Day systems

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Daily facilities of the Heinrich-Robert colliery in Hamm (2007)

Under -ground facilities , formerly day buildings , refers to the above-ground parts of operating a mine . In the course of industrialization, daytime facilities developed from the simplest facilities such as reels to simple facilities such as Malakow towers to large industrial complexes. In early mining, the prices of the share certificates in a mine were set according to the scope and size of the daily facilities of the mine to be valued.

General

The required daytime facilities of a mine must be determined and planned in advance . This applies in particular to the size and number of daily systems required. In advance, it must be planned at which point of the available site which structure will be built. The service life and size of the mine must be taken into account . In addition, it must be taken into account which natural resources are being extracted. Careful and good planning of the transport routes enables the products ( ore , coal ) to be separated from the material (e.g. mine construction ). Furthermore, the daytime facilities must be designed in such a way that the approaching and exiting miners are safe from the Kaue , e.g. B. through an underground crew channel to go to the shaft and back. The construction of the daytime facilities must be completed at the same time as possible when the exploration work is completed. A premature completion of the respective daily systems leads to unnecessary loss of interest, a late completion to the loss of operating profits. When erecting the building, the lowest possible loss of energy lines from the energy generation systems to the consumers must also be taken into account. In addition, the architectural design of the respective building is adapted to the technical and economic requirements. Furthermore, the use of waste heat from the machines during construction must be taken into account. As a rule, the daytime facilities have a shorter lifespan than the mine building . In most cases, the daytime facilities will be demolished after the mine is closed, only a few will be preserved for re-use or as a monument.

Day plants in early mining

The early tunnel mines had only a few open-cast buildings. In front of the tunnel mouth hole there was a small building that the miners called a Kaue . This chew served to protect the tunnel mouth hole. If the mine had a reel for extraction , this was provided with a chew to protect the miners working there. In addition, this chew served to protect the manhole mouth . To the gezähe to keep the miners and the required materials ensure the mines had a generally Huthaus . This is where the hat man lived , who supervised the mine and was also responsible for taking over and handing out the stuff. In the hut house the miners gathered for prayer before the shift started . In order to be able to forge the worn toughness or to be able to carry out other mountain blacksmithing work, a mountain forge was available in larger mines . The ironwork was carried out by a mountain blacksmith .

Before the mined mineral resources could be sold, they had to be processed in several steps. Additional open-cast buildings were required for this. First the large chunks had to be crushed in a stamping mill. The stamp mills were usually integrated into the smelters or iron hammers . But there were also larger mines that were equipped with their own stamping mill. So that the ores could be separated from the dead rock , the respective mines had a separation house . Several separating banks were set up here, where the separating boys had to separate the ores from the dead rock. The ores separated in this way then had to be further processed using water. For this purpose, the mines had a building in which the bedrock was set up, with which the ore was separated from the remaining rock and debris. Other days were building the necessary dewatering equipment and related Goepel .

Day systems in industrial mining

Until the beginning of the 1850s, it was usually extracted from shallow depths. In addition, the efficiency of the individual mines was still relatively low. Towards the end of the 19th century, civil engineering penetrated ever greater depths . The mines also became more and more efficient. The mine operators were now forced to adjust the daily facilities accordingly. For this reason the daily facilities of the mines became more and more extensive. Larger and larger structures were also built over the years. This is particularly noticeable in the case of conveyor systems such as headframes , headframes and hoist machine buildings. First the headframes were made of wood. The masonry Malakow towers were a further stage of expansion. From the middle of the second half of the 19th century, steel headframes were used. At the beginning of the 20th century, the daytime facilities were further expanded. The processing plants were modernized in order to further refine the raw materials . The first larger coal mine power plants were built. Other daytime facilities are the pit ventilator , the company workshops, material store, social and administrative building and the laundry room , as well as facilities for loading and sales. In the case of a special feature, transport by road, one speaks of land sales . Some larger hard coal mines are equipped with a coking plant .

