Wild grapevine

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Wild grapevine
Vitis vinifera sylvestris Closeup SierraMadrona.jpg

Wild grapevine ( Vitis vinifera subsp.sylvestris )

Systematics
Order : Grapevine-like (vitales)
Family : Grapevines (Vitaceae)
Genre : Grapevines ( vitis )
Subgenus : Euvitis
Type : Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera )
Subspecies : Wild grapevine
Scientific name
Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris
( CCGmel. ) Hegi

The wild grapevine ( Vitis vinifera subsp. Sylvestris ), also known as wild vine or real wild wine , is a subspecies of Vitis vinifera within the genus of the vine ( Vitis ).

features

The wild grapevine is a branched, woody climbing plant and reaches heights of between 5 and 40 meters. The bark of older branches is longitudinally fibrous. Adhesive disks are missing. The round leaves are palmate, three to five lobes with a wide bay at the base of the blades.

In contrast to the noble grapevine , it is dioeciously separated sexes ( diocesan ); this means that the unisexual flowers are on different plants. The berries do not touch each other in the loosely panicled fruit cluster. With a diameter of 5 to 7 (rarely up to 10) millimeters, the elliptical berries are sour to sweet, usually turn blue-black when ripe and usually contain three seeds . The seeds are round, heart-shaped with a length of 4.9 to 5.7 millimeters.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 38.

ecology

In contrast to the noble grapevine, the wild grapevine is dioecious , i. that is, there are male and female plants. A natural regeneration of the stands is therefore only possible where both sexes occur. Pollination is carried out by insects. The seeds are spread endozoochorically by birds.

Occurrence

Wild grapevine on the Ketscher Rheininsel

Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris populates a large area: from Portugal in the west to Tajikistan and the Himalayan heights in the east. In the south it reaches northern North Africa (Tunisia), in the north southern central Europe. In the vast areas where wild and cultivated vines grow adjacent to one another, there is little evidence of intermingling and introgression : wild and cultivated populations are largely genetically isolated from one another. It should be noted that grape varieties are propagated vegetatively. The genetic data support the long suspected origin of the cultivated grapevine in the east, in Turkey or in the Caucasus, an independent domestication in Western Europe is then unlikely, even if some genetic data suggest a second domestication center on the Iberian Peninsula. In Turkey, the wild grapevine populates an extensive area that includes the coasts of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea as well as a narrow band with an almost Mediterranean climate in southeastern Anatolia to the south of Lake Van and Lake Urmi.

In Austria , this subspecies is found very rarely in Vienna and Lower Austria (alluvial forests on the Danube and March ).

Wild grapevine near Günterstal / Freiburg

In Germany , Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris classified as " critically endangered". There are only stocks in the Upper Rhine area, e.g. B. on the Ketscher Rheininsel between Mannheim and Speyer.

In Iberia there are still some locations occupied for Vitis sylvestris , which were found more or less by chance. Overall, Iberia seems to have the largest population, but here, too, the population is dying out.

In its distribution areas, the wild grapevine is rarely found in the oak-elm floodplain forest or in its imperfections, especially in states of defoliation and at the edges of the forest. She loves moist, nutrient-rich and base-rich, deep loam and clay soil. According to Ellenberg , it is sub-oceanic and an association character of the alder and noble deciduous floodplain forests ( Alno-Ulmion ).

The wild grapevine should not be confused with the wild wine , which comes from North America and is now common in Europe.

history

This subspecies is the wild form of the vine.

After the last ice age 10,000 years ago, the vine in Europe, coming from its retreat areas in the Mediterranean area , colonized the alluvial forests of climatically favored river valleys.

In the post-glacial warm period, their area extended far north, as far as Belgium, southern Sweden and Poland, as prehistoric core finds testify to us. In the middle of the 19th century there were still several thousand specimens in the southern Upper Rhine region, particularly in the Baden Rhine forests. Due to the regulation of the Rhine and as a result of the drainage and forest management of the former alluvial forests, the number of individuals decreased to a few hundred towards the end of the 19th century. The lianas were systematically removed by forestry measures, so that the wild grapevine can only be found in remnants at around 10 locations today. In Baden-Württemberg there are currently around 80 autochthonous wild grapevines. In addition, in Baden-Württemberg, Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse, measures for resettlement are being carried out in suitable areas of the Rhine floodplains.

Individual evidence

  1. a b Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. a b Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (ed.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape 4 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Rosidae): Haloragaceae to Apiaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1992, ISBN 3-8001-3315-6 .
  3. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 653.
  4. Sean Myles, Adam R. Boyko, Christopher L. Owens, Patrick J. Brown, Fabrizio Grassi, Mallikarjuna K. Aradhya, Bernard Prins, Andy Reynolds, Jer-Ming Chia, Doreen Ware, Carlos D. Bustamante, Edward S. Buckler (2011): Genetic structure and domestication history of the grape. PNAS 108 (9): 3530-3535. doi : 10.1073 / pnas.1009363108
  5. Rosa A. Arroyo García & Eugenio Revilla: The Current Status of Wild Grapevine Populations (Vitis vinifera ssp sylvestris) in the Mediterranean Basin. In: Danijela Poljuha & Barbara Sladonja (editors): The Mediterranean Genetic Code - Grapevine and Olive. Intech Open Science, 2013 ISBN 978-953-51-1067-5 PDF
  6. Ibrahim A. Uzun, Arzu Bayir (2010): Distribution of Wild and Cultivated Grapes in Turkey. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 2 (4): 83-87.
  7. Naomi F. Miller (2008): Sweeter than wine? The use of the grape in early western Asia. Antiquity 82 (318): 937-946. doi : 10.1017 / S0003598X00097696
  8. ^ Rolf Blaich, University of Hohenheim: Vitis vinifera

Web links

Commons : Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files