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{{otherpersons|Amy Lee}}
{{Infobox Language
{{Infobox Musical artist
|name=Coptic
|Name = Amy Lee
|nativename= {{Coptic|Ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙ̀ⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ}} ''Met.Remenkīmi''
|Img = Evanescence Amy1.jpg
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|Img_capt = Amy Lee on stage
|script=[[Coptic alphabet]]
|Background = solo_singer
|states=[[Egypt]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[United States]]
|Birth_name = Amy Lynn Lee
| speakers=Extinct in the 17th century<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cop Ethnologue, 15th edition]</ref>, a small number of speakers may speak the revived language<ref name="Coptic Assembly">{{cite web
|Born = {{birth date and age|1981|12|13}} <br /> <small>[[Riverside, California]], [[United States|U.S.]]</small>
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|Origin = [[Little Rock, Arkansas]], [[United States|U.S.]]
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|Instrument = [[Singing|Vocals]], [[piano]], [[guitar]]
| authorlink =
|Years_active = 1995 – present
| coauthors =
|Genre = <!--DO NOT CHANGE GENRE; see talk page-->[[Alternative metal]]
| title = Exclusive: An Interview with the Only Egyptian Family that Still Speaks the Coptic Language inside Egypt
|Occupation = [[Singing|Singer]], [[songwriter]], [[pianist]]
| work =
|Associated_acts = [[Evanescence]]
| publisher = Coptic Assembly of America
|Label = [[Wind-up Records|Wind-up]]
| date =
| url = http://www.copticassembly.org/showart.php?main_id=838
|URL = [http://www.evanescence.com/ Evanescence.com]
|Notable_instruments = [[Baldwin Piano Company|Baldwin Piano]]
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{{Verify credibility|date=August 2008}}
The number of people who speak Coptic reaches around 300, and no one is still in Egypt except the family of Titti Mouris</ref><ref>{{Citation
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| title =نفرتيتى تتحدث
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| url = http://besara7a.wordpress.com/2008/03/10/عائلة-مصرية-جدا
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| format ={{Dead link|date=June 2008}}{{Verify credibility|date=August 2008}} &ndash; <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3A%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%89+%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>
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| title = ...إنهم يتحدثون القبطية
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| publisher = Canadian Coptic Association
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| url = http://copticnews.ca/a_jul2006/103_coptic.htm
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{{cite web
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| title = إنهم يتحدثون القبطية
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| publisher = Theban Legion
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| url = http://www.katibatibia.com/Events/afamilytalkingonlycoptic.htm
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|fam2=[[Egyptian languages|Egyptian]]
|iso2=cop|iso3=cop|notice=Coptic}}
'''Coptic''' or '''Coptic Egyptian'''<ref>{{cite book | last = Reintges | first = Chris H. | title = Coptic Egyptian (Sahidic Dialect) | publisher = Rüdiger Köppe | location = Cologne | date = 2004 | isbn = 978-3-89645-570-3}}</ref> ({{Coptic|Ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙ̀ⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ}} ''Met.Remenkīmi'') is the final stage of the [[Egyptian language]], a northern [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] language spoken in [[Egypt]] until at least the seventeenth century. Egyptian began to be written using the [[Greek alphabet]] in the first century. The new writing system became the [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic script]], an adapted Greek alphabet with the addition of six to seven signs from the [[Demotic (Egyptian)|demotic]] script to represent Egyptian [[phoneme]]s absent from [[Greek language|Greek]]. Several distinct Coptic dialects are identified, the most prominent of which are Sahidic and Bohairic.


'''Amy Lee'''; (born [[December 13]], [[1981]]), is an [[United States|American]] [[singer-songwriter]] and classically-trained [[pianist]]. She is co-founder and [[lead vocalist]] of the [[alternative metal]] band [[Evanescence]]. Her influences range from classical musicians such as [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] to modern artists like [[Björk]], [[Tori Amos]], [[Danny Elfman]],<ref name="gurl336">{{cite web |url=http://www.gurl.com/showoff/spotlight/qa/0,,656336,00.html |title=Interview with Evanescence singer Amy Lee |work=gURL.com |accessdate=2006-11-07}}</ref> and [[Plumb (singer)|Plumb]].<ref name="ct0406">{{cite news |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/music/interviews/2006/plumb-0406.html |title=Pre-Evanescence |work=[[Christianity Today]] |publisher=Christianity Today International |first=Andree |last=Farias |date=2006-04-10 |accessdate=2006-11-07}}</ref>
As developmental phases of Egyptian, both Coptic and [[Demotic (Egyptian)|Demotic]] are grammatically closely akin to [[Late Egyptian]], which was written in the [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|hieroglyphic]] script, but differ significantly in their graphic representation.