photos

  • Daytime facilities of a hard coal mine

  • Malakow tower of the Brockhauser Tiefbau colliery in Bochum-Stiepel

  • Headframe of the Zeche Zollverein in Essen

  • Hut house of a mine

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Walter Bischoff, Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary . 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
  2. ^ Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence . Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.
  3. ↑ a b Wilhelm Hermann, Gertrude Hermann: The old collieries on the Ruhr. 4th edition, Verlag Karl Robert Langewiesche, successor Hans Köster KG, Königstein i. Taunus 1994, ISBN 3-7845-6992-7 , pp. 3-133.
  4. ^ A b Carl Immanuel Löscher: Historically mining letters on various objects of the Freyberg mining industry . In Siegfried Lebrecht Crusins, Leipzig 1786, pp. 113–114.
  5. ^ Rolf Dieter Stoll, Christian Niemann-Delius, Carsten Drebenstedt, Klaus Müllensiefen (eds.): The lignite opencast mining, meaning, planning, operation, technology, environment. 1st edition, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-78400-5 , p. 74.
  6. ↑ a b c Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Introduction to mining . 1st edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1982, ISBN 3-7739-0390-1 , pp. 17-18.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f Association for mining interests in the Oberbergamtsiertel Dortmund (ed.): The development of the Lower Rhine-Westphalian hard coal mining in the second half of the 19th century . Part VIII Disposition of daytime systems - steam generation - central condensation - air compression - electrical centrals, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH, Berlin Heidelberg 1905, pp. 1-18.
  8. ↑ a b c K. Kegel: Textbook of mountain economy . Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH, Berlin Heidelberg 1931, pp. 419-438.
  9. ↑ a b The facilities for the good of the workers in the mines . Verlag von Ernst & Korn, Volume II, Berlin 1876, pp. 80–81.
  10. ^ Hans Väth: Colliery buildings above days . Dissertation at the Technical University Carolo-Wilhelmina, printed by Ms. Wilh. Ruhfus, Dortmund 1929, pp. 10-11.
  11. ^ Förderverein Rammelsberger Bergbaumuseum Goslar e. V. (Hrsg.): Daily facilities of the Rammelsberg . Self-published by the Förderverein, Druck Papierflieger Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Goslar 2008, pp. 3–20.
  12. ^ A b c d e f Christian Ludwig Stieglitz: Encyclopedia of bourgeois architecture, in which all subjects of this art are dealt with in alphabetical order . Zweyter Theil EJ, bey Caspar Fritsch, Leipzig 1794, pp. 546-549.
  13. ^ A b Moritz Ferdinand Gätzschmann: Collection of mining expressions . Second substantially increased edition, Verlag von Craz & Gerlach, Freiberg 1881.
  14. ^ Moritz Ferdinand Gätzschmann: Collection of mining expressions . Craz & Gerlach Publishing House, Freiberg 1859.
  15. ^ Johann Samuel Schröter: Mineral and mining dictionary on frames, words and things from mineralogy and mining science . First volume, from A to Berg, by Barrentrapp and Wenner, Frankfurt am Main 1789, pp. 436–437.
  16. ^ Christian Ludwig Stieglitz: Encyclopedia of Bourgeois Architecture, in which all subjects of this art are dealt with in alphabetical order . Zweyter Theil EJ, bey Caspar Fritsch, Leipzig 1794, pp. 546-549.
  17. ^ Christian Ludwig Stieglitz: Encyclopedia of Bourgeois Architecture, in which all subjects of this art are dealt with in alphabetical order . Fünfter Part Schi-Z, by Caspar Fritsch, Leipzig 1798, p. 213.
  18. ↑ Minerophilo Freibergensi: New and well-established mineral and mining lexicon . Different and much increased edition, by Johann Christoph and Johann David Stößeln. Chemnitz 1743.
  19. ^ Moritz Ferdinand Gätzschmann: The preparation . First volume, published by Arthur Felix, Leipzig 1864.
  20. ↑ Explanatory dictionary of the technical art and foreign words that occur in the mining industry, in metallurgy and in salt works . Falkenberg'schen Buchhandlung publishing house, Burgsteinfurt 1869.
  21. ^ Carl Friedrich Richter: Latest mountain and hut lexicon . Second volume, Kleefeldsche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1805.
  22. ^ Carl Hartmann: Concise dictionary of mineralogy, mining, metallurgy and salt works, along with the French synonymy and a French register . Second section L to Z, 2nd edition, printed and published by Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Ilmenau 1825.
  23. ↑ a b c d A. Eichenauer: The rope pulley frames of the mine conveyor systems . Baumgärtner's Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1877, pp. 1–4.
  24. ↑ a b Karl Heinz Bader, Karl Röttger, Manfred Prante: 250 years of coal mining in the Brandenburg region . A contribution to the history of mining, the mining administration and the city of Bochum. Study publisher Dr. N. Brockmeyer, Bochum 1987, ISBN 3-88339-590-0 , pp. 95-96.