Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( LTTE for short , also Tamil Tigers ; Tamil தமிழீழ விடுதலைப் புலிகள் 'Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam' ) were a paramilitary organization that fought for the independence of the Tamil- dominated North and East during the civil war in Sri Lanka from 1983 to 2009 Sri Lankas from the rest of the island fought, mostly Sinhalese (see Tamil Eelam ). They exercised sole state power in the area they controlled until 2009 . The chief in command was Velupillai Prabhakaran . A strong cult of leadership had developed around him, and criticism of his leadership or of the LTTE in general was not tolerated. He was shot while fleeing government troops on May 18, 2009.

The LTTE is supported by 31 states a. a. classified as a terrorist organization for human rights violations and attacks , including by India, the US and, for several years, the European Union. In October 2014, however, the General Court of the European Union ruled that the underlying legal acts of the Council of the European Union were void for procedural reasons. The LTTE carried out around 240 suicide bombings.

History of the Tamil-Sinhala conflict

Territories of Sri Lanka claimed by the Tamil separatists

Conflicts between Tamils ​​and Sinhalese in Sri Lanka existed before the beginning of our era. These were mostly between the Sinhalese kingdoms in the south of Sri Lanka and the Tamil kingdoms in the north of Sri Lanka.

Over the millennia, the Sinhalese settled mainly in the south and central part of Sri Lanka, while the Tamils ​​inhabited the north and east. The government's settlement policy in the 20th century plays a bigger role in this. There was intense, non-hostile contact between the two groups over long periods of time. For a long time separate kingdoms existed, which the Portuguese and Dutch treated as separate entities during the time of their rule. When Sri Lanka became a British colony , the areas were merged. The better educated Tamils ​​were entrusted with administrative posts in the style of a divide-and-rule policy.

The Tamil desire for independence arose as a reaction to the Sinhala-only policy that was pursued by the Sinhala-dominated SLFP government since 1956 after Sri Lanka's independence in 1948. Laws were passed that denied Tamils ​​senior government, military and police posts. Admission to universities has been severely restricted for Tamil students. This led to bloody incidents between police forces and Tamils, which in turn led to nationwide pogroms against Tamils.

History of the LTTE

In the 1960s, Tamils, initially mainly students, began to organize and, initially by peaceful means (demonstrations, newspapers), to fight against the repression . An estimated 30 small groups emerged during this period, including the LTTE, which until it merged with another major militant group in 1976 called itself TNT (Tamil New Tigers).

In 1979 Anton Balasingham joined the LTTE and subsequently became the chief ideologist. He added other, Marxist- influenced ideas in the area of social policy to the sole goal of Tamil independence , which permanently shaped the politics of the group.

The rise of the LTTE

LTTE women 1, 2002

The LTTE was significantly more efficient than the other militant groups, which is due to its discipline, which is conditioned by the leadership of the charismatic Prabhakaran and the firm ideology. The killing of 13 Sri Lankan soldiers by the LTTE in July 1983 , and the subsequent pogroms against the Tamil minority with 1,000 to 5,000 deaths, are widely regarded as the beginning of the civil war in Sri Lanka. During the war, the LTTE fought successfully against the government troops and was able to gain control over the Tamil-dominated north and parts of the east of Sri Lanka. However, the Tamil cultural center, Jaffna , was recaptured by the Sri Lankan army in 1996 .

Initially, the LTTE worked with the other militant groups. From 1986 she fought the TELO ( Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization ) and murdered its entire leadership and several hundred fighters until this group had completely lost its influence. A few months later, the LTTE attacked the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF ) camps and displaced them from the Jaffna Peninsula .

Why the LTTE fought the other groups is controversial. Their own reason was that they worked too closely with India and were partially infiltrated by the Indian secret service RAW . The other groups were not as radical as the LTTE and it was feared that they would agree to a solution to the conflict with excessive concessions, mainly through Indian influence. The result of the attacks was the cementing of the LTTE's position as the predominant military group in the fight for Tamil Eelam.

