Tihange nuclear power plant

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Tihange nuclear power plant
View of the nuclear power plant with its cooling towers
View of the nuclear power plant with its cooling towers
position
Tihange nuclear power plant (Belgium)
Tihange nuclear power plant
Coordinates 50 ° 32 '5 "  N , 5 ° 16' 21"  E Coordinates: 50 ° 32 '5 "  N , 5 ° 16' 21"  E
Country: Belgium
Data
Owner: Engie Electrabel , EDF Luminus
Operator: Engie Electrabel
Start of project: June 1970 (Tihange 1)

April 1976 (Tihange 2) November 1978 (Tihange 3)

Commercial operation: October 1975 (Tihange 1)

June 1983 (Tihange 2) September 1985 (Tihange 3)

Active reactors (gross):

3 (3153 MW)
Energy fed in in 2009: 23,719 GWh
Energy fed in since commissioning: 614,561,192 GWh
Was standing: December 31, 2009
The data source of the respective entries can be found in the documentation .
f1

The Tihange nuclear power plant near Huy (Dutch: Hoei ) in the Walloon Region of Belgium consists of three blocks with pressurized water reactors , which were connected to the grid from 1975 to 1985; Unit 1 with a net output of 962  MW (e) in 1975, Unit 2 with a net output of 1,008 MW (e) and Unit 3 with 1,038 MW (e) followed until 1985.

The nuclear power plant is located on the Maas , approx. 25 km southwest of Liège and 57 km west-southwest of the Aachen city ​​area.

Since 2005 Tihange-1 has been losing around 2 liters of radioactive water a day, a problem that has not yet been resolved.

In June 2012, thousands of hydrogen flakes were discovered on the reactor pressure vessel of Tihange 2, which, according to the nuclear supervisory authority, "most likely" had already formed during manufacture in 1979.

Since December 2016, a class action lawsuit against the operator has been pending before the European Court of First Instance in Brussels in the city ​​region of Aachen , Maastricht and Wiltz with the support of the state government of North Rhine-Westphalia and the state government of Rhineland-Palatinate .

General background

Tihange is one of two operating nuclear power plant sites in Belgium ; the other is the Doel nuclear power plant in the port of Antwerp. The three nuclear reactors in Tihange and four in Doel are operated by Engie Electrabel , the Belgian subsidiary of the French group Engie .

story

The Tihange nuclear power plant consists of three power plant units that went online from 1975 to 1985: Unit 1 with a net output of 962  MW (e) in 1975, Unit 2 with a net output of 1,008 MW (e) and Unit 3 with 1,038 MW (e) followed until 1985.

Belgium decided to phase out nuclear power by 2025 in 2003 . The Belgian reactors should therefore be shut down for good every 40 years. The shutdown of Tihange-1 was scheduled for October 1, 2015. In November 2011, the operator Electrabel announced that it wanted to take Block 1 off the grid in accordance with the 2015 law, as further investments would no longer be worthwhile.

On July 4, 2012, however, the then government of Di Rupo decided, in accordance with the possibilities offered by Belgium's nuclear phase-out law , to grant the operator of Tihange-1 a ten-year extension until 2025. They fear bottlenecks in the power supply. For blocks 2 and 3, the approval expires unchanged after 40 years, i.e. 2023 and 2025 respectively.

In 2012, "thousands of fine cracks in the reactor vessel" first became known in the Doel nuclear power plant and in September 2012 also in Tihange.

In February 2015, the operator Engie Electrabel and the Belgian nuclear regulatory authority FANK announced that thousands more hydrogen flakes had been found in the Tihange-2 and Doel-3 reactors. In Tihange the number rose from 2000 to 3150.

Since then, a cross-border citizens' initiative has been involved with scientific support against what they consider to be an unsafe nuclear power plant.

