Censorship in Hong Kong

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Censorship in Hong Kong , related to the suppression of speech or other public communications, raises questions about freedom of speech. Under the law, censorship usually exists against the distribution of certain materials, particularly child pornography, obscene pictures, and reports of legal proceedings that resulted in unfair court convictions.

Prior to the transfer of Hong Kong's sovereignty to China in 1997, Hong Kong boasted the greatest freedom of the press in Asia. Since handing over to mainland China, Hong Kong has been granted relative legal, economic and political autonomy under the one-country-two-systems policy. In contrast to the rest of China, where control over the media is ubiquitous, Hong Kong's freedom of speech, freedom of the press and publication are protected under Article 27 of the Hong Kong Basic Law and Article 16 of the Hong Kong Charter of Liberty.

However, observers have noted a trend of increasing threats to press freedom in Hong Kong, including physical attacks against journalists, targeted attacks against the liberal media and their owners, deprivation of advertising revenue, and the appointment of compliant pro-Beijing editors-in-chief. The drop in Hong Kong's ranking on the press freedom directory, which Reporters Without Borders publishes annually , had been staggering: it was 70th in 2015, nine places down from 2014; in 2002 it was still in 18th place.

Censorship after delivery

Although guarantees of free speech were given, public polls in 1997 showed that journalists were increasingly afraid of the self-censorship of writings that were critical of the central government. Nonetheless, in a survey by the Hong Kong Journalists' Association, journalists indicated that most of them did not hesitate to publish criticism of China and that direct pressure from the Chinese government to change news was actually very rare. Since the handover, Hong Kong newspapers (especially English-language media) have used their self-declared editorial independence from international audiences as a marketing tool.

In 1998, there was a controversy over statements made by magazine publisher Xu Simin. Xu alleged that the government-funded Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK) was biased against mainland China. Although pro-RTHK commentators saw Xu's comments as coming from Beijing, central government officials distanced themselves from his comments. In 2001, the Hong Kong Journalists' Association expressed concern that the "high-pitched rhetoric used by the government and Tung Chee-hwa [in which they slandered Falun Gong] would create an open debate as it encouraged self-censorship."

Hong Kong's ranking on the Press Freedom Directory, published annually by Reporters Without Borders, was ranked 18th in 2002. Since then, a number of factors, most notably self-censorship and incidents affecting the media, have indicated an increasing erosion of journalists' ability to report the news in an objective manner. In 2011, Hong Kong Journalists' Association chairwoman Mak Yin-ting (Chinese: 麥 燕 庭) spoke about self-censorship due to growing business relationships between Beijing and Hong Kong media owners. Mak said that “now more than half of Hong Kong media chiefs or media management professionals have been absorbed by the communist government ... They may consider whether coverage of some issues affects or harms relations between their chiefs and the government would ”. That year, Hong Kong's rankings on the Press Freedom Index fell twenty places to 54th. A report published alongside the table of contents found that “Arrests, attacks and harassment had made journalists' working conditions worse, and that was to an extent never seen before; a sign of a worrying change in government policy ”. Hong Kong's ranking in the directory, which was 61st in 2014, lost nine more spots in 2015, according to the report. “Police misconduct” was named as a factor. The journalists had complained that when sensitive news was critical of the government, they were under disguised pressure to change or moderate the content. The PEN Center believes that the controversy surrounding Leung Chun-ying's dealings with United Group Limited had received particularly patchy coverage in some of the media. It was recorded that there was increasing violence against journalists; the police were implicated in some of the violence. The Hong Kong Association of Journalists found at least 28 attacks against journalists covering the Umbrella Revolution . Overall, according to the PEN American Center , the International Association of Journalists, incidents of censorship, political pressure to self-censure, and intimidation had increased.

During the two-and-a-half month protests in 2014 and the patchy coverage of events and views by traditional media, young people turned to social media for the news. The Guardian described the protests as "the most well-documented social movement in history, creating a vortex of status, posts and preferences even in its quieter moments." People placed greater trust in alternative media; some of them were only launched during the protests. Even the recently expired House News has been reformatted and revived as The House News Bloggers .