However, the Tamil Tigers only became internationally known through their suicide bombings. In 1991 the former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi was murdered by them, in 1993 the Sri Lankan President Premadasa .

LTTE women 2, 2002

On January 31, 1996, the Sri Lankan central bank was assassinated. A truck loaded with explosives broke through the gates. The explosion that followed, and another one in a high-rise in Colombo's business district, killed 88 people and injured around 1,000.

Younger development

After the armistice reached in 2002, the LTTE is calling for a self-determined administration ( interim self-governing authority , ISGA ) as an interim solution to peace . This is strictly rejected by the Sri Lankan government. There was no sign of an agreement, as both sides do not want to move away from their positions.

In March 2004 the commander Vinayagamurthy Muralitharan alias Colonel Karuna broke away from Prabhakaran together with some 6,000 LTTE fighters under his command. The reason given is internal power struggles between the eastern and northern Tamils, which is controversial in view of Karuna's northern origin. Fierce fighting between the LTTE and its troops ensued, but so far has not changed the situation. One of the LTTE's current main charges against the Sri Lankan government is that it is supporting Karuna in order to harm the LTTE. The government had rejected an offer for a separate peace with the Karuna group.

The aid deliveries that followed the tsunami led to a renewed escalation of the conflict, as the aid countries and donors only wanted to hand over the aid goods in cooperation with the LTTE, in order to ensure their proper use in the east of the island. A compromise was reached after long negotiations, but it plunged the Sri Lankan government into a serious crisis, as Sinhala nationalist parties accused it of indirectly recognizing the sovereignty of the LTTE over the north and east of Sri Lanka.

The ceasefire agreement between the LTTE and the government was terminated by the government on January 2, 2008. In the meantime, government troops have captured the entire area controlled by the LTTE. President Mahinda Rajapaksa announced that the Sri Lankan army captured the LTTE stronghold of Kilinochchi in northern Sri Lanka after an offensive on January 1, 2009. He spoke of a "historic victory" in the civil war in Sri Lanka against the LTTE rebels.

On January 25, 2009, Mullaitivu was also captured by the Sri Lankan army. The LTTE lost the last city it controlled. According to the United Nations, around 250,000 civilians were trapped in the combat area. In May the military was also able to capture the last stretch of coast controlled by the LTTE. The LTTE's sphere of influence was now limited to a region of a few square kilometers in the northeast of the island.

The fighting between the LTTE and the Sri Lankan army in the spring of 2009 resulted in thousands of civilian deaths. Up to 200,000 people had to leave the region held by the rebels and could not be adequately supplied. In view of the humanitarian situation, the United Nations Security Council issued an official statement on the civil war in Sri Lanka for the first time on May 13, 2009 and called on the parties to the conflict to work for the safety of the trapped population and to care for the refugees.

End of the civil war

In view of the territorial gains in May 2009, Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa declared the LTTE defeated and the civil war over on May 16, 2009. The remaining rebels were surrounded by the military , initially nothing was known about the fate of the rebel leader Velupillai Prabhakaran . The LTTE announced through the Tamilnet website that it would abandon its weapons in order not to endanger the civilian population any further.

According to confirmed information from the Sri Lankan Army, Velupillai Prabhakaran was shot dead by a special unit on May 18, 2009 while fleeing from government troops, as was the entire leadership of the LTTE.

Brad Adams, Asia director of Human Rights Watch, called the LTTE defunct in 2014 . The US State Department's terrorism report in 2016 only mentions fears of the Sri Lankan government about the reappearance of LTTE sympathizers, but not activities of the organization itself. In 2017, the NDB mentions members of the LTTE who are trying to reorient themselves and attend Tamil events, but they did not pose a threat to the security of Switzerland.

separatism

LTTE deputy head Mahattaya was executed in 1994 for high treason against the LTTE. He has been accused of collaborating with India's Research and Analysis Wing (RAW or R&AW) to remove Prabhakaran from the LTTE leadership.

