Templar coming Braunschweig

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City map of Braunschweig around 1400 (excerpt).
No. 20: Matthäikapelle,
No. 19: Areal of the Tempelhof
No. 21: Teutonic Order Court .
(From the document book of the city of Braunschweig . Volume 3, Sheet II.)

The Templar Coming Braunschweig ( Tempelhof ) was a branch of the Templar Order in Braunschweig (Lower Saxony). It was probably donated by Heinrich the Lion in the years after 1173. However, it was first mentioned in a document from 1289. After Pope Clement V's repeal of the Knights Templar in 1312, the Braunschweiger Tempelhof was assigned to the Johannitern , which, however, only actually came into its possession in 1357. Only ten years later (1367) they sold the Tempelhof to the Heilig-Geist-Kaland in Braunschweig.

location

"TEMBELHOF"
Braunschweig around 1606.
The location of the Templars coming (" TEMBELHOF ") on a map of the city of Braunschweig around 1606.

The Tempelhof with the Matthäikapelle was in the district of Hagen on Bohlweg (today the square at the Ritterbrunnen in front of the Braunschweig Castle ). The area extended from Bohlweg westwards to a small side canal of the Oker River . To the south of the Tempelhof area was the Deutschordenshof .

The Templar Coming Braunschweig

The Tempelhof in Braunschweig in the 18th century

The founding of the Templars Coming in Braunschweig probably goes back to the initiative of Heinrich the Lion, who made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1172. There he met both the Knights Templar and the Order of St. John. After his return he could have initiated the founding of the Templar Coming as well as the Johanniterkommende in Braunschweig . But there is no documentary evidence for this.

The first documentary mention of the Templar Coming or the Temple Court dates from 1289. In that year four archbishops and eleven bishops granted a forty-day indulgence to all those who gave donations to the Katharinenkirche and the Matthäikapelle of the Templar Coming, or who visited them on certain festive days.

On May 7, 1303, Brother Friedrich Sylvester, Preceptor of the Templars in Germany and in Wendland, Johannes called Felix and Heinrich called at the churchyard, sold an annual pension of ten marks from the Süpplingenburg and Monastery of Brunswick for a loan of 100  marks of silver in Braunschweig weight and currency Tempelachim . It was due every year until the Martini loan was repaid.

On March 14, 1305 Friedrich von Alvensleben, Preceptor of the Templars in Germany and Wendland, sold a farm and three Hufen zu Lamme for 35 silver marks to Hermann von Uehrsleben and Johann von Achim, both citizens of Brunswick.

On April 14, 1305, Friedrich von Alvensleben withdrew the pension of ten silver marks that he had prescribed on May 7, 1303 to Johann Felix and Heinrich vom Kirchhof from the courtyards of Süpplingenburg and Tempelachim and transferred it to them instead and against payment of a further 50 Mark Silber's tithe and five hooves to Callem .

The Templar coming is awarded to the Johanniter

In 1312 the Knights Templar was banned and dissolved by Pope Clement V. The goods of the Knights Templar were formally transferred to the Knights of St. John, at least in Germany. However, the transfer of ownership was usually difficult and lengthy, as the sovereigns seized the Templar estates themselves or the transfer of ownership was rewarded with considerable sums of money. It is not known who was commander of the Tempelhof in Braunschweig at the time of the abolition of the Templar Order. However, the commander of the Kommende Süpplingenburg, Duke Otto von Braunschweig, apparently later also held the Tempelhof in Braunschweig.

In 1314 he had to forego five Hufen in Rethen in favor of the Kreuzkloster in Braunschweig , which the coming ones had probably wrongly appropriated. In the regest he is referred to as Mr. von Süpplingenburg.

Duke Otto von Braunschweig, the last Templar Comtur , can be traced back to Süpplingenburg until 1328. He probably kept the Kommende (and the Tempelhof in Braunschweig) even until his death in 1346. After that, the Kommende Süpplingenburg and the Tempelhof in Braunschweig were virtually confiscated by Duke Magnus I. After Sudendorf, he pledged Süpplingenburg Castle on December 13, 1347 for 400 marks of Braunschweiger silver weight to his distant cousin Duke Wilhelm II of Lüneburg , but reserved the right to redeem the castle. On June 15, 1355, Magnus I pledged the Tempelhof in Braunschweig to the Knight Balduin von Dalem, but in 1357 he promised to deliver the Coming Süpplingenburg and the Tempelhof in Braunschweig back to the Johanniter. The goods pledged by him had to be redeemed by the Johanniter beforehand. Ultimately, the Johanniter had to buy the former Templar property that had been promised to them. The Johanniter branch in Braunschweig was downgraded to the priory of the Kommende Süpplingenburg soon after the union with the former Templar Coming Braunschweig.