On March 28, 2017 it was announced that Tihange-2 had been supplied with fuel assemblies from the Lingen fuel assembly plant in Germany since July 2016 . The Federal Office for Nuclear Waste Disposal Safety (BfE), which is subordinate to the Federal Environment Ministry, issued 50 transport permits, including the delivery of 68 fuel elements for Tihange-2.

Incidents, damage and reactions

Tihange nuclear power plant

2002-2011

On November 22, 2002, an incident occurred in Unit 2 ( INES  2). The reactor - shut down at this time and no longer critical  - was still producing decay heat , which, as in power operation , was dissipated by circulating coolant in the primary circuit . In one test, one was mistakenly safety valve of the pressurizer opened, whereby the pressure in the primary circuit very quickly of 155  bar was cash on the 85th The high pressure in the primary circuit during operation means that the water does not boil , even at high temperatures , but remains liquid. If the pressure drops, the boiling temperature of the water also drops . Then the decay heat of the fuel assemblies can no longer be transported away and there is a risk of a core meltdown . In the specific case, several safety systems were activated due to the rapid drop in pressure, which pumped water into the primary circuit and thus continued to cool the fuel assemblies. The mistakenly opened pressure relief valve was closed again after three minutes.

On October 25, 2006, around 30 Greenpeace activists came to the power plant site and occupied it. They made a huge crack on the dome. With the action at the over 30 year old power plant, Greenpeace wanted to draw attention to the age (es) of Belgian nuclear power plants.

On October 4, 2010, shortly after 6 p.m., around 600 liters of acidic water ran out of a ditch into the Meuse. According to the operator, no radioactive material leaked during the accident; the acid is said to have neutralized itself quickly in the river water.

On December 5, 2011, there were deviations from checks on the cooling system (INES 1) that were not explained in detail. According to the Belgian nuclear regulatory authority FANK , the problem has been resolved.

2012-2013

On February 7, 2012, it was discovered that a group of heating rods from the Tihange-1 pressurizer was out of order, which FANK announced on February 15, 2012. The incident has been classified as an INES-1 event. The pressurizer with the integrated heating rods and spray systems is relevant in order to be able to maintain the necessary pressure in the primary circuit. This can be relevant, for example, in the case of undercooling transients, which result in a reduction in the coolant density (and thus a level decrease in the pressurizer). The pressure can be stabilized by switching on pressurizer heating stages (which is normally done automatically via the reactor pressure control), since saturation conditions always prevail in the pressurizer (e.g. 155 bar / 354 ° C).

During a routine inspection started in June 2012 with new ultrasonic measuring devices, according to FANK, thousands of hydrogen flakes were discovered on the reactor pressure vessel of Tihange 2 and in the Doel-3 reactor. The FANK determined that the hydrogen flakes were "most likely" formed during the manufacture of the pressure vessel and were therefore harmless.

In July 2012 it became known that the Tihange-1 cooling pool was losing around 2 liters of radioactive water per day, a problem that has existed since 2005 and has not yet been resolved (as of July 2012).

In August 2012, Unit 2 was shut down after  thousands of hydrogen flakes had been found on the reactor pressure vessel , as was the case with the Doel-3 reactor. Research showed that these flakes were formed as early as 1979 during construction. The Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij (Rotterdam) company, which had ceased to exist in 1996 , had manufactured 22 reactor vessels of this type, including Tihange-2 and Doel-3. The other two pressurized water reactors in Tihange are from Framatome and are not affected by the problem.

In 2012, the nuclear regulator FANK ordered that the emergency cooling water (over 1 million liters) must be preheated to over 40 ° C. The reason for this is the reactor pressure vessel, which is already permeated with hydrogen inclusions, which could suffer a thermal shock from cooling water that is too cold. The maximum flow temperature is 50 ° C. From this temperature the reactor is no longer adequately cooled.

In February 2013, a World War II bomb was discovered on the power plant site near an administration building, which was evacuated as a precaution; the bomb was taken away by the ordnance disposal service of the Belgian army. It is said to have been a German grenade from the First World War.