The case of Karuna is considered to be the largest case of separatism in the LTTE. Colonel Karuna split from the LTTE in March 2004 and founded the TEMVP (TamilEela Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal) on the grounds that the leaders did not care about the interests of the Eastern Tamils. The LTTE leadership in turn accused Colonel Karuna of embezzling funds. Colonel Karune sought control of the LTTE's eastern territories following a dispute between the LTTE and TEMVP.

After the election of President Mahinda Rajapaksa, the LTTE lost control of the eastern parts of the island. The SLA owes this victory primarily to Colonel Karuna through his split from the LTTE and his actions against the LTTE in the eastern areas. In September 2007, Colonel Karuna said he would not consent to disarmament until the government guarantees that his group will be protected. The TEMVP split even further and is currently under the leadership of Pillayan, who banned Karuna from the party.

structure

The LTTE was led by a five-member Central Committee, in addition to the political and military wing, the departments for navy, air force, intelligence, civil administration and overseas / foreign activities were directly subordinate to the Central Committee. Together they formed the foundation of the LTTE.

The exact number of fighters cannot be determined with certainty; by the end of the war, the LTTE is said to have had 17,900 fighters. About a third of the fighters were female, the LTTE advocated equal treatment for men and women. Many women wanted to participate in the liberation struggle, among other things in the hope of ensuring equality between men and women in the future Tamil society. There were also three brigades that consisted only of women fighters.

Tigers

The 'Charles Anthony Brigade' was the first conventional unit formed by the LTTE and it was involved in several major battles, including the battle for the 'Elephant Pass'. Charles Anthony was a close friend of Prabhakaran and died in a clash with the Sri Lankan army, in his honor he named the unit after him. In addition to infantry units, the military wing also included other classic units such as artillery, anti-tank, air defense and engineers.

Below is a list of the previously known units of the military wing:

LTTE women's unit
  • Charles Anthony Brigade
  • Jeyanthan Brigade
  • Colonel Kittu Artillery Brigade
  • Poonagari Brigade
  • Seruththai Brigade
  • Lt. Maduran Brigade
  • Munwarai Padai Brigade
  • Ponnamman Landmine Brigade
  • Special Land Mine Brigade
  • Imran Pandiyan Brigade
  • Kutti Sri Mortar Brigade
  • Ratha Regiment
  • Victor Anti Tank and Armored Regiment
  • LTTE Anti-Aircraft Unit
  • Maravarapadai Force
  • Ellapadai Force

Was a special unit of the LTTE, which protected the borders of their conquered areas from enemy invaders.

  • National Resurgence Force
  • Maalathi Brigade (comprised only of women fighters, named after 2nd LT.Maalathi, the first woman to die in combat.)
  • Sothiya Brigade (consisted of female fighters only)

Sea tigers

In July 1992 (other sources give 1984 as the year of foundation) the LTTE's naval wing - called 'Sea Tigers' - was founded after they failed to conquer the strategically important Elephant Pass in 1991. Prabhakaran came to the realization that only with a strong navy one could conquer the areas of Tamil Eelam and keep them, since the Sri Lankan navy played an important role in the defense of the Elephant Pass. In April 2000, the LTTE captured the Elephant Pass through heavy use of the Sea Tigers.

The Sea Tigers had heavily armed gunboats, troop carriers, supply ships, stealth boats, and submarines, most of which were locally designed and built. In addition to the units going to sea, they had divers, combat swimmers, shipbuilding and maintenance personnel, as well as their own communications and secret service cadre. The larger bases of the Sea Tigers were in the coastal areas of Mullaithivu and Mannar.

The main objective of the Sea Tigers was to combat the Sri Lankan Navy. Convoys were attacked as 'wolf packs', attempts by the Sri Lankan navy to land on the coastal areas conquered by the LTTE were repulsed, LTTE troops were transported to the front or freed from sieges. Divers laid mines in harbors, retrieved material from sunken ships or carried out reconnaissance missions. The combat swimmers carried out attacks on coastal targets and behind enemy lines and gathered information for the secret service.