== Biography ==
Coptic flourished as a literary language from the second to thirteenth centuries, and its Bohairic dialect continues to be the liturgical language of the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria]]. It was supplanted by [[Egyptian Arabic]] as a spoken language toward the early modern period, though [[Language revival|revitalization]] efforts have been underway since the nineteenth century. Some claim that it never became extinct.<ref name="Coptic Assembly">{{cite web
=== Early life ===
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Amy Lee was born to parents John Lee, a disc jockey and TV personality, and Sara Cargill. She has one brother, Robby, and two sisters, Carrie and Lori. Lee had a third sister<!-- only re-add the name of the sister if a reference is provided as well -->, who died in 1987 at the age of three from an unidentified illness.<ref name="blender705">{{cite news |url=http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?id=705 |title=Survivor! |work=[[Blender (magazine)|Blender magazine]] |first=Michael |last=Odell |date=April 2004 |accessdate=2006-10-18}}</ref> The song "Hello" from ''Fallen'' has been reported to have been written for her late sister, as well as the song "Like You" from ''The Open Door'' with the lyrics, "I long to be like you, sis; Lie cold in the ground like you did," also hinting at the death of her sister and her grief for it.<ref name="vh1songs">{{cite web |url=http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1540914/story.jhtml |title=Evanescence: Amy Lee Explains the New Songs |work=VH1.com |date=2006-10-08}}</ref> Lee took classical [[piano]] lessons for nine years. Her family moved to many places, including [[Florida]] and [[Illinois]],<ref name="OOTSamybio">{{cite web |url=http://www.outoftheshadows.com/MainNavAmysStory.cfm |title=Amy's bio |work=OutoftheShadows.com |accessdate=2006-11-07}}</ref> but eventually settled in [[Little Rock, Arkansas]], where Evanescence started. She graduated from [[Pulaski Academy]] in 2000 and also briefly attended [[Middle Tennessee State University]]. Lee has stated that she is of mostly [[Scottish people|Scottish]] and [[English people|English]] heritage.<ref name="evthreads652">{{cite web |url=http://www.evthreads.com/showpost.php?s=158bbe4331fdfc4db1a33ca61645edea&p=452652&postcount=291 |title=Ask Amy! |work=EvThreads.com |first=Amy |last=Lee |date=2007-10-07 |accessdate=2007-10-30}}</ref>
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| title = Exclusive: An Interview with the Only Egyptian Family that Still Speaks the Coptic Language inside Egypt
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| url = http://www.copticassembly.org/showart.php?main_id=838
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In an interview on [[AOL|AOL Music]], Lee revealed that the first songs she remembered writing were called "Eternity of the Remorse" and "A Single Tear". The first was written when she was eleven years old and wanted to become a classical composer, and the second was for an assignment when she was in the eighth grade.<ref name="AOL Ps&Qs">{{cite web |url=http://music.aol.com/popeater/2007/10/19/ps-and-qs-amy-lee-finds-solace-in-marriage-and-music/ |title=P's & Q's: Amy Lee Finds Solace in Marriage and Music |work=AOL.com |first=Jessica |last=Robertson |date=2007-10-19 |accessdate=2007-10-19}}</ref>
The number of people who speak Coptic reaches around 300, and no one is still in Egypt except the family of Titti Mouris</ref><ref>{{Citation
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| format ={{Dead link|date=June 2008}}{{Verify credibility|date=August 2008}} &ndash; <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3A%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%89+%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>
