Slonim
| Slonim | Slonim | |||
| Слонім | Слоним | |||
| ( Belarus. ) | ( Russian ) | |||
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| State : |
 Belarus
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| Woblasz : |
 Hrodna
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| Coordinates : | 53 ° 6 ′ N , 25 ° 19 ′ E | ||
| Height : | 156 m | ||
| Residents : | 49,334 (Jan. 1, 2015) | ||
| Time zone : | Moscow time ( UTC + 3 ) | ||
| Telephone code : | (+375) 1562 | ||
| Postal code : | 231800 | ||
| License plate : | 4th | ||
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Slonim ( Belarusian : Сло́нім , Polish : Słonim , Russian : Сло́ним ) is a city in the Belarusian Hrodsenskaja Woblasz . The city of Slonim is the administrative center of Slonim Rajon and had 49,334 inhabitants on January 1, 2015.
geography
Slonim is located at the confluence of the Shchara River (Belarus. Шчара) with the Isa (Belarus. Iсса), 143 km southeast of Hrodna. To the east of Slonim near Novaya Strascha (53 ° 03'53 "N 25 ° 28'31" E) there is a 350 m high transmission mast for VHF and TV reception, which is one of the tallest structures in Belarus.
City arms
The city's coat of arms, the fox , was confirmed on January 4th, 1591. This shows that the city belonged to Lev Sapieha , as the fox was the heraldic animal of his family at the beginning of the 16th century. A golden lion (Belarusian. Leu ) standing on its hind paws is depicted on a blue background, holding an upwardly directed silver arrow with two crossbars on a shaft in its right front paw. The fox is a silver lance on a red background that is crossed with two white crossbars similar to a battle ax. On the helmet is a half-protruding fox pointing to the left. This animal is no longer shown on the present-day city arms of Slonim. All that is left is an arrow emblem. The fox was replaced by a lion - a representative of strength, courage and generosity. Lew Sapieha plays a major role in the city's history through the coat of arms and his commitment to the city.
history
From the origins to the early modern era
Slonim is first mentioned in the Chronicle of Hypatius in 1252 as Uslonim or Waslonim (from the East Slavic word uslon , which means something like fortification post ). According to archaeological finds, two fortified settlements were built on both sides of the Shchara in what is now the city area in 1036, which probably contributed to the naming. From the 12th century a wooden castle apparently existed on the bank of the river in the area of today's city center. At the end of the 13th century, when the city went to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , it was already a highly developed center of culture, handicrafts and trade. In 1281 the prince Wasilka is mentioned in the chronicles. The fortified center of Slonim was at that time the upper castle on the left bank of the Shchara. On July 15, 1410, the Slonimer regiment took part in the battle of Tannenberg against the crusaders. From 1413 the city belonged as an independent district town to the Trakai Voivodeship , from 1507 to the Nowogródek Voivodeship .
In 1490 Casimir IV Jagiełło built the first church in the city, a Catholic church, in the place of which the St. Andrew's Church was built in 1775. In 1506 the city was destroyed by the Tatars. The old castle was then not rebuilt. In 1520 the new castle was completed under Prince Jan Radsiwill. In 1531, Grand Duke Sigismund the Elder granted the city the right to self-government under Magdeburg law , which was granted in 1591 by Sigismund III. Wasa confirmed. From 1560 Marshal R. Walowitsch ruled the city, from 1586 the Lithuanian Prince Lev Sapieha, after whose initiative and under whose editorship the statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was drawn up, as Pro-Chancellor and later as Chancellor. The rulers after that were Kasimir Leu Sapeha and the noble family of the Ogińskis.
The suburb of Zamosze gained fame in the 16th century. After the Union of Lublin (1569) and the Union of Brest (1596), Catholic monastic orders ( St. Bernard , St. Bernard, Benedictine , Franciscan , Dominican , Jesuit ) monks were established here and the first monasteries were built. As a result of the war between Russia and Poland (1654–1667), the city was completely destroyed.
From the 17th century through the massacres in World War II to the post-war period
Slonim achieved a new cultural and economic heyday in the 18th century with the work of Starost Michael Kasimir Oginski . In the second half of the century he built a residence, opened a printing house, founded a chapel and a theater group with which a music and ballet school were connected. A court theater was founded in 1770. Slonim was nicknamed “Northern Athens ” among contemporaries . The textile industry developed and factories for the production of cotton products and carpets were built. A port was created. At the end of the 18th century, the city consisted of Palace Square ( Leu-Sapeha-Platz ) and streets that diverged in a radial pattern towards Minsk, Vilnius ( Moutschadski trakt ) and Hrodna. This from the 15th century as a tract Zamkavy , then as tract Dsjaretschynski designated public transport linking the city center by bridges to the districts on the left bank and the village Panassouka just outside the city. Around 1796 there were already plans for an Aginski palace that were officially included in the city planning.
In 1795 the city fell to Russia in the course of the second partition of Poland and briefly became the administrative center of a governorate ( Slonim governorate ). In 1801 it became part of the Grodno Governorate as a district town .
