von Kreuznach , the Halle cabinetmaker's workshop Gabriel Tuntzel and others. The valuable pieces of equipment are now in various archives and museums. A valuable house drawing board by Hans von Schönitz from 1532, created by the faience artist Paul Preuning from Nuremberg, was moved from the Kühler Brunnen to the Moritzburg Art Museum in 1913 , where it is still located today. The plaque showing Schönitz's coat of arms bears the following inscription: ZVV FROM WILLIK VND VIL VERTRAVEN SCHWECHT KURTZET VND BRINGET GREAT RAVEN (Too pious compliance and too much trust weakens, offends and brings great remorse).
For the last construction phase, which ended with Schönitz's arrest in 1534, the archbishop's foreman Andreas Günther could be engaged. He completed the buildings in the northern courtyard, especially the hall and arcades.
In the period that followed, the buildings in this important urban area were constantly changed. As early as 1600 corner house No. 15 was raised by one storey and provided with a gabled box bay window. At the same time, a wing building with upper floors in a half-timbered construction and a mid-house was built along the Kühler Brunnen alley .
In 1664 the Schönitz property was sold by the heirs to the city council, which divided the house on the market into two houses, today's numbers 15 and 16. In 1788, the house was bought by Dr. med. Joh. Sigismund Biester, who had bought the house a year earlier from the city council.
The oldest surviving reconstruction plans date from 1872. The whole house was to be used as a restaurant and modernized. 25 years later the dance hall was given up and apartments were set up on the 2nd floor. In 1907 the arcade building was demolished and a brick building was erected in its place. The gatehouse, which formed a unit with the arcade building, was removed in 1964.
In the north-west corner of the complex on Grosse Nikolaistraße, originally occupied by the courtyard building and the gatehouse, the “Hallesches Brauhaus” restaurant was opened in a new extension in 2005; some historical parts of the building are also used.
Usage history
The city palace is said to have served Cardinal Albrecht von Brandenburg as a secret meeting place with his lover, an Italian. In addition to his place of residence and business, Hans von Schönitz also held the wine bar fair granted by Cardinal Albrecht in his palace . A privilege that the Halle City Council fiercely opposed, but in vain, since otherwise only the Ratskeller owned it and the city council feared competition.
After the execution of Schönitzen, the palace became the property of Albrecht. Only after his death in 1546 did it return to the von Schönitz family. Through the widow of Salomon von Schönitz, the grandson of Hans von Schönitz, Maria von Goldstein († 1591), the patricians Dürfeld (her second husband was a Dürfeld) inherited the Schönitz property.
In 1647 the Dürfelds ceded the complex to the Goldsteins, who sold it to the city council in 1664 for 4,300 thalers . The wine bar, which has always been in operation, has now been leased by the city. The Kühle Brunnen was also used by guilds and craftsmen for their meetings. Since the university was founded in 1694, sections and anatomical lectures have also taken place here. The Catholic chapel was located on the top floor from 1731 to 1759.
After Johann Sigismund Biester had bought and rebuilt the Kühler Brunnen in 1787, but without wine bar, he sold it in 1797 for 2,500 Reichstaler to the innkeeper Bosse, who had previously held the university beer bar in the Goldnen Ring. This she now relocated to the Kühlen Brunnen.
In 1806 the widow Westenrieder sold the inn. In addition to numerous rooms and chambers, there is a large dance hall for 60 to 70 people in the palace. The game of billiards was particularly popular here. The Landsmannschaft Guestphalia also had their restaurant here. Around 1820 the house was a popular civic restaurant where you could drink Broihan , Halle's national drink. On April 19, 1868, the Halle local branch of the General German Workers' Association was founded in Kühler Brunnen .
By 1912 the Kühler Brunnen was turned into a residential building. The restaurant, which was initially located on the ground floor, was closed in 1952. The rooms were then used as storage. After the apartments were vacated in the mid-1960s, the entire area from the market square to Grosse Nikolaistraße was to be merged in the 1970s and 1980s and turned into a cultural facility with a club restaurant - a community building for the association of visual artists and architects of the former Halle district was planned - get extended. The transfer back into private ownership after the fall of the Wall put a temporary end to the restoration work that had started.