In May 2013, FANK granted permission to continue operating the nuclear reactors. Jan Bens, head of FANK since January 2013, who had also been head of the Doel nuclear power plant from 2004 to 2013, ruled out the possibility of a reactor accident in Belgium at all. At the beginning of June 2013, the Tihange-2 reactor was restarted.

In the years 2013 to 2015, a total of eight so-called precursors ( " Vorläufer , Vorbote"), d. H. Incidents which, under certain conditions, can lead to severe damage to the reactor core or even to a core meltdown , have occurred in Tihange-1 - more than half of all precursor cases in all of Belgium. This only became known in media reports at the beginning of February 2018, according to a letter from the Belgian nuclear regulator FANK. However, according to FANK, these precursor analyzes are not suitable for drawing conclusions about the safety status of individual reactors. The authority told WDR radio and the political magazine Monitor that it could be guaranteed that the operator and FANK would guarantee the safety of this reactor.

2014-2015

In March 2014, Doel-3 and Tihange-2 had to be shut down again by order of the authorities. Tests in the study center for nuclear energy in moles with the reactor vessel material of the two reactors Doel-3 and Tihange-2 would have produced "unexpected results" with regard to mechanical resistance. The standstill lasted until summer 2015 for the time being. German media suspected that the final shutdown of the units would be imminent, given the defects and the fact that the reactor pressure vessel cannot be replaced. Belgian media stressed in February 2015 that a final decision had not yet been made.

On November 30, 2014, outside the nuclear area of ​​Unit 3, there was an explosion followed by a fire on a transformer, which led to Unit 3 being shut down. After a repair, the reactor was restarted on December 2, 2014.

On February 23, 2015, it became publicly known that the defects had continued to grow (see introduction).

On May 4, 2015, after an incident, the pressure relief valves in the containment building of the Tihange-1 reactor were opened and non-radioactive vapor was vented.

In August 2015, it became known that the Belgian nuclear supervisory authority had called on the public prosecutor's office due to deficiencies in the nuclear power plant.

In mid-November 2015, the Belgian nuclear regulatory authority gave its permission to restart the Tihange-2 reactor block; the hydrogen inclusions would not pose a risk to the safety of the reactor. The operator Electrabel prepared this for the period around December 15, 2015 and put the reactor back into operation on the evening of December 14. The Belgian newspaper De Morgen reported this under the headline “ Belgische regering speelt Russische roulette met Tihange 2 ” (“Belgian government plays Russian roulette with Tihange 2”) and quoted the environment minister of North Rhine-Westphalia, Johannes Remmel .

On December 18, 2015 at 10:35 p.m. Unit 1 was shut down after a fire in the non-nuclear area. A week later, on December 26, 2015, the reactor was restarted.

Federal Environment Minister Barbara Hendricks (SPD) wrote on December 24, 2015 that the federal government would specifically question the restarting of the Tihange-2 and Doel-3 nuclear reactors. An early meeting with the Belgian nuclear regulator has been scheduled. The conversation took place between Hendricks and the Belgian interior minister, Jan Jambon , a nuclear proponent.

2016-2017

On January 14, 2016, Rebecca Harms , co-chair of the group The Greens / European Free Alliance in the European Parliament , and Jean-Marc Nollet , Member of the Belgian Parliament, presented FANK with an evaluation of documents on material defects by materials scientist Ilse Tweer Pressure vessels of the Doel 3 and Tihange 2 reactors as well as a comment on the final assessment.

On February 1, 2016, the WDR announced that the cooling water in the Tihange-2 and Doel-3 nuclear reactors was being preheated for emergency cooling. This takes into account the case that the floc formation should be relevant due to a residual uncertainty that has not been excluded.