With the construction of the Baranavichy- Białystok railway in 1886, the castle hill on the right bank of the Shchara and the Jewish cemetery, the oldest in the city, were demolished.
From the 16th century until the Holocaust, Slonim developed into an important Jewish center. Around 1900 the Jewish population was 78%.
From October 1915 to January 1919 Slonim was under German occupation and was largely destroyed. On March 18, 1921, as part of the Peace of Riga, it fell under Polish rule and became a district town . After the Wehrmacht invaded Poland, Red Army troops arrived in Slonim on September 18, 1939 and the city was incorporated into the BSSR .
After the German Trippen invaded the Soviet Union, Slonim was occupied by the Wehrmacht from June 1941 to July 10, 1944. On July 5, 1941, the headquarters of the leadership of SS Einsatzgruppe B , and then of their Einsatzkommando 9, was established in the city. On a hill one kilometer outside the city, on Petralevitskaya Hara , more than 10,000 people were shot, on Tschpjaleuskija Pali 30,000, on the Morhi 2000 field . A total of 45,000 Jewish people were murdered in the Slonim massacres between summer 1941 and autumn 1943 , shot for the most part. Slonim's area commissioner, Gerhard Erren, was largely responsible for these crimes .
In 1954 Slonim became the administrative center of the raion of the same name and part of the Hrodsenskaja Woblasz.
religion
Before the occupation of the German Wehrmacht and the Holocaust or Shoah during the Second World War, there was a Jewish shtetl in Slonim . The Slonim Jews are known as the Hasidic rabbi dynasty. The synagogue is still standing, but structurally it is in poor condition, only the roof has been renewed. The market takes place around the synagogue.
Economy and tourism
More than 20 companies from the mechanical engineering and metalworking industry, from the furniture and stationery industry, from the food and light industry are located in Slonim.
In addition, the city is partly developed for tourism (Hotel Schtschara, Sanatorium Sonetschny) and on the hiking routes "Kamenny letapis Panjomannja" ( Stone Chronicle of the Nyoman Region ), "Na radsimu Tadewuscha Kaszjuschka" ( In the homeland of Tadeusz Kościuszko ), "Archipelag Sapehau" Archipelago of the Sapehas ), “Sjadsiby, palazy, samki” ( estates, palaces, castles ) and “Architekturnyja pomniki Slonima” ( architectural monuments of Slonim ).
traffic
Slonim train station is a through station on the railway line between Baranavichy and Waukawysk .
There are direct connections for motor traffic to the cities of Baranavichy, Ivazevichy , Rushany , Selva and Dzjatlawa .
Sports
The Slonim football club "Kommunalnik" (Belarus. Кaмунальнiк, Russian Коммунальник) played in the 2008 season in the first Belarusian league, the second division in Belarusian professional football. In the 1997, 1998 and 2000 seasons he was in the first class . FK Slonim takes part in the regional championship; The club “Chrustal'ny mjatsch” of the Slonim children's and youth sports school participates in the youth championships . In addition, “Albertin” has another team at this school. Around 2000, an athletics hall was reached in the city, and boxing , handball and rowing are also widespread.
Attractions
- Church of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Mother Mary (Catholic) and the St. Bernard convent
- town hall
- Holy Trinity Church (Russian Orthodox), formerly Catholic Church and Bernardine Monastery
- Andreas Church (Catholic)
- Slonim Synagogue (1642)
- Transfiguration Church (Russian Orthodox)
- Benedictine convent (1801)
- Chapel of St. Dominic (1745)
- Alberziny Palace and Park
- Slonimer Bank building
- Station building
- Residential houses from the 19th and the first half of the 20th century
Twin cities
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Torzhok ( Russia ) -
Sergiev Posad (Russia)
sons and daughters of the town
- Michael Marks (1859–1907) (founder of Marks & Spencer )
- Samuel Hirszhorn (1876–1942), Polish journalist
- Michel Sima (actually: Michael Smajewski) (1912–1987), photographer and sculptor
- Uladsimir Ramanouski (1957–2013), Soviet canoeist and Olympic champion
- Iwan Zichan (* 1976), track and field athlete
- Natalia Olhovik (* 1978), software developer
People who worked in the city
- Michal Kasimir Oginski (1731–1799), Polish-Lithuanian prince, Starost, Grand Hetman , patron of art
- Leu Sapeha (1557–1633), Chancellor
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/belarus-cities.htm .
- ↑ Aleksandr Lakier, Russkaja geral'dika, Moscow 1990
- ^ Magocsi, PR (2002): Historical Atlas of Central Europe. Seattle: University of Washington Press. P. 109
- ↑ Hans-Heinrich Nolte : Slonim 1941–1945 . In: Gerd R. Ueberschär (Ed.): Places of horror. Crimes in World War II . Primus, Darmstadt 2003, ISBN 3-89678-232-0 , pp. 237-247, here p. 237.
- ↑ Hans-Heinrich Nolte: Slonim 1941–1945 . In: Gerd R. Ueberschär (Ed.): Places of horror. Crimes in World War II , pp. 244f.
