Symplocos

Symplocos
	Symplocos lucida , illustration
Systematics
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Asterids
Order :	Heather-like (Ericales)
Family :	Symplocaceae
Genre :	Symplocos
Scientific name of the family
	Symplocaceae
	Desf.
Scientific name of the genus
	Symplocos
	Jacq.

Symplocos is the only plant genus of the monogeneric family of the Symplocaceae within the order of the heather-like (Ericales), with around 250 to 300 species .

description

Vegetative characteristics

Symplocos species are mostly evergreen ( Symplocos paniculata is deciduous) trees and shrubs . The alternate and spiral or two rows on the branches, often sweet-tasting leaves are divided into petioles and leaf blades. The simple leaf blades have a smooth, toothed or glandular toothed leaf margin. Stipules are missing.

Symplocos paniculata , blooming

Fruits and leaves of Symplocos paniculata

Generative characteristics

The flowers are rarely single or mostly in simple or branched, racemose , spiked , paniculate or spherical inflorescences . The flowers are usually above a bract and two bracts; these bracts are seldom missing or there are more.

The radial symmetry , mostly small flowers are mostly hermaphroditic, rarely unisexual with a double flower envelope (perianth). The (three to) mostly five sepals are only fused at the base. The (three to) usually five white or yellow petals are fused to form a short corolla tube. There are rarely four or five, usually ten, fifteen or more (up to 100) stamens . The stamens that have grown together with the base of the corolla tube are free or several of them have grown together. The anthers are almost spherical. Two to five carpels are fused into a syncarpic, mostly subordinate or sometimes semi-subordinate, two- to five- chamber ovary. Each ovary chamber contains two to four ovules . At the ovary there is usually a ring-shaped, cylindrical or five-lobed disc with five glands. The thin style ends in a small, heady or two to five-lobed stigma.

Solitary stone fruits are usually formed, but there are also species with two to five-seeded berries . The seeds have a lot of endosperm , a straight or curved embryo and very short cotyledons ( cotyledons ).

distribution

They are widespread in the tropics and subtropics , but are absent in Africa. In the Tertiary ( Eocene ), the genus Symplocos was very common in Europe, as many fossil finds show. 42 species occur in China, 18 of them only there.

Fruits of Symplocos cochinchinensis

Symplocos matudae

Flowers of Symplocos paniculata

Symplocos pergracilis

Symplocos racemosa , fruits

Symplocos sawafutagi , fruits

Symplocos tinctoria

Systematics

Synonyms for Symplocos Jacq. are: Cordyloblasts Hensch. ex Moritzi , Hopea Garden ex L. nom. rej ., Palura (G.Don) Miers .

The genus Symplocos contains around 250 to 320 species (selection):