Notable examples

South China Morning Post newspaper

When Robert Kuok acquired the South China Morning Post newspaper in 1993 , fears arose over the rapid succession of forced departures of employees and contributors who were critical of China and its supporters in Hong Kong. Before the handover, popular cartoonist Larry Feign and humor columnist Nury Vittachi were sacked. Since 1997, numerous China editorial staff have left, such as Danny Gittings, editor for the 2000-01 editorial pages, and Beijing correspondent Jasper Becker . China Pages editor Willy Lam left after his reporting was publicly criticized by Robert Kuok. Gittings complained that he "kept coming under pressure to tone down his reporting on politically sensitive issues". Editor-in-chief Wang Xiangwei has been criticized for his decision to cut the newspaper report on Li Wangyang's death on June 7, 2012. Instead of publishing a full article on the whole story, Wang had only covered it in a two-section post. Li's death was widely reported in other media.

A senior executive who tried to understand Wang's decision released the ensuing email exchange, indicating that he had received a stern rejection from Wang. Wang was born in the mainland and is a member of the provincial committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in Jilin . Since then, the newspaper has intensified reporting on the death and its consequences as important news. Reporter Paul Mooney, whose contract with the South China Morning Post was not renewed in May 2012, said Li Wangyang's story was not an isolated incident.

Apple Daily newspaper

The liberal Apple Daily has been under constant pressure. In 1997 reporters were denied permission to cover a Hong Kong reception organized by the Chinese Foreign Ministry because they had criticized China several times. Apple Daily has been exposed to advertising boycotts, its reporters mugged, its owner attacked and its premises bombed with fire. Since Apple Daily supported the umbrella revolution, it has been under unprecedented cyber-attack. Copies of newspapers were destroyed by masked henchmen. After a blockade, their logistics were paralyzed for almost a week.

TV station TVB

Since 2009 the television station TVB has drawn criticism in internet forums because of the obvious pro-conformism bias in its reporting. That year, her news department had given the report on the 20th anniversary of the Tian'anmen massacre on June 4, 1989, a low rating. Reporting has been viewed by many Internet forum users as an act to win the favor of the central government. TVB was compared to the state-controlled television broadcaster China Central Television and was therefore given the Portmanteau term "CCTVB". During the protests in 2014, TVB broadcast footage showing seven police officers beating a protester on October 15, which led to considerable internal conflicts during the broadcast. The morning show's soundtrack, which mentioned the "punches and kicks," was re-recorded to read that officers were "suspected of having used excessive force". Keith Yuen, director of the TVB, asked why the footage said, "Officials dragged him to a dark corner and beat and kicked him." The intelligence-gathering assistant manager in charge of the footage was immediately demoted to chief researcher, a position with only one part-time subordinate. Many journalists expressed their dissatisfaction with the way the broadcast had been handled, and around 80 TVB employees from all departments who objected to the handling sent a petition to the management. After several reporters were attacked by activists taking part in a pro-Beijing rally, over 340 employees of the station signed a petition condemning the violence. A production director in the non-drama department called all supplicants to meet with their superiors. There, employees were told to remove their signatures, otherwise they would risk their year-end bonuses. In March 2015, Luk Hon-tak, the former director general of the Democratic Alliance for Hong Kong's Improvement and Progress , became editor-in-chief of TVB News and was responsible for political issues. In the same year, the video "Suspicion of police brutality against demonstrators of the Occupy Central movement" was chosen as the best television news at the 55th Monte Carlo TV Festival and praised for its "comprehensive, objective and professional" report. The video also won an award at the Edward E. Murrow Awards in the Hard News category .

