Venedik Sarayı

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The Venedik Sarayı , also called Palazzo di Venezia , is a city ​​palace with associated green areas and other buildings in Istanbul 's Beyoğlu district ( Pera ; Tomtom Kaptan Sokak ). In the Venedik Sarayı there were diplomatic representations of the Republic of Venice , the Empire of Austria (or  Austria-Hungary ) and the Kingdom of Italy . Today the palace is the Istanbul residence of the Italian ambassador to Turkey , who has his regular office in Ankara . The Italian Consulate General in Istanbul is also located next to the palace .

history

background

In the Beyoğlu district there are a number of architectural testimonies to medieval Genoese and Venetian settlements, including the Galata Tower . The Republic of Venice had close political and economic ties with the Byzantine Empire since 1082 . Emperor Alexios I Komnenos gave the Venetians in the capital Constantinople the right to their own self-governing district, to tax exemption and granted them further privileges. After the end of the Latin Empire , which was also under Venetian rule, Venice lost its prominent role in Constantinople until the Ottoman conquest of the city in 1453 to the Republic of Genoa . Nevertheless, the Venetians in Constantinople retained the right to elect one of their compatriots at the head of their self-government, who was now called Bajulus or Bailò . After 1453, the Ottomans largely left their local self-government rights to them because of their continued interest in trading with Genoese and Venetians. In an agreement, the Republic of Venice was given the right to send a diplomatic representative to Constantinople, who in turn usually bore the title of Bailò.

Residence of the Bailò

Residence of the Bailò around 1660
Side view with dragomaniacs

The residence of the Bailò was located in Galata from the middle to the end of the 15th century in a former branch of merchants from Ancona , after which it was moved a little further north to the periphery of Pera , into one of the Salvago family (later Testa and Pisani) rented property, which initially served as a summer residence and then as the main residence from the end of the 16th century. This is the property with a park that was initially known as Vigne di Pera or "Pera Vineyards" and is now called Palazzo di Venezia or Venedik Sarayı . It was fenced and had a publicly accessible and a private part of the Bailò, comparable to today's embassy offices and ambassadorial residences. Diplomatic receptions and other celebrations were organized in the public area, while the Bailò worked with his closest collaborators in the private area. The property was only bought by the Republic of Venice in 1746 because it was feared that it would be confiscated during wartime. Despite the rent, maintenance, renovations, conversions and extensions were always at the expense of the Republic of Venice. Between 1752 and 1754, some of the wooden houses on the property were replaced by masonry ones and the gardens were renewed. Bailò Paolo Renier initiated extensive renovation work on his residence in 1772, whereupon his successor Andrea Memmo demanded the demolition and rebuilding in the Palladian - classical style a few years later . Although this was initially too expensive in Venice, Memmo managed to have the palazzo rebuilt according to his ideas by 1782 so extensively that it was tantamount to a new building.

From the middle of the 16th century at the residence of the Bailò there was a language school for oriental languages for the training of dragomaniacs , which served as a model for many other countries.

Austrian representation

When the Republic of Venice fell after Napoleon Bonaparte's Italian campaign and its territory fell to the Habsburg monarchy with the Peace of Campo Formio in 1797 , the Palazzo di Venezia also passed to the new Austrian rulers. After their defeat at Austerlitz and the Peace of Pressburg , Napoleonic France again took over the Palazzo from 1806 to 1815 , which then became the seat of the diplomatic representation of the Austrian Empire until 1918 , and Austria-Hungary from 1867 at the Sublime Porte . During this time, several additional buildings were built on the premises of the agency; in 1900 a wall was built around the extended gardens. The Internuncio Karl Ludwig von Bruck and Ambassador Henry of Calice and Johann von Pallavicini prompted renovations and alterations. After extensive work under the direction of the architect Gaspare Fossati in 1853 had brought the partly masonry (ground floor), partly wooden palace to an acceptable level, also in comparison with the diplomatic representations of other powers, Heinrich von Calice in particular criticized that the meanwhile unfavorably located and relatively small embassy in the city could no longer compete with the new buildings in other countries, which is why he also demanded a new building in 1882. In 1914, a careful partial demolition began; As far as possible, useful elements of the palace were preserved. The foundations were found to be completely muddy because an old drainage channel had been structurally interrupted. Due to the war, the actual new building designed by the architect Ludwig Richter was delayed and the costs rose considerably. By the end of the war, the work under the direction of the building contractor Alfred Michelini could not be fully completed. During the First World War , the ambassador resided at his summer residence in Yeniköy on the Bosporus .

Italian embassy

After the defeat of Austria-Hungary in World War I and the dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy, Italy laid claim to the embassy complex as “historic Italian property”. Carlo Sforza , Italian High Commissioner in Constantinople , had the Palazzo di Venezia occupied by Italian marines on December 1, 1918, and the aforementioned construction work was completed. On March 27, 1919, the Palazzo became the seat of the Italian High Commissioner and then, from 1925, the Italian Ambassador to the Republic of Turkey founded by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk . Since this made Ankara the capital, this required a corresponding relocation of the diplomatic missions, including the Italian one. In Ankara it maintained a provisional official residence from 1928 until a new embassy building was built there between 1938 and 1940. The embassy kept the Palazzo di Venezia as the second residence of the Italian ambassador in Turkey. A building belonging to the Venedik Sarayı complex housed a consulate; today the Italian consulate general in Istanbul is located there. Immediately to the east is the Italian school abroad Liceo Italiano di Istanbul .