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| title = ...إنهم يتحدثون القبطية
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==Name==
=== Evanescence ===
[[Image:Lee, Amy (2007).jpg|thumb|Lee at the 2007 Scream Awards]]
The native name of the language is {{Coptic|ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ}} (''mentrmenkēmə'') in the Sahidic dialect and {{Coptic|ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ}} (''metremenkīmi'') in Bohairic. The particle prefix ''ment-/met-'' is a construct of the verb {{Coptic|ⲙⲟⲩϯ}} ''mouti'' ('to speak'), which forms all abstract nouns in Coptic (not only those pertaining to "language"). The expression literally means 'language of the people of Egypt', or simply 'Egyptian language'. Another name by which the language has been called is {{Coptic|ⲙⲛⲧⲕⲩⲡⲧⲁⲓⲟⲛ}} ''ment kuptaion'' from the Copto-[[Greek language|Greek]] form {{Coptic|ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲓⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲛ}} ''ment aiguption'' ('Egyptian language'). The term ''logos ən aiguptios'' ('Egyptian language') is also attested in Sahidic, although ''logos'' and ''aiguptios'' are both Greek in origin. In the liturgy of the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]], the name is more officially {{Coptic|Ⲧⲉⲛⲁⲥⲡⲓ ̀ⲛⲢⲉⲙ ̀ⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ}} ''tenaspi en remenkimi'', 'the Egyptian language', ''aspi'' being the Egyptian word for language.
==== Founding ====
She co-founded the band with [[Ben Moody]]. The two met at a youth camp after he heard Lee playing [[Meat Loaf]]'s "[[I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)]]" on the [[piano]].<ref name="MTVsplit">{{cite news |url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/e/evanescence/news_feature_040227/ |title=Evanescence - The Split |work=MTV News |first=Joe |last=D'Angelo |date=2004-02-27 |accessdate=2006-11-07}}</ref> Within a month, the pair were playing acoustic sets at Arkansas book stores and coffee houses,<ref name="SMHleeinterview">{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/01/08/1073437399128.html |title=Moody blues |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |first=Tiffany |last=Bakker |date=2004-01-09 |accessdate=2006-11-07}}</ref> and they eventually recorded two [[Extended play|EPs]], ''[[Evanescence EP]]'' (1998) and ''Sound Asleep EP'' (1999), selling them at various local venues. In 2000, Evanescence recorded the longer EP ''[[Origin (album)|Origin]]''. This demo contains three songs from the debut album ''Fallen'' and was written by Lee and Moody: "[[Whisper (song)|Whisper]]", "[[Imaginary (song)|Imaginary]]" and "[[My Immortal]]". Whereas "Whisper" and "Imaginary" underwent further modifications before being included on ''Fallen'', "My Immortal" is virtually identical. A later band version of "My Immortal" was made available for download for those who had bought an official version of ''Fallen'' through their official web site, but required that a CD checker program also be downloaded for verification before it would play.<ref name="miband">{{cite web |url=http://www.evanescence.com/exclusiveTrack/index.html |title=My Immortal Band Version |work=Evanescence.com |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20040615223003/www.evanescence.com/exclusiveTrack/index.html |archivedate=2004-06-15 |accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> The band version was included on later copies of ''Fallen'', notably the Brazilian, Bolivian, and Argentine editions.