CLO disorder in the election of the managing director in 2012

During the 2012 executive election, the pro-Beijing Ta Kung Pao newspaper used a full front page on March 24, 2012 to attack former underground communist Florence Leung, who published in her book that CY Leung was the only general secretary of the 1985 Hong Kong Constitutional Committee was established because he was an underground member of the Communist Party. The local press reported eagerly about efforts by the central government liaison office to rally support behind CY Leung, but the said reports caused unease among officials. Albert Ho reported complaints received about attempts by the liaison office to intimidate editors and media chiefs. Media reported extensively that Richard Li had received calls from CLO propaganda chief Hao Tiechuan (Chinese: 郝鐵川), who was dissatisfied with the coverage of his Hong Kong economic journal . After hearing that the Central Government's Liaison Office had complained about the coverage of the Hong Kong Business Daily, the Hong Kong Journalists' Association condemned the "open violation" of the "one country, two systems" principle. The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) confirmed these allegations and expressed concern. Johnny Lau wrote criticisms of both Henry Tang and CY Leung during the election for the executive director of the Sing Pao Daily News newspaper , in which he said that neither Tang nor Leung were worthy of support or sympathy. Lau's criticism was then changed to support Leung. Ngai Kai-Kwong, editor-in-chief of the magazine, who denied both censorship and pressure from the liaison office, instead criticized the “carelessness” in editing.

Commercial Radio Hong Kong

In late 2013, as the start of its broadcasting license renewal, Commercial Radio Hong Kong replaced Lee Wai-ling , the outspoken critic of CY Leung, who had hosted an influential primetime roundtable. Lee Wai-ling, long despised by the pro-establishment camp for her vocal criticism of the government, was suddenly deported to a less prominent evening show. Lee was replaced by Stephen Chan Chi-wan, the station's executive director, who denied any political motivations. However, a former media manager said it was "an open secret" that media operators are under significant political pressure at the time of license renewal and that some offensive program hosts the government does not like are being forced to leave. On February 12, 2014, Commercial Radio Hong Kong announced the immediate termination of Lee's employment contract and refused to post any comments on the matter.

Ming Pao Newspaper

In January 2014, Kevin Lau, editor-in-chief of the liberal newspaper Ming Pao , was abruptly replaced by Chong Tien Siong, an inexperienced Singapore- based Malaysian journalist who is considered a pro-establishment according to The Economist . As a result of Lau's release, thousands of people attended a protest rally. Lau, known for his tough coverage of China, was brutally stabbed on February 26 by a person riding in the pillion seat of a motorcycle. While police suspected the attack had been carried out by the Wo Shing Wo Triad, it was widely believed that it was retaliatory action due to his investigative contribution to the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) report on the Offshore fortunes of Chinese executives reported. These included members of the General Secretary of the Communist Party, Xi Jinping, as well as former Prime Minister Wen Jiabao and several members of the National People's Congress . Ming Pao has been pressured to downgrade the importance of reporting the June 4, 1989 Tian'anmen massacre.

Attack on Hong Kong University

The University of Hong Kong was under fire from CY Leung, who took the opportunity to criticize the student union magazine Undergrad during his political speech in 2015 . The criticism related to the publication of an essay in which Leung himself had stated that "Hong Kong ... should find a way to self-confidence and self-determination". Leung now objected to this on the grounds that "the statements, the remarks, are not in accordance with our constitutional status". He also attacked the book Hong Kong Nationalism . While denying that he would attack freedom of speech, Leung implied that there should be no such discussions on "crucial constitutional issues." After the attack by Leung, three large bookstore chains under Pro-Peking-Sino-United-Publishing removed the title from their directory. Wen Wei Po used the contents of a leaked report from the University Grant Commission to undermine the candidacy of Johannes Chan , a prominent member of the pro-democracy movement, as pro-vice-chancellor of the university. According to an article in Kevin Lau's Ming Pao, "parties closely related to the government" have been behind the scenes pressure on committee members to block Chan's appointment. It was also said that the finger was pointed directly at the manager's office.

Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK)

Chan Ka-ming and Shiu Ka-chun, two presenters of Radio Television Hong Kong who excelled in the umbrella revolution, were fired. The broadcaster denied political motives.

Other political pressures

At a ballet premiere in November 2014, local media reported that a scene containing images from the Cultural Revolution had been cut; the production company blamed it on a "technical error".

To publicize its participation in the 2015 Hong Kong Marathon, Puma posted a facsimile image of a runner's dog tag with the number “D7689” on its Facebook page. A supporter of the "loving Hong Kong movement" objected to the number and wrote to Puma's global boss that it was disrespectful to CEO CY Leung and threatened to initiate a mass boycott of the company's sportswear. The complainant stated that "689" was the code of the current executive director for the Hong Kong administrative region of the People's Republic of China, which would be well understood by the Hong Kong people. And D7 would have the same phonetics in Chinese as the American "F ..." word. Puma declared its political neutrality and withdrew the "offensive" publication. Mocking the complaint, Hong Kong citizens searched the city and found many examples of harmless occurrences of the so-called disrespectful number. Mass-Transit-Railway (Hong Kong subway) employees were warned after the identification "D689" was found on a car, which they posted on their unofficial subway service update page on Facebook.