The Aachen region filed on February 9, 2016 at the Belgian Council of State , a lawsuit against the continued operation of Tihange-2. The aim of the action is, inter alia. the lack of cross-border participation in an environmental impact assessment and non-compliance with the provisions of the EURATOM contract , in particular with regard to the obligation under Article 37 to submit certain information on the release of radioactive substances to the European Commission . The NRW state government joined the lawsuit in April 2016.

On February 23, 2016, Unit 1 was shut down again after irregularities were discovered on a pump.

At the beginning of March 2016, the North Rhine-Westphalian Environment Minister Johannes Remmel announced that North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate would jointly lodge complaints with the UN and the EU Commission against the extension of the service life of the two reactors in Doel and the first reactor in Tihange. A legal opinion on behalf of the two countries came to the conclusion that the extension of the service life of the Tihange 1 and Doel 1 & 2 nuclear reactors was not compatible with European law.

At the beginning of June 2016 it became known that the cities of Aachen, Maastricht (Netherlands) and Wiltz (Luxembourg), on behalf of other municipalities, would submit an official complaint because "the precautionary principle" had not been respected when Tihange 2 was restarted.

On June 6, 2016, the House of Commons in the Netherlands asked Belgium to close its nuclear power plants.

On September 7, 2016, the Tihange-1 reactor was shut down due to damage caused by construction work in the non-nuclear section, and on September 9, 2016, the Tihange-2 reactor as well. On November 15, 2016, the incident on September 7 was reported that the damage to the building was the lifting of the floor slab. The operator Electrabel must reinforce the floor under the floor slab and guarantee its stability even in the event of an earthquake. Belgian Interior Minister Jan Jambon called for the soil under the other buildings of Tihange 1 to be examined as well. The recommissioning announced for December 31st has been postponed.

In December 2016, the Aachen city region, together with Maastricht and Wiltz as well as natural and legal persons from the three states, filed a civil law suit before the Court of First Instance in Brussels against the operation of the Tihange 2 reactor and the request for decommissioning. In March 2017, the state government of North Rhine-Westphalia and the state government of Rhineland-Palatinate also joined this lawsuit.

On September 1, 2017, the city of Aachen began to distribute iodine tablets to the population in the Aachen region and the districts of Düren, Heinsberg and Euskirchen as a precaution. In doing so, she sent a clear signal of how serious the situation in Tihange is from her point of view. In addition, emergency plans were drawn up with kindergartens and schools in the city of Aachen, and parents were asked to enter contact details and emergency contact data in lists.

In October 2017, Tihange-1 was temporarily shut down due to a breakdown. On the night of November 10, 2017, Unit 3 was automatically shut down due to problems with a valve in the non-nuclear part.

2018-2019

In August 2018, ailing concrete was discovered during maintenance work in Block 2 of the Tihange nuclear power plant. The reactor then went offline by the end of June 2019.

In September 2018, during a planned inspection by Engie Electrabel, concrete breakdown (alkali-silica reaction) was found in the bunker buildings of Doel 3 and Tihange 3, where the emergency systems are located. According to the FANC, the concrete breakdown has no effect on the immediate vicinity of the reactors, but the reactors should only be restarted after further investigations. The restart of the Doel-1 and Doel-2 reactors had been postponed from October to December 2018 due to maintenance. In Doel-4 and Tihange-2, too, concrete destruction was found in the ceilings of the buildings.

On September 24, 2018, Energy Minister Marie-Christine Marghem said that she had turned to her colleagues in the Netherlands, France and Germany about additional capacities in an emergency. Engie Electrabel had reported that some reactors remained shut down longer because the repair of the concrete damage was taking longer than expected, which could mean a power outage in November. Because only one of the seven Belgian nuclear reactors is active, certain areas may have to be taken off the grid for a short time. The minister criticized Engie Electrabel for reporting the problems too late and for being responsible for a possible power failure.

Protests

Protest against the Tihange nuclear power plant in Aachen in autumn 2016

On September 17, 2011, around 2000 people from Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany demonstrated in front of the Tihange nuclear power plant and called for the nuclear reactors to be closed.