==== Departure of Ben Moody ====
==Geographic distribution==
On [[October 22]], [[2003]], guitarist Ben Moody left the band citing "creative differences". In an interview several months later, Amy said: "...we'd gotten to a point that if something didn't change, we wouldn't have been able to make a second record". She also said "We're finally a real band, not just Ben and I and a few others thrown together".<ref name="SMHleeinterview" /> Ex-[[Cold (band)|Cold]] guitarist [[Terry Balsamo]] replaced Moody in the band, both on guitar and as Lee's writing partner.
{{IPA notice}}
As a nearly [[extinct language]], Coptic no longer has any official status in [[Egypt]]. However, it is presently a [[sacred language|liturgical language]] of the [[Coptic Church|Coptic Orthodox]] and [[Coptic Catholic]] churches (along with [[Literary Arabic|Arabic]]). Coptic Egyptian was spoken only in Egypt, and historically has had little influence outside of Egypt proper, with the exception of monasteries located in [[Nubia]]. Coptic's most noticeable impact has been on the various dialects of [[Egyptian Arabic]], whose lexicon has preserved a large number of Coptic words, in addition to Coptic [[morphology (linguistics)|morphological]], [[syntax|syntactical]], and [[phonology|phonological]] features.


===Influence on other languages===
==== Lawsuit ====
On [[December 1]], [[2005]], former Evanescence manager Dennis Rider filed a [[United States dollar|US$]]10 million [[lawsuit]] against Lee for [[breach of contract]]. The suit claims Rider was prematurely and unjustly terminated from his position as manager of Evanescence, just one album into a three-record deal.
Apart from Egyptian Arabic, there are a handful of words of Coptic origin that have been borrowed more generally into [[Classical Arabic]] and [[Biblical Hebrew]]. These include:


In return, Lee filed a counter-suit against Rider for "'breach of fiduciary duty,' sexual assault and battery, professional negligence and currency conversion, among other claims." The suit also claims Rider "neglected Lee's career and business and has focused his efforts on having extramarital affairs, hiding them from his wife, becoming intoxicated during business meetings, physically abusing women and boasting about it, making repeated unwelcome sexual advances toward Lee, receiving fees in excess of what was provided for in his management agreement and using Lee's corporate credit card to purchase gifts for his mistress."
*''{{unicode|timsāḥ}}'', تمساح (Arabic), {{Unicode|תמסח}} (Hebrew) - "crocodile"; {{Coptic|ⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ}} ''{{Unicode|emsaḥ}}''.
*''{{unicode|ṭūbah}}'' طوبة "brick"; Sahidic {{Coptic|ⲧⲱⲃⲉ}} ''to:be''; Bohairic {{Coptic|ⲧⲱⲃⲓ}} ''to:bi''; this subsequently entered Spanish (''via'' [[Andalusi Arabic]]) as ''[[adobe]]'', whence it was borrowed by [[American English]].
*''{{unicode|wāḥah}}'' واحة "oasis"; Sahidic {{Coptic|ⲟⲩⲁϩⲉ}} ''{{unicode|waḥe}}'', Bohairic {{Coptic|ⲟⲩⲉϩⲓ}} ''{{Unicode|weḥi}}''.


Rider's attorney, Bert Deixler, claimed in a statement that since Rider became the group's manager in 2002, he had fully performed all of the duties and obligations owed by the firm under the management agreement, and that he had always conducted himself by the highest professional standards.<ref name="VH1leesues">{{cite news |url=http://www.vh1.com/artists/news/1517717/12082005/evanescence.jhtml |title=Evanescence's Amy Lee Sues Former Manager, Alleges Financial And Sexual Misconduct |work=MTV News via VH1.com |first=Chris |last=Harris |date=2005-12-08 |accessdate=2006-11-07}}</ref><ref name="Blender2076">{{cite news |url=http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?id=2076 |title=Amy Lee: Back in Black |work=[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]] |first=Josh |last=Eells |month=October |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-01-09}}</ref>
A few words of Coptic origin are found in [[Greek language|Greek]], some of which were ultimately borrowed into various European languages (e.g. ''[[barge]]'' from Coptic {{Coptic|ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ}} ''bari'' "small boat"). However, most words of Egyptian origin that entered into Greek, and subsequently other European languages, come directly from [[Egyptian language|ancient Egyptian]] (often [[Demotic (Egyptian)|Demotic]]). An example of this is Greek {{polytonic|ὄασις}} ''oasis'', which comes directly from Egyptian ''{{unicode|wḥ3.t}}'' or demotic ''{{unicode|wḥỉ}}''. Yet Coptic re-borrowed some words of ancient Egyptian origin back into its lexicon ''via'' Greek. For example, both Sahidic and Bohairic use the word ''ebenos'', which was taken directly from Greek {{polytonic|ἔβενος}} "ebony", originally from Egyptian ''hbny''.


=== Engagement and marriage ===
In addition, the Greek name {{Polytonic|Παπνούθιος}} Paphnutius finds its origin in Coptic {{Coptic|ⲡⲁⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ}} ''papnute'' 'the (man) of God' – still a common name in Egypt. The name entered Russian as Пафнутий (for example, the famous mathematician [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]]). Finally, [[Old Nubian language|Old Nubian]] and modern [[Nobiin language|Nobiin]] borrowed many words of Coptic origin.
Lee revealed during the taping of MuchMusic's [[January 9]], [[2007]] episode of ''[[Live @ Much]]'' that she had become engaged the previous evening. She later confirmed on EvThreads.com that she had been proposed to by Josh Hartzler, a 29-year-old therapist and long-time friend.<ref name="EvThreads112785">{{cite web |url=http://www.evthreads.com/showpost.php?p=112785&postcount=100 |title=Amy's Engaged!: *clink clink* *ahem...* |work=EvThreads.com |first=Amy |last=Lee |date=2007-01-09 |accessdate=2007-01-09}}</ref> She noted in an interview that the songs "Good Enough" and "Bring Me To Life" were inspired by him.<ref name="Blender2076" /> The couple were married on [[May 6]], [[2007]], and honeymooned near [[The Bahamas]].<ref name="people20038444">{{cite news |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20038444,00.html |title=Evanescence Singer Amy Lee Gets Married |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |first=Courtney |last=Rubin |date=2007-05-10 |accessdate=2007-05-10}}</ref> She has posted on EvThreads that she is "now officially Mrs. Amy Hartzler."<ref name="evthreads268958">{{cite web |url=http://www.evthreads.com/showpost.php?p=268958&postcount=1 |title=i've got a new ring & now you've got the scoop |work=EvThreads.com |first=Amy |last=Hartzler |date=2007-05-18 |accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref>


