Yauyos Quechua

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Yauyos Quechua (Yawyu Runashimi)

Spoken in

Peru
speaker 6,500  
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in Peru (regional)
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

qu

ISO 639 -2

que

ISO 639-3

qux, que (macro language)

Yauyos- and Chincha-Quechua, between Wanka-Quechua , Chanka-Quechua (Ayacucho) and Jaqaru

Yauyos-Quechua ( Quechua : Yawyu Runashimi ) is a group of varieties of the Quechua language family that are spoken in language islands in the Yauyos province of the Peruvian department of Lima and some neighboring municipalities of the Chincha province of the Ica department and the Castrovirreyna province of the Huancavelica department .

history

In addition to the neighboring province of Huarochirí , Yauyos was the recording location and the subject of the Huarochirí manuscript recorded in Quechua by the Spanish clergyman Francisco de Ávila around 1600 . The Quechua variant used here does not correspond to Yauyos Quechua, but rather a variant that was then used as the " General Language of Peru ", but the manuscript has handed down traditions of the region in a unique way.

Yauyos Quechua was practically undocumented until the 1960s. The places where it still held could only be reached from the outside via long marches on bad roads or paths. Alfredo Torero gives in his fundamental work on the "Dialects of Quechua" (1964 and 1974) information about Yauyos Quechua and places it in the overall context of Quechua. A more detailed documentation of the numerous Quechua dialects of Yauyos, including the recording of oral tradition, was only made in the 1980s by the Australian-French linguist Gerald Taylor. At that time, the language was largely only spoken by adults or even only by the elderly. As part of a project "Endangered Languages" (Endangered Languages) took place in the 2010s more field research by Aviva Shimelman. As a result, dialogues in this language also became available to the public on the Internet.

Sociolinguistic situation today

The Quechua in Yauyos is highly endangered and is probably no longer spoken by children. In the 1993 census, only in the Viñac (Wiñaq) district , almost half of the respondents still cited Quechua as their mother tongue (702 out of 1,444 or 48.6%), followed by Lincha (22.9%), Huangáscar (20%) and Madeán (19.7%) and Azángaro (18.2%). In Laraos there were only 13 people (1.3%), in all of Yauyos in 1689 (7.0%). At the 2007 census, of 25,036 people over 5 years of age in Yauyos, only 800 people (3.2%), less than half of 1993, said Quechua as their mother tongue. The number of speakers for Yauyos-Quechua is given by the Ethnologue of SIL International for the year 2003 with 6500. The 14th edition of the Ethnologue gave a number of speakers of almost 19,000 for 1974, of which 3800 were in areas with speakers of all ages and 9200 in areas with speakers from adolescence. Aviva Shimelman, who carried out research in the region, estimates the number of speakers at just 450 in 2015, the majority over 65 years of age, and only very few, very old monolinguals. The youngest speakers are in their late thirties, while only a few children who live with their grandparents and great-grandparents still have passive knowledge of Yauyos Quechua. The armed conflict in Peru in the 1980s, during which Sendero Luminoso was also very active in the Yauyos province, led to a mass exodus, especially of the younger generation, to Lima, from where hardly anyone has returned or passed the Yauyos Quechua on to their children .

Gerald Taylor published in 1987 under the title Atuq ("Fox") in the magazine Allpanchis phuturinqa the Quechua stories from Laraos, Lincha, Huangáscar and Madeán in Yauyos-Quechua with added Spanish translation. In 2012, Aviva Shimelman published stories from Wiñaq and San Pedro de Huacarpana with translations into Spanish and English. However, nobody in Yauyos has access to this literature in their own language or cannot read it due to a lack of Quechua education. There is no further literature in Yauyos-Quechua so far - apart from a short text of the evangelical Global Recordings Network in the dialect of Madeán for evangelistic purposes .

While after 2011 9 schools with intercultural bilingual education were set up for Jaqaru in the province of Yauyos, which is also threatened , there are no schools with teaching in Yauyos-Quechua.

Features and classification

The Quechua dialects of Yauyos have largely retained the old Quechua phonetic system, including the retroflex ch [ĉ]. In grammar they combine features of Quechua I ( Waywash ) and Quechua II ( Wampuy ), although these vary depending on the local dialect. Their assignment to one of these "main groups" - insofar as these are still recognized at all - is controversial. In particular, due to the rather large differences, their status as a common variety is questioned. Alfredo Torero assigned them to Quechua II a ( Yunkay ) within the Wampuy in 1964 . In 1974 he granted it the status of a “supralect” - a Quechua “language”, as it were, which is delimited according to the criterion of mutual intelligibility. He names the following varieties (also listed by SIL): Huacarpana, Apurí, Madean-Viñac, Azángaro-Huangáscar-Chocos, Cacra-Hongos, Tana-Lincha, Tomás-Alis, Huancaya-Vitis and Laraos. In contradiction to this, Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino in his Lingüística Quechua places the Quechua of Huangáscar and Topará alongside the Wanka ( Waywash branch Wankay ), as well as the dialects of Tomás-Alis and Huancaya-Vitis, which he combines with the Quechua of Cajatambo (North -Lima), West-Pasco and North-Junín in the subgroup Yaru .

In her Grammar 2015, Aviva Shimelman points out the differences between the dialects that they would assign to the two different "main branches" ( -ni / -y vs. -aa / -ii / -uu for "I ...", "my" ( 1st person), -wa vs. -ma for "me" (1st person, object in the verb)) in the background, highlights the similarities and represents the classification as a "common language" (South Yauyos) within the Yunkay .

literature

  • Denis Bertet (2013). Éléments de description du parler quechua d'Hongos (Yauyos, Lima, Pérou): morphology nominal et verbale [contains texts and a lexicon]. Master thesis. Paris. ( Download PDF ).
  • Aviva Shimelman (2017): A grammar of Yauyos Quechua . Studies in Diversity Linguistics 9, Language Science Press, Berlin ( download PDF ).
  • Gerald Taylor (1987): Atuq. Relatos quechuas de Laraos, Lincha, Huangáscar y Madeá, provincia de Yauyos . Allpanchis Phuturinqa, año XIX, N ° 29/30, pp. 249-266.
  • Gerald Taylor (1984): Yauyos, un microcosmo dialectal quechua . Revista Andina 3, pp. 121-146.
  • Alfredo Torero (1983): La familia lingüística quechua . In: B. Pottier (ed.): América Latina en sus lenguas indígenas , pp. 61–92. UNESCO / Monte Avila, Caracas 1983.
  • Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino (1987): Lingüística Quechua . Centro Bartolomé de Las Casas, Cusco 1987.
  • Alfredo Torero (1974): El quechua y la historia social andina . Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima 1974. 240 pages.
  • Alfredo Torero (1964): Los dialectos quechuas . Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, 2, pp. 446-478. Lima 1964.

Online dictionaries

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Perfil Sociodemográfico del Departamento de Lima y la Provincia Constitucional del Callao . Censos Nacionales 2007, XI de Población y VI de Vivienda. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI), Lima 2008. p. 112 ( Capítulo 2 - Características Sociales ).
  2. ↑ Quechua, Yauyos: a language of Peru . M. Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (eds.), 2014: Ethnologue: Languages ​​of the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  3. ↑ Quechua, Yauyos: A language of Peru ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Barbara F. Grimes (ed.), 2000: Ethnologue: Languages ​​of the World, Fourteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / archive.ethnologue.com
  4. ↑ Perú, Ministerio de Educación, Dirección General de Educación Intercultural, Bilingüe y Rural: Documento Nacional de Lenguas Originarias del Perú , Lima , 2013, p. 410.