On the occasion of the hydrogen inclusions in the reactor vessel that had become known, there was a demonstration in Maastricht on January 12, 2013, in which around 1000 people took part.

In December 2015, hundreds of citizens demonstrated in Aachen for an immediate shutdown, supported by Mayor Marcel Philipp and all city council groups . Philipp called the restart of Tihange-2 “threatening” and “irresponsible”.

In October 2016, pillars with the motto "Tihange AUS" were set up in the Aachen city region. Citizens can use these “interactive memorials” to express their concern and symbolically switch off Tihange with a lever. Every lever movement is counted and transmitted to the responsible persons in Belgium on a weekly basis. The initiators are Rolf Jägersberg and Lars Harmens.

On November 12, 2016, the soccer club Alemannia Aachen played against the U21 team of 1. FC Cologne . During this game, the players of both teams wore the words "stop Tihange" on their jerseys instead of sponsor advertising.

On June 25, 2017, 50,000 demonstrators formed an almost 90-kilometer human chain from Aachen (D) via Maastricht (NL) to Tihange (B). They demonstrated for the immediate shutdown of the Tihange-2 and Doel-3 nuclear reactors.

Data of the reactor blocks

The Tihange nuclear power plant has three blocks:

Reactor
block 		Reactor type net
power 		gross
power 		start of building Network
synchronization 		Commercial
operation 		switching off
processing
Tihange-1 Pressurized water reactor 962 MW 1009 MW Jun 1, 1970 March 7, 1975 Oct. 1, 1975 (2025)
Tihange-2 1008 MW 1055 MW Apr 1, 1976 Oct 13, 1982 Jun 1, 1983 (2/2023)
Tihange-3 1038 MW 1089 MW Nov 1, 1978 Jun 15, 1985 Sep 1 1985 (2025)

literature

The novel cloud six of Roland Siegloff developed the scenario of a serious accident at the nuclear power plant Tihange.