For the major national exhibition Albrecht von Brandenburg, Renaissance Prince and Patron in 2006 on the occasion of the 1200th city anniversary of Halle, the Kühle Brunnen was one of the exhibition locations, along with Moritzburg, Halle Cathedral and the New Residence.
Description of the remaining buildings
Residential building
The former home of Hans von Schönitz, today houses Markt 15 and 16, is an early Renaissance building according to the inscription on the courtyard portal . However, other forms of the house as the windows of the courtyard and are pilasters with the pointed arch ending tracery late Gothic, as well as the western gable wall of the house market 15. The construction of the roof structure , which was placed simultaneously with the gables on both houses, proves the originally just a house. Hans von Schönitz rebuilt this already existing house according to his needs and probably also designed the front to the market as a splendid Renaissance facade , which can no longer be seen today. The interior of the house on the market, which also concerns the room layout, has been changed significantly over the centuries by extensive renovations. However, a well-preserved stucco ceiling with motifs of the five senses testifies to the formerly rich furnishings. Today both houses present themselves as four-story plastered buildings of different character; No. 15, in which the “Hermes” restaurant is located today, with a central bay, a small dwelling and baroque window frames, as well as the Gothic ornamental gable exposed on the west wall; No. 16 with a more austere baroque facade and simply profiled window frames, on the courtyard side a steep, tracery adorned gable from the late Gothic period.
gallery
This wing connects the residential building and the kitchen house on the east side of the south inner courtyard, which is not open to the public. Contrary to the external appearance, which is afflicted with the 19th century, the interior shows the building as belonging to the early Renaissance; Recognizable by the structure of the walls, door panels, a unique hall ceiling, a sandstone portal based on the Venetian model and a Renaissance fireplace with columns from the early Gothic period on the ground floor. According to the well-known sources, there was also an arcade on the ground floor , above it a wall with rows of fields and on the first floor there was a state hall. It can be assumed that Schönitz also kept a picture gallery and other valuable art treasures here.
Kitchen construction
Like the house on the market, the richly vaulted kitchen building located in the center between the south and north inner courtyards, whose cross vaults of the square kitchen room rest on a sturdy central pillar, is still late Gothic . The eastern gable wall of the kitchen is decorated with Gothic brick tracery. The building probably had a similar gable wall on the western opposite wall on the street side. There was enough space in the adjoining room and in three barrel-vaulted cellars for storing supplies .
Hall construction
The tower-like compressed hall building dominating the northern inner courtyard, often referred to as the actual “Cool Fountain”, is the main building and also the most magnificent building in the complex. A striking box bay window like a glazed two-story half-timbered gallery characterize the “face” of the palace. The six round arched gables, which also characterize the Halle Cathedral, are striking. These so-called "French gables" are attributed to the master builder Andreas Günther, who is considered to be the pioneer of the Central German early Renaissance. With the stair tower in front of it and its crowning hood , the hall building was both a city palace and a restaurant. Two-storey cellars were used to store beer and wine. A two-part room on the ground floor was reserved for the drinking guests. Above the restaurant there were two hall-like chambers for private use and a ballroom with lavish furnishings on the second floor. The round portal from 1532 on the Wendelstein, which dominates the court, is the earliest example of Italian import of shapes in Central German Renaissance architecture.
Preservation of monuments / future use
Even before the apartments were vacated, the building of the hall was measured by students at the suggestion of the city architect at the time, with the aim of setting up a restaurant again. At the same time, a study on the preservation of the building was carried out in what was then the Institute for Monument Preservation . For the use, the variants restaurant, museum or affiliation to the neighboring polyclinic were suggested. In order to avoid the impending deterioration after the evacuation and possible demolition, security measures have been carried out since 1977 and building research has been carried out. However, the economic decline at the end of the 1980s brought construction to a standstill. Even the political turnaround could not break through the ongoing stagnation at the Kühler Brunnen.
Incorporated in the list of endangered architectural monuments, the most important patrician property in the city of Halle is currently largely empty. The research project “The Renaissance Palace of Hans von Schenitz's Cool Fountain” of the Institute for Art History at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg in 2007/2008 aimed at a comprehensive art-historical appraisal of the architecture and furnishings of the patrician property. The aim is to compile and evaluate all written and image sources for the first time, as well as historical research on the history of ownership and use. The study is intended to create a basis for future handling of the artistically high quality, but endangered building fabric and its interior.