In addition to fighting the Sri Lankan Navy, the Sea Tigers were also responsible for securing supplies. Their supply ships could transport everything that was needed for battle. The ships operated under different flags mainly in the waters of northeast Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, the materials were transferred to smaller boats on the high seas and then brought to the LTTE areas.

Below is a list of the previously known units of the military wing:

  • Female Sea Tiger Brigade
  • Gengai Amaran Diving Brigade
  • Lt. Col. Elil Kannan's Brigade
  • Lt. Col. Punida Brigade
  • Seran Commando Brigade
  • Erudha Brigade

Air Tigers

The exact date of origin of the LTTE Air Force - called 'Air Tigers' - is unknown. Until 2007 there was only guesswork about possible aircraft that could be in the possession of the LTTE. Even when the LTTE-operated radio station 'Voice of Tigers' reported on the operation of the Air Tigers on November 27, 1998, many were not sure whether the information was correct. Especially since the news was very sparse, it only said that the Air Tigers had scattered flowers from the air over the graves of the LTTE fighters. No information was given on the number and type of aircraft. In the years that followed, there were repeated reports of aircraft owned by the LTTE and an air strike by the LTTE in 2006, which the Sri Lankan government denied.

The existence of the Air Tigers was only confirmed by the Sri Lankan government in March 2007 when the LTTE launched an air strike against the Katanuyake air base north of Colombo. For this purpose, the LTTE used light aircraft from the Czech Republic and modified them in order to be able to plant bombs. Further air strikes followed until the LTTE's military defeat; to this day it is the only non-governmental organization with all three branches of service (army, navy, air force).

Black Tigers

The 'Black Tigers' are the LTTE's elite troops, referred to by many as the Suicide Command Unit for having carried out over a hundred suicide attacks. Captain Miller carried out the first suicide attack on July 5, 1987, by crashing a truck full of explosives into a military base. That is why 'Black Tigers Day' is always celebrated on July 5th to commemorate the dead Black Tigers fighters.

The Black Tigers became known in particular through the suicide attacks on the former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1991 and the Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa in 1993. In addition to military targets and politicians, civil targets such as the international airport in Colombo or the Temple of the Tooth (Sri Dalada Maligawa) attacked in Kandy. Most suicide attacks were carried out against ships by steering high-speed boats loaded with explosives against the ships. Between 1980 and 2000, the Black Tigers carried out 168 suicide attacks, and by June 30, 2007, 322 Black Tigers had died on their missions.

intelligence

The intelligence wing was founded in December 1983 and was called the Tiger Organization Security Intelligence Service (TOSIS). TOSIS initially operated from Chennai and received a few lessons on the basic activities of a secret service from the Indian secret service RAW (Research and Analysis Wing). The LTTE also ran a Military Office in Chennai, a forerunner of the military intelligence service. During the same period, other LTTE intelligence groups emerged in Sri Lanka.

In 1987, TOSIS was relocated to Sri-Lanka and incorporated all other intelligence groups into itself. TOSIS was initially headed by a vasanthan, when he left the LTTE in 1987, Shanmuganathan Sivashankar known as Pottu Amman took over. The LTTE began to study the major intelligence agencies, copying the methods of the Israeli intelligence agencies 'Shin Bet' and 'Mossad' and using training manuals from the Pakistani intelligence agency ISI (Inter-Services Intelligence) to train their intelligence cadres.

In 1993 the secret service was divided into two organizations, the National Intelligence Division (NID) and the Military Intelligence Service (MIS). Pottu Amman was responsible for the entire secret services until his death in 2009, he led the NID in particular. The NID was divided into five departments: Research and Publication, Training and Technology, Information Acquisition, Special Operations, and Administration. The MIS was also divided into five departments; Special reconnaissance, army information gathering, navy information gathering, air force information gathering and administration.

