Dwarf elder

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dwarf elder
Sambucus ebulus 002.jpg

Dwarf elder ( Sambucus ebulus )

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids II
Order : Cardigans (Dipsacales)
Family : Musk herb family (Adoxaceae)
Genre : Elderberry ( sambucus )
Type : Dwarf elder
Scientific name
Sambucus ebulus
L.

The dwarf elder or attich ( Sambucus ebulus ) is a species of the genus elder ( Sambucus ).

description

Illustration from Flora Batava , Volume 18
fruit

The dwarf elder is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 60 to 150 centimeters and forms underground runners. The leaves are pinnate and consist of seven to nine lanceolate, 5 to 15 centimeters long, finely serrated leaflets. The stipules are leaf-like.

The flowering period extends from June to August. Numerous flowers stand together in 5 to 10 centimeters long, flat, umbelliferous inflorescences . The white flowers are radial symmetry with a diameter of about 7 millimeters . The anthers are red and later turn black. Black, berry-like stone fruits are formed as fruits . The dwarf elder has a disgusting smell.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 36.

Toxicity

All parts of the plant are poisonous, especially the seeds of the black berries. The main active ingredients in the fruits are a poisonous bitter substance with the two esteridoid glycosides ebuloside and isosweroside , as well as caffeic acid , p-coumaric acid and traces of a hydrogen cyanide glycoside . 14 substances were isolated from the methanolic extract of the root , including ebuloside, 7-hydroxyebuloside , 6'-O-β-D-apiofuranosylbuloside , isosweroside, secoeboloside , morroniside and koaburaside .

The acute toxicity of the root is harmless and is greatest during the flowering period .

When eating fruits, spontaneous vomiting, nausea and diarrhea occurred; fatal poisoning is also known.

Occurrence

The dwarf elder is found in the Mediterranean region , in warm temperate Europe up to and including central Germany as well as in northern Iran and Turkmenia .

In Austria, the dwarf elder is common to absent-minded in all federal states.

The dwarf elderberry grows veldt and forest edges, in clearings and wastelands , on fresh forest beats and ruderal herb communities . It occurs only sporadically in the lowlands , as well as in areas poor in lime, otherwise it grows scattered and is usually stock-forming. It prefers nitrogen-rich and basic soils. It is a character species of the Sambucetum ebuli from the Aegopodion Association, but also occurs in societies of the Atropion Association.

In the Allgäu Alps , it rises in Vorarlberg in Hirschberg between the Upper and Lower Hirschbergalpe to an altitude of 1520 meters.

use

The dwarf elder is also used as an ornamental plant and planted to fortify dunes.

The pollen of the flowers is eaten by rose beetles

In the past, the dwarf elder ( called ebulum in Latin) was regarded as a harmful body fluid laxative remedy that was used in ancient times (as in the Medicina antiqua ) for kidney stones, spleen pain, snakebite and dropsy.

swell

literature

  • Lutz Roth , Max Daunderer , Kurt Kormann : Poison Plants - Plant Poisons. Poisonous plants from AZ. Emergency assistance. Occurrence. Effect. Therapy. Allergic and phototoxic reactions . 4th edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-933203-31-7 , pp. 632 (reprinted 1994).
  • Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Excursion flora from Germany . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 , pp. 419 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  • Bettina Rahfeld: Microscopic color atlas of plant drugs . 2nd Edition. Spectrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8274-2781-6 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 , pp. 419 .
  2. ↑ Thomas Schauer, Claus Caspari: The FSVO plant guide for on the go . 2nd, revised edition. BLV, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-8354-0354-3 , p. 462 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Dietmar Aichele, Marianne Golte-Bechtle: What is blooming there? 57th edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-10212-2 , pp. 104 .
  4. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .
  5. ↑ a b Lutz Roth , Max Daunderer , Kurt Kormann : Toxic Plants - Plant Poisons. Poisonous plants from AZ. Emergency assistance. Occurrence. Effect. Therapy. Allergic and phototoxic reactions . 4th edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-933203-31-7 , pp.  632 (reprinted 1994).
  6. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 804 .
  7. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 518.
  8. ↑ Peter and Ingrid Schönfelder: The Kosmos medicinal plants guide. European medicinal and poisonous plants. 2nd Edition. Stuttgart 1988, p. 76.
  9. ↑ Hans Zotter : Ancient medicine. The collective medical manuscript Cod. Vindobonensis 93 in Latin and German. Academic printing and Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1980 (= Interpretationes ad codices. Volume 2); 2nd, improved edition ibid. 1986, ISBN 3-201-01310-2 , p. 160 f.

Web links

Commons : Dwarf Elder ( Sambucus ebulus )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files