Zivia Lubetkin

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Zivia Lubetkin (photo taken before September 1939)

Zivia Lubetkin (also Cywia Lubetkin; Zivia Lubetkin-Zuckerman; Celina Lubetkin; Zivia Cukerman ; born November 9, 1914 in Byteń near Slonim , Russian Empire ; died July 11, 1978 in Kibbutz Lochamej haGeta'ot , Israel ) was a Jewish resistance fighter in occupied Poland , Zionist functionary and kibbutznik.

Origin and Zionist Engagement

Zivia Lubetkin was the daughter of a small grocer. At a young age in Poland she joined the Jewish youth organization Freiheit and worked in Warsaw as a functionary for Hechaluz and Habonim Dror . In 1939 she was a delegate at the 21st Zionist Congress in Geneva .

Resistance after the occupation of Poland in 1939

After the German and Soviet occupation of Poland in 1939 , she helped Polish Jews emigrate from the Soviet-occupied Kovel to the now Lithuanian Vilna . In January 1940 she went to German-occupied Warsaw on behalf of the association, where the Jewish population was ghettoized in October 1940.

In the Warsaw ghetto she ended her participation in the cultural work of the Judenrat in 1941 when the extent of the Holocaust in the Vilna ghetto and in the Kulmhof extermination camp became known. In July 1942 she co-founded the resistance group Jüdische Kampforganisation (ŻOB), which carried out an armed resistance against the deportations in January 1943 under the direction of Mordechaj Anielewicz , her future husband Jitzhak Zuckerman was involved . In April 1943 she was an organizer of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising .

After the suppression of the uprising, she and a group of resistance fighters came to an Aryan district of Warsaw on May 12, 1943 after a 48-hour escape through the Warsaw sewer system and was one of the few survivors. The escape route had been shown to the rescued by a member of the Armia Ludowa . In August 1944 she took part in the ranks of the Armia Ludowa in the Warsaw uprising of the Poles against the German occupation. Her parents and some of her siblings were victims of the Holocaust in 1942.

Escape aid and immigration into the British Mandate Palestine

After the end of the war it belonged to the Jewish organization Bricha , which organized the emigration of surviving Jews from Eastern Europe to Western Europe and their immigration to Palestine. Her own migration to Palestine was not successful until June 1946. In 1946 she was a delegate at the 22nd Zionist Congress in Basel .

Development work in Israel

In the State of Israel , Zivia Lubetkin and her husband were involved in the establishment of kibbutz Lochamej HaGeta'ot , where they worked from then on and where they founded their family. She worked for the Israeli immigration organization Jewish Agency and headed the department for integration.

In 1961 she was heard as a witness in the Eichmann trial . After the Six Day War in 1967 she joined the Movement for a Greater Israel , which wanted to annex the territories conquered in the war and which later became a faction of the Likud which was being founded.

In 1980 she received the Yitzhak Sadeh Prize .

In 2001, she was portrayed by Sadie Frost in the film Uprising, about the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising .

Fonts (selection)

  • The last days of the Warsaw Ghetto. In: New selection from contemporary literature. Ed. Alliierter Informationsdienst, 3rd year, Issue 1, 1948, pp. 1–13. (Again in paperback: VVN- Verlag, Berlin 1949, DNB 453089968. (Afterword Friedrich Wolf ))
    • The last days of the Warsaw Ghetto . New edition, with a contribution by Edith Laudowicz : Resistance of Women in the Warsaw Ghetto . Berlin 2019, ISBN 978-3-945980-35-4 . (pdf)
    • In the days of destruction and revolt . Translated into English by Ishai Tubbin. Hakibbutz Hameuchad Pub. House, Tel Aviv 1981, OCLC 1082456231 .
  • Zagłada i powstanie . Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza, 1999 ISBN 83-05130-41-X .

literature

  • Zvika Dror: The dream, the revolt, and the vow: the biography of Zivia Lubetkin-Zuckerman (1914–1978) . International Dept., Diaspora Section, General Federation of Labor: Lochamei Hagettaot Institute for "Rememberence of the Holocaust and Revolt", Israel 1983.
  • Joachim Käppner : The leader. The struggle for the Warsaw Ghetto 70 years ago: Zivia Lubetkin was the only woman in the leadership of the Jewish uprising…. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . April 20, 2013, p. V2 / 9.
  • Israel Gutman : The Jews of Warsaw, 1939–1943: ghetto, underground, revolt . Translation from Hebrew by Ina Friedman. Harvester Press, Brighton, Sussex 1982, ISBN 0-7108-0411-3 .
  • Israel Gutman: Lubetkin, Livia. In: Encyclopedia of the Holocaust , Volume 3, 1990, pp. 914-915.

Web links

Commons : Zivia Lubetkin  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Zivia Lubetkin-Zuckerman Dead at 64 , obituary at the Jewish Telegraphic Agency , July 13, 1978.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Zivia Lubetkin , at Jewish Women's Archive
  3. ↑ a b c d e Statement at the Eichmann trial, May 3, 1961.
  4. ^ Israel Gutman: The Jews of Warsaw, 1939-1943: ghetto, underground, revolt . 1982, p. 236.
  5. ↑ Joachim Käppner : The leader. The struggle for the Warsaw ghetto 70 years ago: Ziviah Lubetkin was the only woman in the leadership of the Jewish uprising. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. April 20, 2013.
  6. ^ Statement by Yitzhak Zuckerman , Eichmann trial, May 3, 1961.
personal data
SURNAME Lubetkin, Zivia
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Lubetkin-Zuckerman, Zivia; Lubetkin, Ciwia
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Jewish resistance fighter
DATE OF BIRTH November 9, 1914
PLACE OF BIRTH Byteń at Slonim
DATE OF DEATH July 11, 1978
Place of death Israel