Civil administration

Under the civil administration, the Department of Finance , Justice , Tamil Eelam Police , Department of Economic Development, Department of Communication, the Peace Secretariat and the Tamil Rehabilitation Organization (TRO). The political wing was not only responsible for politics, but contained departments such as health , culture or the media . Both wings played an important role in building the state of Tamil Eelam. The work of the police and the judiciary in particular was viewed positively by the population in the LTTE areas.

Violation of human rights

The LTTE has carried out attacks on civilians on several occasions, including the 1987 Aranthalawa massacre , in which 33 young Buddhist monks and 4 other civilians were killed. Another attack was the 1985 Anuradhapura massacre, where LTTE cadres broke into the Sri Maha Bodhi shrine and shot indiscriminately at monks and civilians. They then went to Wilpattu National Park, where LTTE supporters killed more civilians; a total of 146 people were killed in the attack. In 1990 there was an attack on the Kattankudy Mosque in the east of the country. The Tamil Tigers killed over 147 praying people.

Above all, the LTTE is accused of having deliberately recruited and used children as soldiers . In 2003 the LTTE declared that it would not recruit child soldiers. Various organizations (including UNICEF) report that the commitment will not be kept.

Furthermore, the LTTE is accused of ethnic cleansing , in which Sinhala and Muslim residents were partly forcibly expelled from areas controlled by it, such as the entire Muslim population of Jaffna in 1990. During this ethnic cleansing, a total of around 72,000 Muslims from the cities of Chavakacheri , Kilinochchi , Mannar and Jaffna were expelled, although the refugees were not allowed to take their belongings with them.

The LTTE has also committed massacres of Sinhala settlers in the rural northeast of the country.

The LTTE collects funds from Tamil refugees around the world, who, however, often pay voluntarily after traumatic experiences during the civil war. If this is not the case, the objectors have to expect telephone terror and demolished apartments. There are also problems with home visits and violent measures are threatened against relatives.

The LTTE is also accused of arms smuggling, which it is supposed to finance with extensive drug and human trafficking .

literature

  • Adele Balasingham: The Will to Freedom - An Inside View of Tamil Resistance. Fairmax Publishing, 2003.
  • Rohan Gunaratne: War and Peace in Sri Lanka. Kandy 1987.
  • Dagmar Hellmann-Rajanayagam: The Tamil Tigers: armed struggle for identity , ISBN 3-515-06530-X , Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1994
  • Dagmar Hellmann-Rajanayagam: From Jaffna to Kilinocchi: Change in the Political Consciousness of Tamils ​​in Sri Lanka , ISBN 978-3-89913-544-2 , Würzburg 2007
  • Jakob Rösel: The civil war in Sri Lanka. Baden-Baden 1997.
  • Jakob Rösel: The Shape and Origin of Tamil Nationalism. Berlin 1997.
  • Robert A. Pape: Dying to Win. The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. Random House, 2006.
  • Mehta, RK (2010). Lost victory - the rise & fall of LTTE supremo, V. Prabhakaran. New Delhi: Pentagon Security International.
  • Stokke, K. (2006). Building the Tamil Eelam State: Emerging State Institutions and Forms of Governance in LTTE-Controlled Areas in Sri Lanka. Third World Quarterly, pp. 1021-1040.
  • Kuppusamy, C. (2009). Prabhakaran - the story of his struggle for Eelam. Chennai, India: Oxygen Books.
  • Narayan Swamy, MR (2003). Tigers of Lanka. Colombo: Vijatha Yapa Publ.