In the Venedik Sarayı there are not only Venetian cultural assets but also a number of objects and structural elements that are reminiscent of the “Austrian century”, including an imperial and royal coat of arms.

Others

Italian cultural institute in Istanbul, former embassy building of the Kingdom of Italy (today not the seat of the consulate general)

The Italian Cultural Institute in Istanbul is not located in the Venedik Sarayı complex , but is around 200 meters northwest of it ( ⊙ , Meşrutiyet Caddesi 75). The diplomatic mission of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont , from which the Kingdom of Italy emerged in 1861, was located in this representative building . His embassy stayed there until the First World War and then moved to the Palazzo di Venezia in Istanbul and then to Ankara. In 1911 and 1912, respectively, Italy began building a new embassy building ( ⊙ ) in the Istanbul district of Nişantaşı , which was then incomplete due to the war and the move to the Palazzo di Venezia and which now houses a technical secondary school. The former Sardinian-Italian embassy was used by the Italian community in Istanbul from the 1920s, and in 1951 the building became the seat of the cultural institute, and the Circolo Roma association was added . On the facade of the building there is a striking Savoy cross of the former Italian royal family, which clearly differs in terms of symbolism from the St. Mark's Lions in the Palazzo di Venezia . A few meters away is the seat of the Italian Chamber of Commerce and Industry Istanbul, founded in 1885.

The Venetian Bailò maintained summer residences in and around Constantinople, among others at Tophane , Balta Liman and Büyükdere . The Italian state still owns such a summer residence today, the Villa Tarabya in Tarabya on the Bosporus ( ⊙ ) , which needs renovation . It is a Yalı built in 1906 in traditional wood construction , designed by the architect Raimondo D'Aronco .

References

literature

  • Rudolf Agstner , Elmar Samsinger : Austria in Istanbul. Kuk presence in the Ottoman Empire . LIT Verlag , Münster 2010
  • Tommaso Bertelè : Il Palazzo degli ambasciatori di Venezia a Costantinopoli e le sue antiche memorie . Casa Editrice Apollo, Bologna 1932.
  • Gaetano Cortese: Il Palazzo di Venezia a Istanbul - Residenza dell'Ambasciatore d'Italia a Istanbul . Stabilimenti Tipografici Carlo Colombo, Rome 2018.
  • Eric Dursteler: Venetians in Constantinople . Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2006.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Maria Pia Pedani: Una Piccola Venezia - Küçük bir Venedik . In: Studi turchi e ottomani 3: Il Palazzo di Venezia a Istanbul ei suoi antichi abitanti. Istanbul'daki Venedik Sarayı ve Eski Yasayanları. A cura di Maria Pia Pedani . Edizioni Ca'Foscari, Venice 2013, pp. 19–34.
  2. ^ Stefan Hanß: Baili e ambasciatori - Bayloslar ve Büyükelçiler . In: Studi turchi e ottomani 3: Il Palazzo di Venezia a Istanbul ei suoi antichi abitanti. Istanbul'daki Venedik Sarayı ve Eski Yasayanları. A cura di Maria Pia Pedani . Edizioni Ca'Foscari, Venice 2013, pp. 35–52.
  3. ↑ Aygül Ağır: From Constantinople to Istanbul: The Residences of the Venetian Bailo (Thirteenth to Sixteenth Centuries) . Abstract, tandfonline.com
  4. ^ Nevin and Raniero Speelman-Özkan: I dragomanni - Dragomanlar . In: Studi turchi e ottomani 3: Il Palazzo di Venezia a Istanbul ei suoi antichi abitanti. Istanbul'daki Venedik Sarayı ve Eski Yasayanları. A cura di Maria Pia Pedani . Edizioni Ca'Foscari, Venice 2013, pp. 53–72.
  5. ^ Rudolf Agstner, Elmar Samsinger: Austria in Istanbul. Kuk presence in the Ottoman Empire . P. 58ff
  6. ^ Rudolf Agstner: Il Palazzo di Venezia: il periodo asburgico (1799-1918) - Venedik Sarayı: Habsburglar Dönemi (1799-1918) . In: Studi turchi e ottomani 3: Il Palazzo di Venezia a Istanbul ei suoi antichi abitanti. Istanbul'daki Venedik Sarayı ve Eski Yasayanları. A cura di Maria Pia Pedani . Edizioni Ca'Foscari, Venice 2013, pp. 94–114.
  7. ↑ Gaetano Cortese: L'Ambasciata d'Italia ad Ankara , on baldi.diplomacy.edu
  8. ↑ Cristina Pallini, Armando Scaramuzzi: Paolo Caccia Dominioni 's work for the Italian embassy at Ankara . ABE Journal, 12/2017, p. 42ff
  9. ↑ Maçka Mesleki ve Teknik Anadolu Lisesi
  10. ↑ Italian Cultural Institute Istanbul to the building
  11. ↑ Homepage of it. IHK Istanbul
  12. ↑ Cesare de Seta: Istanbul, la villa liberty di D'Aronco è un gioiello da salvare. L'Espresso , May 30, 2016

Coordinates: 41 ° 1 ′ 47.4 ″  N , 28 ° 58 ′ 39.8 ″  E