Symplocos adenophylla Wallich ex G.Don : It occurs in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and China.
Symplocos adenopus Hance : It occurs in China.
Symplocos anomala brand : It occurs in Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Okinawa and China.
Symplocos atlantica Aranha : Home is the coastal rainforest in Brazil.
Symplocos atriolivacea Merrill & Chun ex HLLi : It occurs in China and Vietnam.
Symplocos austrosinensis Handel-Mazzetti : It occurs in China.
Symplocos chaoanensis (Lour.) S.Moore : It occurs in China.
Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.Moore (Syn .: Myrtus laurinus Retz. , Symplocos laurina Wall. Ex G.Don ): It occurs in two subspecies in Asia, Australia, the Fiji Islands and Vanuatu .
Symplocos congesta Bentham : It occurs in China.
Symplocos crassilimba Merrill : It occurs on Hainan.
Symplocos dolichotricha Merrill : It occurs in China and Vietnam.
Symplocos dryophila C.B. Clarke ex JDHooker : It occurs in India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and China.
Symplocos euryoides Handel-Mazzetti : It occurs on Hainan .
Symplocos fordii Hance : It occurs in Guangdong.
Symplocos fukienensis Ling : It occurs in Fujian.
Symplocos glandulifera Brand ex Engl .: It occurs in China.
Symplocos glauca (Thunb.) Koidzumi : It occurs in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, Taiwan and in China.
Symplocos glomerata King ex CBClarke : It occurs in India, Bhutan, Sikkim and in China at altitudes between 1200 and 2700 meters.
Symplocos groffii Merrill : It occurs in Vietnam and China.
Symplocos hainanensis Merrill & Chun ex HLLi : It occurs in Guangdong and on Hainan.
Symplocos heishanensis Hayata : It occurs in China and Taiwan.
Symplocos hookeri C.B. Clarke ex JDHooker : It occurs in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and in Yunnan.
Symplocos lancifolia sieve. & Zucc. : It occurs in India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, the Philippines, Japan, Taiwan and China
Symplocos lucida (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc. (Syn .: Laurus lucida Thunb. , Symplocos theifolia D.Don ): It occurs in India, Bhutan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Indochina, the Philippines, China, Taiwan and Japan.
Symplocos matudae Lundell : It occurs in Mexico.
Symplocos menglianensis Y.Y.Qian : It only occurs in Yunnan .
Symplocos modesta Brand ex Engl .: It occurs at altitudes of around 1000 meters in Taiwan .
Symplocos nokoensis (Hayata) Kanehira : It occurs at altitudes between 3000 and 3200 meters in Taiwan .
Symplocos ovatilobata Nooteboom : It occurs only in Hainan .
Symplocos paniculata Miq. (Syn .: Cotoneaster coreana . H.Lév , Palura paniculata var. Pilosa Nakai , Prunus paniculata Thunb. , Symplocos chinensis (Lour) Druce. , Symplocos coreana (H.Lév) Ohwi. ): It is used in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan , Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, Korea, Japan, Taiwan and China and is a neophyte in North America.
Symplocos paucinervia Nooteboom : It only occurs in Guangxi .
Symplocos pendula Wight : It occurs in India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan, Japan and China.
Symplocos pergracilis (Nakai) T.Yamaz. : It occurs in Japan.
Symplocos pilosa Rehder ex Sargent : It occurs in southern Yunnan.
Symplocos poilanei Guillaumin : It occurs in Vietnam and China.
Symplocos prunifolia Siebold & Zucc. : It occurs only in Japan and South Korea ( Cheju )
Symplocos pseudobarberina Goncharov : It occurs in Cambodia, Vietnam and China.
Symplocos pyrifolia Wallich ex G.Don : It occurs in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Xizang.
Symplocos racemosa Roxb. : It is used in India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, China and Palau ago
Symplocos ramosissima Wall. ex G. Don : It occurs in India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Vietnam and in China.
Symplocos sawafutagi Nagamasu : It occurs in Japan.
Symplocos serrulata Humb. & Bonpl. : It occurs in Mexico (Chiapas), Costa Rica, Panama and Colombia.
Symplocos spectabilis Brand ex Engl .: It occurs in Myanmar and Yunnan.
Symplocos stellaris brand : It occurs in China, Taiwan and Okinawa .
Symplocos sulcata In short : It occurs in Yunnan and Xizang.
Symplocos sumuntia Buchanan-Hamilton ex D.Don : It occurs in India, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indochina, Taiwan and in China.
Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L'Hér. : It only occurs in the USA
Symplocos ulotricha Ling : It occurs in Fujian and Guangdong.
Symplocos vacciniifolia H.S.Chen & HGYe : It occurs in Guangdong.
Symplocos viridissima Brand ex Engl .: It occurs in India, Myanmar, Vietnam and China.
Symplocos wikstroemiifolia Hayata : It occurs in Malaysia, Vietnam, Taiwan and China.
Symplocos xylopyrena C.Y.Wu ex YFWu : It occurs in Yunnan and Xizang.
Symplocos yangchunensis H.G.Ye & FWXing : It occurs in Guangdong.

swell

The family of the Symplocaceae at the APWebsite = website of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. (Section systematics and description)
The Symplocaceae family on the DELTA website.
Young-fen Wu & Hans P. Nooteboom: Symplocaceae in the Flora of China , Volume 15, 1996, p. 235: Online. (Section description)
Frank Almeda & Peter W. Fritsch: Symplocaceae in the Flora of North America , Volume 8, 2009, p. 329: Online. (Section systematics and description with an outsourced genus Cordyloblaste Henschel ex Moritzi.)
PW Fritsch, LM Kelly, Y. Wang, F. Almeda & R. Kriebel: Revised infrafamilial classification of Symplocaceae based on phylogenetic data from DNA sequences and morphology. , In: Taxon , 57, 2008, pp. 823-852.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Symplocos in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an Young-fen Wu & Hans P. Nooteboom : Symplocaceae. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 15: Symplocaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2010
↑ João Luiz M. Aranha Filho, Ricardo Bertoncello, Peter W. Fritsch, Frank Almeda & Angela B. Martins: Symplocos atlantica (Symplocaceae), A New Species from the Atlantic Rain Forest of Brazil , In: Harvard Papers in Botany , 14 ( 2) 2009, pp. 101-104.

Web links

Commons : Symplocos - collection of images, videos and audio files

Symplocaceae of the Old World (Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden).

[GRIN-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Symplocos in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 5, 2017.

[FoC-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an Young-fen Wu & Hans P. Nooteboom : Symplocaceae. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 15: Symplocaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2010

[3] João Luiz M. Aranha Filho, Ricardo Bertoncello, Peter W. Fritsch, Frank Almeda & Angela B. Martins: Symplocos atlantica (Symplocaceae), A New Species from the Atlantic Rain Forest of Brazil , In: Harvard Papers in Botany , 14 ( 2) 2009, pp. 101-104.