Web links

Commons : Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Army declares fighting with rebels over . In: Spiegel Online - Abroad. May 18, 2009.
  2. ↑ fbi.gov
  3. ↑ Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1337 of the Council of 8 August 2019 for the implementation of Article 2 (3) of Regulation (EC) No. 2580/2001 on specific restrictive measures against certain persons and organizations to combat terrorism and to repeal of the Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/24 , accessed on November 30, 2019
  4. ↑ Decision (CFSP) 2019/1341 of the Council of 8 August 2019 updating the list of persons, associations and entities to which Articles 2, 3 and 4 of Common Position 2001/931 / CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat of terrorism apply and for the repeal of Decision (CFSP) 2019/25 , accessed on November 30, 2019
  5. ↑ Court of the European Union. PRESS RELEASE No 138/14. Judgment in Joined Cases T-208/11 and T-508/11. Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) / Council . Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  6. ↑ Reign of Terror . In: Der Tagesspiegel . May 18, 2009.
  7. ↑ Tamil rebels confess Gandhi murder ( Memento of March 8, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (March 26, 2007)
  8. ^ RP online from July 24, 2001: Bomb attacks in Sri Lanka. Retrieved January 30, 2012 .
  9. ↑ FAZ of February 1, 1996: More than fifty dead and thousand injured Terrorist attack in Colombo. Retrieved January 30, 2012 .
  10. ↑ dw-world.de ( Memento from March 2, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
    Sri Lanka reports conquest of the "rebel capital" ( Memento from March 3, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  11. ↑ General: Civil war in Sri Lanka ended "95 percent" ( Memento from February 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  12. ↑ Sri Lanka's army continues to advance . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . January 27, 2009
    Civilians between the fronts. Amnesty International , February 6, 2009
  13. ↑ Army recaptures the last coastal strip of Sri Lanka . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . May 16, 2009.
    Tamil rebels surrounded - Colombo is confident of victory ( memento from May 19, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) on: tagesschau.de
  14. ↑ «Human Shields» in Sri Lanka . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . May 14, 2009.
  15. ↑ Sri Lanka declares Tamil rebels defeated . In: The world . May 16, 2009.
  16. ^ S. Pathmanathan: We have decided to silence our guns. On Tamilnet . May 17, 2009.
    Rebels lay down their arms . In: The time . No. 21/2009.
  17. ↑ Sri Lanka's Terrorist List Is A Modern Version Of McCarthyism - Brad Adams , Colombo Telegraph, April 8, 2014
  18. ↑ Country Reports On Terrorism , Bureau of Counterterrorism, United States Department of State Publication, July 2017, p. 265: Sri Lanka Overview
  19. ↑ Security Switzerland 2017 , Federal Intelligence Service FIS 2017, ISSN  1664-4670 , pp. 46, 51
  20. ↑ Mehta, RK (2010: p. 55). Lost victory - the rise & fall of LTTE supremo, V. Prabhakaran. New Delhi: Pentagon Security International.
  21. ↑ Balasuriya, M. (2009: pp. 36-37). The rise and fall of the LTTE. Colombo: Asian Network on Conflict Research.
  22. ↑ Mehta, RK (2010: p. 63). Lost victory - the rise & fall of LTTE supremo, V. Prabhakaran. New Delhi: Pentagon Security International.
  23. ↑ Balasuriya, M. (2009: p. 39). The rise and fall of the LTTE. Colombo: Asian Network on Conflict Research.
  24. ↑ Mehta, RK (2010: pp. 63–64). Lost victory - the rise & fall of LTTE supremo, V. Prabhakaran. New Delhi: Pentagon Security International.
  25. ↑ Balasuriya, M. (2009: p. 39). The rise and fall of the LTTE. Colombo: Asian Network on Conflict Research.