See also

Web links

Commons : Tihange nuclear power plant  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Information on the nuclear phase-out of the Federal Public Service for Economy, SMEs, SMEs and Energy. ( Memento of the original from January 3, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 17, 2015. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / economie.fgov.be
  2. ↑ Reactor 1 of the Tihange nuclear power plant goes offline. WDR, accessed November 7, 2011 .
  3. ^ Nuclear phase-out as planned - except for Tihange I , grenzecho.net, July 4, 2012
  4. ↑ Tihange nuclear power plant: Problems with cooling and electrics , aachener-zeitung.de, September 14, 2012
  5. ↑ Nuclear power plants: Thousands of cracks discovered in Belgian reactors . In: spiegel.de , February 26, 2015.
  6. ↑ Bigger cracks: Is it over for Doel 3 and Tihange 2? . In: Aachener Zeitung . February 26, 2015.
  7. ↑ stop-tihange.org
  8. ↑ tagesschau.de: Tagesschau report. Retrieved March 30, 2017 .
  9. ↑ dpa: Federal government approves fuel assembly delivery to Tihange . In: handelsblatt.com . March 28, 2017.
  10. ↑ Approval from the Federal Office for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Management. Retrieved March 30, 2017 .
  11. ^ Nuclear issues information service - Serious incident vindicates Belgian nuclear phaseout. (English)
  12. ↑ report , contratom.de
  13. ↑ Greenpeace voert actie rond kerncentrale in Tihange . In: Indymedia .be October 25, 2006. Announcement with pictures of the action.
  14. ↑ Report on www.antenne-ac.de ( Memento of the original from February 13, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.antenne-ac.de
  15. ↑ Message  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , tageblatt.lu@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.tageblatt.lu  
  16. ↑ FANC: website , see also French Wikipedia
  17. ↑ http://www.anti-akw-ac.de/de/tihange/stoerfaelle.html/-/asset_publisher/GJf1/content/ines-1-tihange-1-heizstabe-im-druckhalter-des-primarkreislaufs-ausser -function  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.anti-akw-ac.de  
  18. ↑ Dutch: Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated February 22, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / fanc.fgov.be
  19. ↑ French: Archived copy ( Memento of the original from January 25, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / fanc.fgov.be
  20. ↑ Belgique: la fiabilité de deux réacteurs nucléaires remise en cause , Le Monde (French daily newspaper), 8 August 2012
  21. ↑ The Tihange nuclear power plant has not been sealed for years. Aachener Nachrichten, July 13, 2012, front page
  22. ^ Announcement in Grenzecho, 23 August 2012
  23. ↑ The lights could go out soon in Belgium.
  24. ↑ spiegel.de November 16, 1016: German nuclear power plants free from Belgian disease
  25. ↑ tagesschau.de: Too ailing for cool cooling water
  26. ^ BRF - Bomb from the First World War discovered on the Thinge nuclear reactor
  27. ↑ www.aachener-zeitung.de: Tihange: World War Bomb on Akw site
  28. ↑ Aachener Zeitung No. 124 v. 1st June 2013.
  29. ↑ Tihange. Cracks, breakdowns, but no civil protection plan. In: time online. January 4, 2018, accessed February 4, 2018 .
  30. ↑ Two Belgian nuclear reactors before their final shutdown? In: heise.de , August 20, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
  31. ^ Tihange 2 and Doel 3 - More material weaknesses , Belgischer Rundfunk , February 14, 2015.
  32. ↑ Reactor in Tihange shut down after explosion In: aachener-nachrichten.de, November 30, 2014.
  33. ↑ Tihange 3: Reactor started up again. In: Belgian Broadcasting . February 14, 2015.
  34. ↑ Scheuren tot 6 centimeters in reactorvat Tihange
  35. ^ Aachener Zeitung , May 15, 2015
  36. ↑ Malte Pieper: "sloppiness" in Belgian nuclear power station All employees have to go to retraining . In: tagesschau.de . August 8, 2015. ( archive.org )
  37. ↑ Flaw indications in the reactor pressure vessels of Doel 3 and Tihange 2. Final Evaluation Report 2015 (PDF, 1 MB)
  38. ↑ FANK gives the green light to restart Doel 3 and Tihange 2 , Belgischer Rundfunk , November 17, 2015.
  39. ↑ Belgium is restarting its controversial nuclear reactor. Spiegel Online, December 15, 2015, accessed December 15, 2015
  40. ↑ Alexandra Endres: A pretty safe nuclear power plant zeit.de, December 18, 2015.
  41. ↑ demorgen.be
  42. ^ Regering Noord-Rijnland-Westfalen eist ontmanteling van Tihange na incident . In: demorgen.be . December 20, 2015.
  43. ↑ http://www.demorgen.be/binnenland/brand-in-niet-nucleaire-deel-van-kerncentrale-etzt-tihange-1-stil-b95257eb/
