Sulfuryl fluoride
Structural formula | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wedges to clarify the spatial structure | |||||||||||||||||||
General | |||||||||||||||||||
Surname | Sulfuryl fluoride | ||||||||||||||||||
other names |
Sulfuryl difluoride |
||||||||||||||||||
Molecular formula | SO 2 F 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Brief description |
colorless, odorless, toxic gas |
||||||||||||||||||
External identifiers / databases | |||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||
properties | |||||||||||||||||||
Molar mass | 102.06 g mol −1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Physical state |
gaseous |
||||||||||||||||||
density |
4.63 kg m −3 |
||||||||||||||||||
Melting point |
−135.8 ° C |
||||||||||||||||||
boiling point |
−55.4 ° C |
||||||||||||||||||
Vapor pressure |
|
||||||||||||||||||
solubility |
sparingly soluble |
||||||||||||||||||
safety instructions | |||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||
MAK |
|
||||||||||||||||||
Global warming potential |
4732 (based on 100 years) |
||||||||||||||||||
As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions . |
Sulfuryl fluoride is a colorless and odorless gas that is used as an insecticide in foods such as cereals, nuts, nuts and dried fruits. It is also used to combat wood pests in objects, rooms or buildings.
history
Sulfuryl fluoride was developed as a fumigant to destroy wood pests in the early 1950s and has been marketed in the USA since 1961.
With the adoption of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, the use of the pesticide methyl bromide was restricted because it damages the ozone layer. This expanded the range of applications for sulfuryl fluoride, which has no effect on the ozone layer. According to more recent atmospheric measurements, however, a calculated global warming potential of 4780 is assumed.
Approval in Germany
Under the trade name ProFume, Dow AgroSciences received approval for sulfuryl fluoride from the Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL). In 2007, this initially only allowed its use on dried fruit and to disinfect empty mills and rooms. A second approval in 2009 also included the treatment of nuts, walnuts and nuts, as well as various types of grain that are stored in warehouses or under airtight tarpaulin until further processing. In 2012 it was approved for pest control for the treatment of hardwood and softwood, wooden pallets and packing wood.
application | min. Degree of purity | maximum gas concentration per application | maximum gas concentration per year | Applications per year | EU fluoride limit value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
empty rooms, silos, mills | 99.4% | 128 g / m 3 | 384 g / m 3 | 3 | |
Dried fruit | 99.4% | 128 g / m 3 | 384 g / m 3 | 3 | 3 mg / kg |
Grains (barley, oats, rye, triticale, wheat) | 99.4% | 128 g / m 3 | 128 g / m 3 | 1 | 2 mg / kg |
Nuts (nuts) | 99.4% | 128 g / m 3 | 384 g / m 3 | 3 | 25 mg / kg |
Biological effect on living things
Sulfuryl fluoride releases fluoride ions in biological material . These inhibit glycolysis and the fatty acid cycle in the cells of the target species. The affected organism lacks the energy it needs to survive.
Fluoride residues in food
In the approval of the Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL) it is assumed that the EU maximum values for fluoride of 25 mg / kg for nuts and 3 mg / kg for dried fruit could be complied with, but it is pointed out that with a "Extension of Use" in conjunction with other sources of fluoride such as B. Toothpaste a reassessment would be necessary. The BVL also warns that, taking into account all exposure routes for fluoride, the maximum tolerable total dose cannot be ruled out.
Extraction and presentation
Sulfuryl fluoride can be represented by
- Conversion of sulfur dioxide with fluorine
- Decomposition of the barium salt of fluorosulfonic acid
- Reaction of barium chloride with fluorosulfonic acid
- action of sulfur (IV) oxide on silver (II) fluoride in analogy to carbonyl fluoride
- Reaction of sulfuryl chloride fluoride with potassium fluorosulfite
properties
Physical Properties
Sulfuryl fluoride has a bisphenoid structure (distorted tetrahedral), the sulfur atom sits in the center of the tetrahedron. The bond lengths of the atomic bonds are shown in the picture.
Chemical properties
According to WHO and EPA , sulfuryl fluoride is one of the highly reactive substances. Compared to sulfuryl chloride , however, it is less reactive and more thermally stable. No significant hydrolysis occurs in water up to 150 ° C , but at basic pH values it hydrolyzes to HF and sulfuric acid at room temperature . With a half-life in the environment ( DT 50 ) of a few minutes to a few days, it can be classified as 'very easily degradable':
pH | temperature | DT 50 |
---|---|---|
2 | 25 ° C | 5.3 d |
7th | 25 ° C | 4.6 h |
9 | 25 ° C | 2.8 min |
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Entry on sulfuryl difluoride in the GESTIS substance database of the IFA , accessed on February 1, 2016(JavaScript required) .
- ↑ Entry on Sulphuryl difluoride in the Classification and Labeling Inventory of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), accessed on February 1, 2016. Manufacturers or distributors can expand the harmonized classification and labeling .
- ↑ BMWA Austria : List of substances for the MAK and TRK values , Appendix I / 2007.
- ↑ Swiss Accident Insurance Fund (Suva): Limit values - current MAK and BAT values (search for 2699-79-8 or sulfuryl fluoride ), accessed on November 2, 2015.
- ↑ G. Myhre, D. Shindell et al .: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis . Working Group I contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. Ed .: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 2013, Chapter 8: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing, pp. 24-39; Table 8.SM.16 ( PDF ).
- ^ Arbeitsgemeinschaft Getreideforschung eV: New fumigants ( Memento from February 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ VC Papadimitriou et al .: Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Warming Potential of SO 2 F 2 . In: J. Phys. Chem. A , 2008, 112, pp. 12657-12666, doi : 10.1021 / jp806368u .
- ↑ Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety : PPE approval report ProFume 02395-00-00 , 26 September 2007.
- ↑ a b c Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety : PPP approval report ProFume 02395-00-01 , July 15, 2009.
- ↑ Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety : PPP approval report ProFume 02395-00-2 , May 10, 2012.
- ↑ Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety : PPE approval report ProFume 02395-00-03 , April 24, 2012.
- ^ "Pesticide residues in food - REPORT 2005" , World Health Organization , Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2005
- ^ A b A. F. Holleman , E. Wiberg , N. Wiberg : Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry . 102nd edition. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-017770-1 , p. 592.
- ↑ a b E. L. Muetterties: Sulfuryl fluoride . In: Eugene G. Rochow (Ed.): Inorganic Syntheses . tape 6 . McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1960, pp. 158-161 (English).
- ↑ F. Seel: Sulfuryl chloride fluoride and sulfuryl fluoride . In: S. Young Tyree, Jr. (Ed.): Inorganic Syntheses . tape 9 . McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1967, p. 111-113 (English).
- ^ AF Holleman , E. Wiberg , N. Wiberg : Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry . 102nd edition. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-017770-1 , p. 590.
- ^ Michael Doherty: HED Records Center Series 361 Science Reviews . Ed .: United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2004, p. 2 .