Sultanate of Sulu

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Flag of the Sultanate of Sulu in the 19th century

The Sultanate of Sulu ( Spanish Sultanato de Jolo ) was a sultanate that on most of the islands of Sulu in the southern Philippines prevailed.

In addition to the Sultanate of Sulu, other sultanates existed in the Philippines, of which the Sultanate of Maguindanao and the Sultanate of Buayan were the largest.

history

The sultanate was founded in 1457 (earlier according to other sources) and is considered by Muslim historians to be sovereign for at least 442 years, although most other sources state that the sultanate was conquered by the Spanish in the 17th century. The Philippines was annexed to the United States in 1898 as a result of the Spanish-American War . Only North Borneo went to the British Empire and later, like Sabah in 1963, became part of Malaysia .

At the height of its power, the sultanate stretched from the western islands of Mindanao , today's provinces of Basilan , Sulu and Tawi-Tawi , across the island of Palawan in the north and took the eastern part of the Malay state of Sabah (formerly northern Borneo) . Today there are significant numbers of Tausug living in Sabah, the number of which increased during the conflicts between the Philippine central government and the rebel movement National Liberation Front of the Moro (MLNF).

founding

After 1450, the Islamic scholar Shari'ful Hashem Syed Abu Bakr, an Arab who was born in Johore on the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula (today opposite Singapore), arrived in Sulu from Malacca . In 1457 he founded the Sultanate of Sulu; he renamed himself "Paduka Maulana Mahasari Sharif Sultan Hashem Abu Bakr" .

In 1703 (other sources say as early as 1658) the Sultanate of Sulu received the north of Borneo from the Sultan of Brunei after Sulu sent aid against a rebellion in Brunei. In the same year Sulu handed the island of Palawan over to Qudarat , the Sultan of Maguindanao, who married a Sulu princess, and formed an alliance with the Sulu. Sultan Qudarat possibly handed over the island of Palawan to the Spanish in 1705 .

During the British invasion of the Philippines from 1762 to 1764, the Sultan Azim ud Din I (Alimudin) entered into an alliance with the British. He allowed the British to build a fortress on the island of Balambangan , which strengthened his position against the Spanish.

British acquisition of North Borneo

Sultan of Sulu with retinue

In 1865 the US consul in Brunei, Charles Lee Moses, received a ten-year concession from the Sultan of Brunei to administer the territory of Northern Borneo. However, after its civil war, the US wanted nothing to do with Asian colonies, and so Moses sold his claims to the Hong Kong-based American Trading Company of Borneo . When this company got into financial difficulties, it handed over the rights to the consul of the KuK monarchy in Hong Kong, Baron von Overbeck . Von Overbeck managed to get a renewal of the ten-year contract from the Temenggong (Sultan) of Brunei and reached a similar agreement on January 22, 1878 with the Sultan of Sulu.

To finance his plans for North Borneo, Overbeck found financial support from the brothers Alfred and Edward Dent. Nevertheless, Overbeck was not able to exercise his rule over the area. Von Overbeck finally resigned in 1880 and left control to Alfred Dent. Dent was assisted by Sir Rutherford Alcock and Admiral Sir Harry Keppel.

In July 1881 Alfred Dent and his brother formed the British North Borneo Provisional Association Ltd and received an official royal charter on November 1 of the same year. In May 1882, the North Borneo Chartered Company replaced the temporary company. Sir Rutherford Alcock became its first president and Alfred Dent became managing director.

Despite some diplomatic protests from the Dutch (the colonial neighbor on Borneo), the Spanish (Philippines) and the Sarawak government (the British-born White Rajas of the Brooke family who served as feudal men of the Sultan of Brunei), the North Borneo Chartered Company continued its efforts continued to settle and manage on the territory. As a result, the company acquired further areas of land from the Sultan of Brunei, which expanded the area of ​​the company in May 1884 to the now new border river Puputan near the capital of Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan . The Society acquired the Padas District in November 1884, the Kawang River Valley in February 1885, the Mantanani Islands in April 1885, and other small Padas areas in March 1898.

In 1888 North Borneo became a protectorate of Great Britain . However, the administration remained entirely in the hands of the British North Borneo Company; the English crown only reserved foreign policy.

Decline

Sultan Jamal ul-Kiram I, the last sovereign Sultan of Sulu, died in 1899. Sulu then became part of the Philippines.

Lahad Datu Standoff

On February 11, 2013, about 200 militant followers of Jamalul reached Kiram III. , the self-appointed preacher to the throne of the Sultanate of Sulu, the coast in the Lahad Datu district . These wanted to assert historical territorial claims of the sultan's descendants in a renegotiation . The military clashes, which lasted until the end of March 2013, killed 56 supporters of the sultan, nine Malaysian defenders and six civilians. The incident known as " Lahad Datu Standoff " sparked considerable diplomatic tension between the Philippines and Malaysia.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from May 26, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. British invasion of the Philippines: Sept. 23, 1762 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / anythingpinoy.com
  2. ^ Wording of the British North Borneo Company's charter contract

Remarks

  1. ↑ The name Claude Lee Moses is also found in the literature, but in the contract with the Sultan Abdul Mumin , notarized by Moses , he uses the first name Charles .