In 1358 Hermann von Warberg, the (general) preceptor of the Johanniter in Saxony, the Mark Brandenburg, Pomerania and the Wendland, sold the tithe, a hoof and a farm in Bornum (Börßum municipality, district Wolfenbüttel) to the Marienspital in Braunschweig or its sponsors the council of the old town Braunschweig and the guardians of the hospital. In this certificate, Johannes von Lüneburg, a commander of the Braunschweig branch, is named for the last time.

In 1359, the Matthäikapelle, which had been vacant since 1312, was restored and consecrated. In addition, Hermann von Warberg, the (general) preceptor of the Order of St. John for Saxony, the Mark Brandenburg, Pomerania and Wendland left nine hooves in Schandelah and two word interest rates in Braunschweig to the main altar of the Matthäi Chapel . Only one prior of the Braunschweig branch, Johannes von Heyde, is named.

On April 4, 1367, the Order of St. John sold the Templerhof with all the buildings, gardens and squares within the walls, as well as the St. Matthew Chapel, to the calender in Braunschweig for 150 marks of soldered silver in Braunschweig currency and weight. However, the Johanniter reserved the right that the Tempelhof should fall back to them when the calendar was dissolved. They also reserved the supervisory authority and had the right to confirm newly elected deans at the Matthäikapelle.

Sale of the former Tempelhof (1367)

In 1372 the responsible bishop Albrecht von Halberstadt confirmed the sale. The name Tempelhof continued to have an effect for a long time. The members of the Holy Spirit Calendar were popularly known as the temple lords and their house was still called the Tempelhof in 1456. In addition, the name Matthäikaland or Kaland to St. Matthew, after the Matthäikapelle, became popular.

Kaland sold the Tempelhof with the Matthäikapelle before 1717 to Duke August Wilhelm , whose country architect Hermann Korb began building the Brunswick residential palace in 1717 on the grounds of the city courtyard ( Grauer Hof ) of the Riddagshausen monastery , the Teutonic Order and the former Tempelhof. The Matthäikapelle was included in the palace complex. The construction was not completed until 1791. In the Braunschweig people's uprising of 1830, the castle was looted and set on fire. The north wing to which the chapel was attached and the central wing burned down to the foundation walls. The remains of the building including the Matthäikapelle were then torn down.

The Bohlweg with the castle from 1717 and the Matthäikapelle ( approx ). The map is rotated 90 degrees clockwise, i.e. H. North is right

Size of the convention

According to Gebhardi, ten templars once lived next to the commander in the temple courtyard. In the document from 1303, however, only three brothers, including the commendator, are named.

Reconstruction of the ground plan of the Matthäikapelle based on a drawing by AA Beck around 1750 (in the Braunschweig City Archives), based on a drawing by Binding and Untermann, 1984, p. 312

The Templar Chapel (or Matthäikapelle)

Around 1750 the Templar Chapel, referred to as the Matthäikapelle in medieval documents, was drawn by Anton August Beck . Therefore, the building structure can be reconstructed relatively safely. It was a small, vaulted hall , consisting of two bays with a 5/8 choir closure. It was thus comparable to the Templar chapel in Müelte near Wettin (Saalekreis, Saxony-Anhalt) (also with two yokes and a 5/8 choir). It should have come from a similar period (around 1280). The aforementioned indulgence for the Matthäikapelle (1289) could still fall during the construction of the chapel. After the Order of the Templars was abolished in 1312, it was initially empty, but was restored and re-consecrated in 1359 under the Knights of St. Three pious widows Mathilde Woltmann, Elisabeth von Plauen and Margarethe von Meinum dedicated the high altar, at which mass was read every day. An eternal lamp , donated by Hermann von Gustidde in 1381, burned above the altar . In 1407 an altarpiece was added to the church showing the Annunciation. There was also an altar dedicated to the Holy Trinity, which had been donated by the dean Heinrich von Visbeck. There was a third altar. The dean held a high mass on the first day of the month, the calendar (derived from the calendar ) and the consecration of the church (September 22nd).

A reconstruction of the chapel is documented for 1810/1812. In 1830 it was demolished after the fire in the castle buildings.