[[Image:Amy Lee - Evanescence 07.jpg|thumb|left|Lee performing at an Evanescence concert]]
==History==
== Appearance ==
[[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] may have the longest documented history of any language, having remained in written use from ''c.'' 3200 BC to the Middle Ages and as a spoken language for longer. The history of the language is characterized by two important transitions, one in the structure of the language and another in its orthography.
Lee has a recognizable fashion style, marked by her occasional use of Gothic make-up and taste for [[Victorian fashion|Victorian]]-styled clothing.<ref name="kerrang">{{cite web |url=http://www.kerrang.com/nav?page=kerrang.reviews.artist.news&fixture_artist=416182&fixture_news=414138&resource=414138 |title=Evanescence's Amy shreads her threads! |publisher=[[Kerrang!]] |date=2003-06-09 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050314204408/http://www.kerrang.com/nav?page=kerrang.reviews.artist.news&fixture_artist=416182&fixture_news=414138&resource=414138 |archivedate=2005-03-14 |accessdate=2008-01-15}}</ref> She also designs many of her own clothes, including those worn in the music video for "[[Going Under]]", the dress she wore at the [[46th Grammy Awards|2004 Grammy awards]], and the dress worn for the cover of ''[[The Open Door]]''. After she designed it she chose [[Japan]]ese [[fashion design|designer]] [[H. Naoto]] to make it for her.<ref name="MTVleegrammys">{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/grammys/2004/backstage.jhtml?id=amylee&c=7 |title=Amy Lee - Instant Fashion Profile |work=MTV News |year=2004 |accessdate=2006-11-07}}</ref> In concerts, she often wears a [[corset]] and [[fishnet (material)|fishnets]], as well as long skirts and knee-high boots. She at one point had a piercing on her left eyebrow, which is visible on the cover of ''[[Fallen (album)|Fallen]]''.
First, a change from [[synthetic language|synthetic]] to [[analytic language|analytic]] patterns in the verbal system and the [[Nominal (linguistics)|nominal]] [[syntax]] took place, often described in scholarly literature as a transition from "Older Egyptian" (Old and Middle Egyptian) to "Later Egyptian" (Late, Demotic and Coptic Egyptian). Later Egyptian is characterized by the development of analytic features such as prefixal definite and indefinite articles, which replaced the earlier suffixal markers of [[Morphological typology|morphological]] oppositions (more akin to [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]), as well as a [[Periphrasis|periphrastic]] development involving a change from the older VSO [[word order]] (also characteristic of [[Classical Arabic]] and [[Biblical Hebrew]]) to SVO.
A second change marks the transition from the older Egyptian writing systems, namely the native [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|hieroglyphic]], [[hieratic]], and [[Demotic (Egyptian)|demotic]] scripts, to the [[Coptic alphabet]]. Coptic therefore is a reference both to the final stage of Egyptian after [[Demotic (Egyptian)|Demotic]], and to the new writing system that was adapted from the [[Greek alphabet]].