  26. ↑ Mehta, RK (2010: p. 64). Lost victory - the rise & fall of LTTE supremo, V. Prabhakaran. New Delhi: Pentagon Security International.
  27. ↑ Balasuriya, M. (2009: p. 39). The rise and fall of the LTTE. Colombo: Asian Network on Conflict Research.
  28. ↑ “The teaching of the Liberation Tigers Tamileelam of self-destruction through divine asceticism”, p. 96, Peter Schalk
  29. ↑ [1] , LTTE: Technologically innovative rebels, August 13, 2014.
  30. ↑ Mehta, RK (2010: p. 56). Lost victory - the rise & fall of LTTE supremo, V. Prabhakaran. New Delhi: Pentagon Security International.
  31. ↑ [2] , LTTE: Technologically innovative rebels, August 13, 2014.
  32. ↑ Mehta, RK (2010: pp. 56–57). Lost victory - the rise & fall of LTTE supremo, V. Prabhakaran. New Delhi: Pentagon Security International.
  33. ↑ Mehta, RK (2010: p. 57). Lost victory - the rise & fall of LTTE supremo, V. Prabhakaran. New Delhi: Pentagon Security International.
  34. ↑ Mehta, RK (2010: p. 57). Lost victory - the rise & fall of LTTE supremo, V. Prabhakaran. New Delhi: Pentagon Security International.
  35. ↑ Balasuriya, M. (2009: pp. 39-40). The rise and fall of the LTTE. Colombo: Asian Network on Conflict Research.
  36. ↑ Mehta, RK (2010: p. 59). Lost victory - the rise & fall of LTTE supremo, V. Prabhakaran. New Delhi: Pentagon Security International.
  37. ↑ Mehta, RK (2010: pp. 59–60). Lost victory - the rise & fall of LTTE supremo, V. Prabhakaran. New Delhi: Pentagon Security International.
  38. ↑ Mehta, RK (2010: pp. 60–61). Lost victory - the rise & fall of LTTE supremo, V. Prabhakaran. New Delhi: Pentagon Security International.
  39. ↑ Mehta, RK (2010: pp. 60–61). Lost victory - the rise & fall of LTTE supremo, V. Prabhakaran. New Delhi: Pentagon Security International.
  40. ↑ 'Pottu Amman' and the Intelligence Division of the LTTE ( Memento of 29 September 2011 at the Internet Archive ) August, 'Pottu Amman' and the Intelligence Division of the LTTE, 13, 2014.
  41. ↑ 'Pottu Amman' and the Intelligence Division of the LTTE ( Memento of 29 September 2011 at the Internet Archive ) August, 'Pottu Amman' and the Intelligence Division of the LTTE, 13, 2014.
  42. ↑ 'Pottu Amman' and the Intelligence Division of the LTTE ( Memento of 29 September 2011 at the Internet Archive ) August, 'Pottu Amman' and the Intelligence Division of the LTTE, 13, 2014.
  43. ↑ Mehta, RK (2010: pp. 61–63). Lost victory - the rise & fall of LTTE supremo, V. Prabhakaran. New Delhi: Pentagon Security International.
  44. ↑ Stokke, K. (2006). Building the Tamil Eelam State: Emerging State Institutions and Forms of Governance in LTTE-Controlled Areas in Sri Lanka. Third World Quarterly, pp. 1027-1028, 1037.
  45. ↑ Nadira Gunatilleke: Aranthalawa massacre, one of the darkest chapters in Lankan history . Daily News. May 24, 2007. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
  46. ↑ Sri Lanka Tamil Terror . The Time. May 27, 1985. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
  47. ↑ Human rights violations in a context of armed conflict . Amnesty International USA. Archived from the original on February 14, 2009. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
  48. ↑ essex.ac.uk
  49. ↑ Latheef Farook: Seeking peaceful solutions to Muslims' grievances in East . In: The Sunday Times , Wijeya Newspapers Ltd. Colombo, Sri Lanka, August 17, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2009. 
  50. ↑ AMR Imtiyaz: The Displaced Northern Muslims of Sri Lanka (2) , Sri Lanka Guardian. August 12, 2011. 
  51. ↑ Sinhalese massacre . In: Spiegel Online - Abroad. September 18, 1999.
    Thomas Kron, Melanie Reddig: Analyzes of transnational terrorism. P. 364.
  52. ↑ Donations for the Tiger Empire . In: Der Spiegel . No. 7 , 2008 ( online ).
  53. ↑ Thomas Kron, Melanie Reddig: Analyzes of transnational terrorism. Pp. 353-354.