  44. ↑ Nuclear reactor in Belgium: 40-year-old reactor restarted after a fire. In: spiegel.de. December 26, 2015, accessed December 27, 2015 .
  45. ↑ zeit.de December 24, 2015: German government worried about continued operation of Belgian nuclear reactors
  46. ↑ Jörg Münchenberg: A meeting with a manageable result . In: deutschlandfunk.de . February 2, 2016.
  47. ↑ recorded European Parliament press conference: Evaluation of safety risks of nuclear power plants Doel and Tihange
  48. ↑ Flawed Reactor Pressure Vessels in the Belgian NPPS Doel 3 and Tihange 2. Comments on the FANC Final Evaluation Report 2015: Archived copy ( Memento of the original from March 12, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked . Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.greens-efa.eu
  49. ↑ Too ailing for cool cooling water
  50. ^ Aachen lawsuit filed against Tihange 2 ( memento from March 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), WDR.de , February 9, 2016
  51. ^ Aix-la-Chapelle au Conseil d'Etat pour faire annuler le redémarrage de Tihange 2 , LaMeuse.be, February 9, 2016
  52. ↑ Belgian reactor Tihange 2 - Ute Jasper in an interview with Westpol , law firm Heuking Kühn Lüer Wojtek
  53. ↑ Heuel-Fabianek, B., Lennartz, R. (2009): The examination of the environmental compatibility of projects in nuclear law . Radiation Protection PRACTICE, 3/2009. Complete article ( [1] ).
  54. ↑ NRW sued Belgian nuclear power plant Tihange WAZ from April 12, 2016
  55. ↑ Belgian breakdown reactors: pressure on authorities increases. Aachener Nachrichten, February 23, 2016, accessed on February 23, 2016 .
  56. ↑ Huy: le réacteur de Tihange 1 à l'arrêt pour s'assurer du fonctionnement des 3 pompes de charge , LaMeuse.be, 23 February 2016
  57. ↑ ruhrnachrichten.de: NRW files a complaint against nuclear power plants ( memento of the original from March 9, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. dated March 8, 2016 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ruhrnachrichten.de
  58. ↑ Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger : NRW wants to file a complaint against nuclear power plants in Belgium from March 8, 2016
  59. ↑ BBH files a complaint on behalf of North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate against the extension of the service life of the Belgian nuclear power plants Tihange and Doel. (No longer available online.) March 16, 2016, archived from the original on May 20, 2016 ; accessed on May 20, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.beckerbuettnerheld.de
  60. ↑ L'essentiel Online: Wiltz leads Luxembourg into the fight against Tihange on June 2, 2016
  61. ↑ Borkener Zeitung : Dutch Parliament wants to close nuclear power plants ( Memento of the original from June 9, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. from June 7, 2016 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.borkenerzeitung.de
  62. ↑ Application dated May 31, 2016 (PDF)
  63. ↑ Nucléaire: il va falloir renforcer le sous-sol de Tihange. Le Soir, November 15, 2016, accessed November 15, 2016 (French).
  64. ↑ www.land.nrw: press release
  65. ↑ Rhineland-Palatinate joins the lawsuit against Tihange 2 In: aachener-nachrichten.de , March 7, 2017.
  66. ↑ Pre-distribution of iodine tablets - serviceportal.aachen.de. Retrieved September 1, 2017 .
  67. ↑ Breakdown in the Belgian nuclear power plant: Greenpeace locates serious defects orf.at, November 11, 2017, accessed on November 11, 2017.
  68. ↑ Tihange 2 nuclear reactor goes online again Zeit Online from June 24, 2019
  69. ↑ AD.nl (September 19, 2018) Concrete red in reactoren Doel en Tihange
  70. ↑ De Tijd (September 19, 2018) Also concrete disintegration in nuclear reactors doel 4 de tihange 2
  71. ↑ AD.NL (24-09-2018) Belgium asks for additional electricity, capacity
  72. ↑ Deutschlandfunk : Is there a threat of a blackout in Belgium?
  73. ^ BRF - Protests by opponents of nuclear power in Tihange.
  74. ^ BRF - Risk of nuclear power: Split views.
  75. ↑ FAZ.net / Peter Carstens January 18, 2015: Aachen is rehearsing the nuclear disaster
  76. ↑ wdr.de ( Memento from February 15, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  77. ↑ Tihange alarm - switch off Tihange now! Now. Immediately. Symbolic. In: tihange-alarm.eu. Retrieved December 13, 2016 .
  78. ↑ www.alemannia-aachen.de
  79. ^ Deutschlandfunk : Alemannia Aachen protests against Belgian nuclear power plants
  80. ↑ spiegel.de June 25, 2017: 50,000 people are forming a chain to shut down nuclear power plants
  81. ↑ Power Reactor Information System of the IAEA : "Belgium, Kingdom of: Nuclear Power Reactors" (English)
  82. ↑ wdr.de