She has stated on a number of occasions that she would never flash her breasts or engage in other [[publicity stunt]]s that would draw attention to herself. In fact, in the music video for "[[Everybody's Fool]]," she aimed to mock such artists by suggesting that celebrities who use sex to appeal to an audience are, in fact, merely peddling "lies" (the unifying theme of the music video). Many fans praise Lee for her refusal to emulate other celebrities by using [[sexual attraction|sex appeal]] in her music.<ref name="VH1cheesy">{{cite news |url=http://www.vh1.com/artists/news/1488307/06102004/evanescence.jhtml |title=Evanescence's Amy Lee Hopes To Get Into Film, Rages Against Cheesy Female Idols |work=MTV News via VH1.com |first=Corey |last=Moss |date=2004-06-10 |accessdate=2006-11-07}}</ref>
===Coptic before the Islamic period===
The earliest attempts to write the Egyptian language using the Greek alphabet are Greek transcriptions of Egyptian proper names, most of which date to the [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Ptolemaic]] period. Scholars frequently refer to this phase as Pre-Coptic. However, it is clear that by the [[Late Period of ancient Egypt|late pharaonic period]], demotic scribes regularly employed a more phonetic orthography, a testament to the increasing cultural contact between [[Egyptians]] and [[Greeks]] even before [[Alexander the Great]]'s conquest of [[Egypt]]. Coptic itself, or ''Old Coptic'', takes root in the first century. The transition from the older Egyptian scripts to the newly adapted Graeco-Coptic script was in part due to the decline of the traditional role played by the priestly class of [[ancient Egyptian religion]], who unlike most ordinary Egyptians, were literate in the temple scriptoria. Old Coptic is represented mostly by non-Christian texts such as Egyptian pagan prayers and magical and astrological papyri. Many of them served as glosses to original hieratic and demotic equivalents. The glosses may have been aimed at non-Egyptian speakers.
[[Image:coptic luke.jpg|right|thumb|8th century Coptic manuscript of [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 5.5—9]]
Under late [[Ægyptus|Roman rule]], [[Diocletian]] persecuted many Egyptian converts to the new [[Christianity|Christian]] faith. This forced new converts to flee to the Egyptian deserts. In time, the growth of these communities generated the need to write Christian Greek instructions in the Egyptian language. The early Fathers of the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Egyptian Church]], such as [[Anthony the Great]], [[Pachomius]], [[Macarius of Egypt|Macarius]] and [[Athanasius]], who otherwise usually wrote in Greek, addressed some of their works to the Egyptian monks in Egyptian. The Egyptian language, now written in the [[Coptic alphabet]], flourished in the second and third centuries. However, it was not until [[Shenouda the Archimandrite]] that Coptic became a fully standardized literary language based on the Sahidic dialect. Shenouda's native Egyptian tongue and knowledge of Greek and rhetoric gave him the necessary tools to elevate Coptic, in content and style, to a literary height nearly equal to the position of the Egyptian language in [[Ancient Egypt|pre-Christian Egypt]].


In 2006, ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' listed Lee as one of the hottest women in rock alongside such singers as [[Joan Jett]], [[Courtney Love]] and [[Liz Phair]].<ref name="blend2295">{{cite web |url=http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?ID=2295 |title=Hottest Women of...Rock! |first=Mike |last=Errico |work=[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]] |month=December |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-02-11}}</ref>
===Coptic after the Islamic period===
[[Egypt]] [[Muslim conquests|came under the dominance]] of [[Arab]] rulers with the spread of [[Islam]] in the 7th century. At the turn of the 8th century, [[Caliph]] [[Abd al-Malik|Abdel al-Malik bin Marwan]] decreed that [[Arabic language|Arabic]] replace [[Koine Greek]] and Coptic as the sole administrative language. Literary Coptic gradually declined such that within a few hundred years, [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] bishop [[Severus Ibn al-Muqaffa]] found it necessary to write his ''History of the Patriarchs'' in [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. However, ecclesiastically the language retained its important position, and many [[hagiography|hagiographic]] texts were also composed during this period. Until the tenth century, Coptic remained the spoken language of the native population outside the capital.


[[Image:AmyLee2003BillboardAwards.jpg|thumb|Lee at the 2003 Billboard Awards]]
Violent persecutions under the [[Mamluk]]s led to the further decline of Coptic, until it completely gave way to [[Egyptian Arabic]] sometime in the 17th century, though it may have survived in isolated pockets for a little longer. In the second half of the 19th century, [[Pope Cyril IV of Alexandria]] started a national Church-sponsored movement to revive the Coptic language. Several works of grammar were published, along with a more comprehensive dictionary than had been previously available. The scholarly findings of the field of [[Egyptology]] and the inauguration of the [[Higher Institute of Coptic Studies]] further contributed to the renaissance. Efforts at language revival continue to be undertaken, both inside and [[Liberal Egyptian Party|outside]] the Church, and have attracted the interest of both [[Copt]]s and Muslims in Egypt.
== Other projects ==
In 2000, Lee sang guest vocals on two of former Evanescence [[keyboardist]] [[David Hodges]]' songs: "Breathe" (''The Summit Church: Summit Worship'') and the unreleased "Fall Into You".<ref name="davidhodges">{{cite web |url=http://www.davidhodges.info/lyrics.shtml |title=Discography / Lyrics / Audio Clips |work=DavidHodges.info |accessdate=2006-11-07}}</ref> She performed backup vocals for "Missing You", a song on [[Big Dismal]]'s 2003 debut album ''Believe'', and sang backup vocals on two songs with 'supergroup' [[The Damning Well]], though her vocals were taken off the final release due to record label issues.<ref name="mtv1476854">{{cite news |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1476854/20030813/nine_inch_nails.jhtml |title=Borland, Bowie, Maynard James Keenan Ready To Unveil Hush-Hush Project |work=MTV News |first=Joe |last=D'Angelo |date=2003-08-13 |accessdate=2007-03-08}}</ref> Lee later performed a duet with her then-boyfriend [[Shaun Morgan]] on the track "[[Broken (Seether song)|Broken]]" for [[Seether]]'s 2004 album ''[[Disclaimer II]]''. The song was also featured as part of the soundtrack for the 2004 film ''[[The Punisher (2004 film)|The Punisher]]''.