Commendators / Commander

  • 1303 Martinus, magister
  • 1308 John de Bardeleve

supporting documents

literature

  • Georg Bode (edit.): Document book of the city of Goslar and the spiritual foundations there. 4th part. 831 p., Verlag von Otto Hendel, Halle 1905 (hereinafter abbreviated to the document book of the city of Goslar, vol. 4 with the corresponding page number and document number)
  • Julius Justus Gebhardi : The great Caland associated with the Matthäus-Stifft to H. Geist. Or historical news from the S. Matthai Foundation in Braunschweig, both after its establishment under the Temple Order, as the following conditions with the Knights of St. John, and the current status under the Calands Brotherhood. Ludolph Schröder's widow, Braunschweig 1739. Online at Google Books (in the following abbreviated Gebhardi, Caland with corresponding page number)
  • Ludwig Hänselmann , Heinrich Mack : Document book of the city of Braunschweig. 3rd volume MCCCXXI-MCCCXL. Reprint of the edition Braunschweig 1895, Osnabrück, H. Th. Wenner, 1975. (in the following abbreviated, Haenselmann & Mack, Urkundenbuch, Volume 3 with corresponding page number)
  • Ludwig Haenselmann: Document book of the city of Braunschweig. 2nd volume MXXI-MCCCXX. I-XVIII, 749 S., A. Schwetschke und Sohn, Braunschweig 1900 (in the following abbreviated, Braunschweiger Urkundenbuch, Vol. 2 with corresponding page number)
  • Nicolaus Heutger: The Templars then and now: on the 50th anniversary of the reactivation of the Templar Order in Germany. 225 pp., Lukas-Verlag, Berlin, 2007 preview on Google Books (hereinafter abbreviated to Heutger, Templar gentlemen with corresponding page number)
  • Henning Steinführer: Braunschweig - Templer. In: Josef Dolle and Dennis bonehauer (eds.): Lower Saxony monastery book. Directory of the monasteries, monasteries, comedians and beguinages in Lower Saxony and Bremen from the beginnings to 1810. Part 1 Abbingwehr to Gandersheim. S. 142–143, (Publications of the Institute for Historical Research at the University of Göttingen 56.2) 1st edition, Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, Bielefeld 2012, ISBN 978-3-89534-956-0 (in the following abbreviated Steinführer, Lower Saxony Monastery Book , 1, with corresponding page number)
  • Hermann Sudendorf : Document book on the history of the dukes of Braunschweig and Lüneburg. Part 3 (from 1357 to 1369). Carl Rümpler, Hannover 1862. (in the following abbreviated Sudendorf, document book with corresponding page number; online at Google Books )

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Braunschweiger Urkundenbuch, Vol. 2 , p. 163 Online at archive.org
  2. ↑ a b c Braunschweiger Urkundenbuch, vol. 2 , p. 266. Online at archive.org
  3. ↑ Braunschweiger Urkundenbuch, Vol. 2 , p. 286. Online at archive.org
  4. ↑ Braunschweiger Urkundenbuch, Vol. 2 , p. 287. Online at archive.org
  5. ↑ Braunschweiger Urkundenbuch, Vol. 2 , p. 416. Online at archive.org
  6. ↑ Urkundenbuch Stadt Braunschweig, Vol. 5. Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 1994. ISBN 3-87898-057-4 Online at TU Braunschweig
  7. ↑ Gebhardi, Caland, p. 102, document number XXXIII (= 33) Online at Google Books
  8. ↑ Urkundenbuch Stadt Braunschweig, Vol. 5. Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 1994. ISBN 3-87898-057-4 Online at TU Braunschweig
  9. ↑ Urkundenbuch Stadt Braunschweig, Vol. 5. Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 1994. ISBN 3-87898-057-4 Online at TU Braunschweig
  10. ^ Document book of the city of Goslar, vol. 4, p. 474, document no. 624 of February 1, 1358 Online at www.archive.org .
  11. ↑ a b Anonymus: The Templars and Johanniter in the city of Braunschweig. Weekly newspaper of the Johanniter-Ordens-Balley Brandenburg, 26: 297-300, Berlin 1883.
  12. ^ Document book of the city of Goslar, vol. 4, p. 502, document no. 668 of September 20, 1359 Online at www.archive.org .
  13. ^ Sudendorf, Urkundenbuch, S. XII Online at Google Books
  14. ↑ Gebhardi, Caland, p. 53 Online at Google Books
  15. ↑ Gebhardi, Caland, p. 84 Online at Google Books
  16. ↑ a b Heutger, Tempelherren, p. 76 [1]
  17. ^ A b c Günther Binding , Matthias Untermann: Small art history of medieval order architecture in Germany. 3rd supplemented edition, 439 pages, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1563-4 , p. 312.
  18. ↑ Gebhardi, Caland, p. 90, document number XVII (= 17) Online at Google Books
  19. ↑ Gebhardi, Caland, p. 96, document number XXII (= 22) Online at Google Books
  20. ↑ Steinführer, Lower Saxony Monastery Book, 1, p. 143.

Web links

Coordinates: 52 ° 16 '  N , 10 ° 32'  E