Caland

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Kalandhaus in Lüneburg

Kaland (Kalandsbruderschaften) is the name for brotherhoods of clergy and lay people, which were widespread in many northwestern German cities in the Middle Ages. The word Kaland is derived from the Latin word " kalendae ". It means the first day of the month and refers to the custom of members of a calendar to meet regularly for worship on that day.

The purpose of the meetings of the calendar was the holding of religious services and the common performance of charitable works. The Kalande also commemorated their deceased members (memoria). The meetings ended with a hearty meal .

history

In many cities the brotherhoods had their own houses for their meetings. As early as 1437, "des kalandes hus" was mentioned in Lüneburg , after which the local Kalandstrasse is named. The Kalandhaus in Kalandstrasse 12, which is still preserved today, was built by the Kaland Brotherhood around 1480/91. In 1491, a former aristocratic court, the Curia Romana , was donated to the Warburger Kaland . In 1541 there was a "Kalandstube" at the Nikolaikirche in Geithain , which can still be seen today in the museum of the rectory.

In the late Middle Ages, with the growing wealth of the members, the meetings became more luscious. As a result, the abbreviation “Kaland” changed to “Kolund” and finally to “Kohlhund”, a swear word for “Zechbruder” or “Prasser”. During the Reformation there was growing criticism of the behavior of the Kaland Brotherhoods and led to their dissolution in Protestant countries. This is also reported in a dissertation written under the aegis of Professor Joachim Feller (1638–1691) from Leipzig : “But the calendars were houses in which the clergy allowed beer to be served, and since the clergymen used to keep their mines. That is why people still use to say of the Trunckenbolden: He calends the whole week ”.

In Westphalia, which remained Catholic, a third of the brotherhoods did not form until the 19th and 20th centuries. The large calender in Münster and the calender in Neuenheerse still exist today.

In Lübeck there is also a Kaland school and a Kalandsgang (Hundestr. 31).

Well-known calendar brotherhoods

The date denotes the earliest written mention. However, the establishment can be earlier.

f1Georeferencing Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

literature

  • Calender, or, Calands, Kalands brothers, or Calender gentlemen. In: Johann Heinrich Zedler : Large complete universal lexicon of all sciences and arts . Volume 5, Leipzig 1733, column 241 f.
  • Georg Wolpers: The Kalandsbruderschaften in Eichsfelde, especially the Kalande to Duderstadt and Seeburg. Publisher Mecke Duderstadt 1928
  • Wilhelm Averesch: A Munsterland Kaland - a contribution to the history of the Kalande . Wattenscheid 1942.
  • F. Flaskamp: Calendar Brotherhoods . In: Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche 5 (1960), Sp. 1255 ( Google ).
  • Engelhart von Weichs: The members of the Meschede Calendar Brotherhood . In: Westfälische Zeitschrift 117 (1967), p. 155 ff. ( PDF ).
  • Thomas Frank: Calendar Brotherhoods . In: Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche 5 (1996), Sp. 1140 ( Google ).
  • Karl Hengst, Michael Schmitt: Praise of brotherly harmony. The Calendar Brotherhoods in Westphalia. 650 years of Kaland in Neuenheerse . Paderborn 2000.
  • Franz-Josef Jakobi: The large caland at the cathedral in Münster . In: Der Große Kaland am Dom zu Münster, edited by Josef Albers. Arranged by Thomas Kortmann. Münster, 2002, pp. 30-47.
  • Rainer B. Brackhane: The Herford caland. Looking back on a brotherhood with a probably unique fate . In: Historical yearbook for the Herford district 2017. Bielefeld, 2016. ISBN 978-3-7395-1024-8 , pp. 9–24

Web links

Wiktionary: Kaland  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Wilhelm Reinecke, Uta Reinhardt, Gustav Luntowski: The street names of Lüneburg. De Sulte Volume 15th Edition Ruprecht, Göttingen 2007 (5th edition).
  2. ^ Doris Böker: Hanseatic City of Lüneburg with Lüne Monastery. Monument topography Federal Republic of Germany, architectural monuments in Lower Saxony Volume 22.1. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2010.
  3. ^ Joachim Feller: Dissertatio solennis de fratribus Kalendariis. Notis verò illustrata et edita a Christiano Francisco Paullini . Andreae for Knochius, Frankfurt 1692, p. 31f.
  4. ^ Johann Heinrichs von Falckenstein: Thuringian Chronicka. Of the Second Book Other Part. Johann Wilhelm Ritschel, Erfurt 1738.
  5. ^ Wilhelm Reinecke: History of the city of Lüneburg - second volume. Reprint, Heinrich Heine Buchhandlung K. Neubauer, Lüneburg 1977.
  6. ^ Danneil, Johann Friedrich: Church history of the city of Salzwedel . With a document book. Ed .: CA Schwetschke and Son. 1842, p. 53 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A10023976_00065~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ).
  7. Kalandsgasse . In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein
  8. ^ Franz Flaskamp: The Kalands Brotherhood of Wiedenbrück, lists of members and deaths, 1343–1854 . Aschendorff, Münster 1957.
  9. Nicolaus Heutger: The Templars then and now - On the 50th anniversary of the reactivation of the Templar order in Germany . Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-86732-017-7 , p. 76
  10. ^ District archive Warendorf , City of Warendorf U 39
  11. ^ Rudolf Preising The Werler Kaland and its members . Writings of the city of Werl series A, volume 3, Dietrich Coelde-Verlag, Werl 1958, p. 9
  12. ^ District archive Warendorf , City of Beckum U 58
  13. ^ Arnold Nöldeke : Marienkapelle on the Neustadt . In: Die Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Hannover , Vol. 1, H. 2, Teil 1. Selbstverlag der Provinzialverwaltung, Theodor Schulzes Buchhandlung, Hannover 1932 (Neudruck Verlag Wenner, Osnabrück 1979, ISBN 3-87898-151-1 ), pp. 209f .