The Kühle Brunnen was bought by a group of companies in 1999. The current owners of the complex (as of early 2018) are three different real estate companies. The Markt 16 building with the gallery extension to the east was acquired by the real estate company Bauart GmbH in the summer of 2017. Specific plans for further refurbishment and use are not known.
literature
- Anke Neugebauer (Author) / Elisabeth Rüber-Schütte (Ed.): From the “delicious baw”. The patrician house "Kühler Brunnen" of Hans von Schenitz in Halle (Saale). State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt / State Museum for Prehistory, Halle 2019, ISBN 978-3-944507-92-7 .
- Siegmar von Schultze-Galléra : The house names and house symbols of the private houses, inns, boxes, salt boilers and pharmacies in Halle. Heimat Verlag, Halle 1931, Reprint Verlag Rockstuhl , Bad Langensalza 2016, ISBN 978-3-95966-117-1 , pages 35-37.
- Angela Dolgner , Dieter Dolgner , Erika Kunath: The historic market square of the city of Halle / Saale. Published by the Friends of the Buildings and Art Monuments of Saxony-Anhalt eV, Halle (Saale) 2001, ISBN 3-931919-08-0 , pages 86–89.
- Holger Brülls, Thomas Dietzsch: Architectural Guide Halle on the Saale. Dietrich Reimer Verl., Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-496-01202-1 , page 59.
- Reinhard Rüger: The Cool Fountain (Part I) and the other buildings belonging to the city palace of Hans von Schönitz in Halle. In: Arbeitskreis Innenstadt eV (Ed.): Hallesche Blätter. , February 1999, No. 9, pages 2-9.
- Reinhard Rüger: The cooling fountain (part II). In: Arbeitskreis Innenstadt eV (Ed.): Hallesche Blätter. , July 1999, No. 10, pages 8-14.
- Gustav Schönermark (edit.): Descriptive representation of the older architectural and art monuments of the city of Halle and the Saalkreis. Otto Hendel, Halle 1886, Reprint Fly Head Verlag, Halle 1997, ISBN 3-910147-81-X , pages 387-388.
- State Office for the Preservation of Monuments Saxony-Anhalt (Ed.): List of monuments Saxony-Anhalt / City of Halle. Fly Head Publishing, Halle 1996, ISBN 3-910147-62-3 , pages 257-258.
- Siegmar von Schultze-Galléra : The old hall . Compiled from the writings u. ed. by Erich Neuss , Koehler & Amelang , Leipzig 1965, pages 64–71.
- Hans-Joachim Mrusek : Halle / Saale. EA Seemann Verlag , Leipzig 1961, pages 90-92.
Web links
- List of monuments of the city of Halle
- MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Art History: Research Project Cool Fountain
- German inscriptions online. The inscriptions of the city of Halle an der Saale
Individual evidence
- ↑ State Office for the Preservation of Monuments in Saxony-Anhalt (ed.): List of monuments in Saxony-Anhalt / City of Halle. Fly Head Publishing, Halle 1996, ISBN 3-910147-62-3 , pages 257-258
- ^ A b c Siegmar von Schultze-Galléra : The house names and house symbols of the private houses, inns, lodges, salt boilers and pharmacies in Halle. Heimat Verlag, Halle 1931, Reprint Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza 2016, ISBN 978-3-95966-117-1 , pages 35-37
- ↑ Thomas Schauerte (ed.): Albrecht von Brandenburg, Renaissance prince and patron. Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2006, ISBN 978-3-7954-1912-7 , Volume 1, catalog, pages 268-270
- ↑ Anke Neugebauer: Andreas Günther von Komotau - master builder in the service of cardinal and elector. In: Josef Opitz and the arts in the Komotauer and Kaadener Land 1350–1590 , Chomutov 2015, pages 315–343
- ^ Hans-Joachim Mrusek : Halle / Saale. Seemann Verlag, Leipzig 1961, page 91
- ^ Rüger, Reinhard: The cooling fountain (Part II). In: Hallesche Blätter. Inner City Working Group, July 1999, No. 10, pages 8-14
- ^ Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg: Research project Das Renaissancepalais Kühler Brunnen of Hans von Schenitz
- ↑ Wochenspiegel from June 12, 2017
Coordinates: 51 ° 29 ′ 1.1 ″ N , 11 ° 58 ′ 7 ″ E