Confiscations from the Democratic Party

Mainland customs confiscated a new shipment of toilet paper for the Democratic Party for no reason. Various types of tissues, including 7,600 toilet rolls and 20,000 packages of paper towels with an imprint resembling CY Leung, to be sold at a New Year's market, were confiscated in Shenzhen . Such goods had been bestsellers on the New Year's market the year before.

Verlag Up Publications - controversial returns

In March 2015, Up Publications , a small independent publisher, complained that it was suddenly and unexpectedly faced with a large and inexplicable number of returns coming from the three main subsidiaries of pro-Beijing publishing house Sino United Publishing . Twenty titles were affected by the returns, causing serious financial damage to Up Publications. Many of the titles returned did not contain any political issues. The publisher was allegedly told by a bookstore source that its position during the 2014 Hong Kong protests and its publication of books in support of the umbrella movement were responsible for this return. Although no reason for the return was given, two of the books returned were related to the occupation and were best sellers at independent bookstores.

"Abductions" at the publisher Mighty Current

Mighty Current is a publisher that publishes politically sensitive books - those that criticize mainland leaders and reveal their personal secrets - and sell them in a bookstore called Causeway Bay Books. In October 2015, four people disappeared from the publisher almost simultaneously on Mighty Current. Among them was author Gui Min-hai, who wrote investigative books on China's Communist Party; Another was Lam Wing-kee, a simple clerk who had sold his Causeway Bay bookstore to the publisher.

Two of the men were last seen in Shenzhen, one in Hong Kong, and another was last heard from Thailand. The news shook the local publishing industry, and the vice chairman of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of the Patriotic Democratic Movement in China said it was difficult "not to associate the disappearance of the four people with Beijing's suppression of banned books." The police search continued for a month.

In December 2015, a fifth member of the publishing house mysteriously disappeared, namely the publishing director Lee Bo. Lee was last seen in the early evening at his Chai Wan warehouse processing an order for several books. Lee Bo's wife later received a call from him. The call was from Shenzhen, and Lee was speaking in an unusual Mandarin (Mandarin) language. The fact that he had left his return permit at home led to fears that he had been somehow kidnapped by the Mainland State Security Bureau and extradited to Shenzhen. According to the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of the Patriotic Democratic Movement in China, the recent disappearance was due to the upcoming publication of a book about the life of Xi Jinping, which is said to contain details of his intimate life.

Beijing commented on the disappearance of the five people, claiming that they were not arrested or even kidnapped against their will. On the contrary, they "ran into the arms of the security authorities voluntarily and full of remorse". The five confirmed it when they were interviewed about their situation on the China-related TV station Phoenix in February 2016 . Lam Wing-Kee confessed to breaking Chinese laws in front of the camera and was ready to be "punished" for it. All five asserted that they would voluntarily "assist" China in their investigations.

The statements made by the five men were generally considered coercive, but there was no concrete evidence to support this suspicion. That all changed on June 16, 2016 when Lam Wing-kee held a press conference in Hong Kong. Lam stated that he was going to visit his girlfriend in October and was arrested at the border and taken to Ningbo and spent five months in solitary confinement. Officials then rehearsed a false confession with him to make on camera: “They gave me the script and I had to follow it. If I deviated from it, the scene would be re-shot. ”According to Lam, the authorities let him travel back to Hong Kong because they believed in his cooperation and had asked him to“ get a hard drive with the bookstore's customer data ”. Lam also said he met publisher Lee Bo and he told him that he had been abducted into Hong Kong territory. The day after the press conference, this was denied on the Facebook page of Lee, who is said to be still in mainland China.

Individual evidence

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  83. ↑ 李波 再 報平安 無 出境 紀錄 閉路電視 見 李 獨自 乘 貨 離去 , Ming Pao, January 2, 2016 (Chinese), January 2, 2016, accessed August 26, 2017
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