In 2004, Lee claimed to be working on music for ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]'', but that the music was rejected by the studio for being "too dark and epic." However, the producers of ''Narnia'' stated that Lee was never asked to compose any music for the film, whose score was written by [[Harry Gregson-Williams]], and that "No Evanescence music was planned for the soundtrack."<ref name="mtv917">{{cite news |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1493917/20041118/evanescence.jhtml?headlines=true |title=Evanescence's New Sound Is Reminiscent Of&nbsp;... Evanescence |work=MTV News |first=Joe |last=D'Angelo |date=2004-11-18 |accessdate=2007-07-06}}</ref><ref name="nzh569">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/6/story.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=7000569 |title=Wardrobe closed to Evanescence singer |work=The New Zealand Herald |date=2007-11-27 |accessdate=2007-07-06}}</ref> While there was some speculation that one of the supposed songs had been cut and used in several tracks of ''[[The Open Door]]'', Lee stated this was not true except for part of it being used to segue into the last track of the album, "[[Good Enough (Evanescence song)|Good Enough]]".<ref name="Evboardnarnia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.evboard.com/showpost.php?p=912102&postcount=1 |title=Discussion of The Open Door album |work=EvBoard.com |first=Amy |last=Lee |date=2006-07-13 |accessdate=2007-08-09}}</ref>
==Writing system==
[[Image:Coptic.jpg|thumb|Stone with Coptic inscription]]
:''Main article [[Coptic alphabet]]''


Lee became the American Chairperson for ''Out of the Shadows'' in 2006. This organization is an international foundation with the goal of providing education about [[epilepsy]]. Lee's younger brother, Robby, was previously diagnosed with this condition.<ref name="OOTSwhy">{{cite web |url=http://www.outoftheshadows.com/MainNavAmysStory_3-1.cfm |title=Why Epilepsy? |work=OutoftheShadows.com |accessdate=2006-11-07}}</ref> The singer also made a brief guest appearance in the music video for [[Johnny Cash]]'s "[[God's Gonna Cut You Down#Johnny Cash version|God's Gonna Cut You Down]]" in late 2006.<ref name="VH1cash">{{cite news |url=http://www.vh1.com/artists/news/1546013/11162006/cash_johnny.jhtml |title=Timberlake's Brainstorm: Johnny Cash Video With Kanye, Jigga, Depp, Others |work= MTV News via VH1.com |first=Gil |last=Kaufman |date=2006-11-17 |accessdate=2006-11-30}}</ref> As each celebrity featured in the shoot was allowed to choose what they would be doing for the video, Lee chose to appear laying flowers on a grave. Her scene was recorded at [[Trinity Church, New York|Trinity Church]] in Manhattan, during which she wore a black velvet coat that previously belonged to [[Tim Burton]].<ref name="Blender2076" />
Coptic uses a writing system almost wholly derived from the [[Greek alphabet]], with the addition of a number of letters that have their origins in [[Demotic Egyptian]]. There is some variation in the number and forms of these signs depending on the dialect. Some of the letters in the Coptic alphabet that are of Greek origin were normally reserved only for words that are themselves Greek. Old Coptic texts employed several graphemes that were not retained in the literary Coptic orthography of later centuries.


In February 2007, [[MTV]] released ''[[MTV Unplugged: Korn]]'' to television and radio, in which Lee is featured during the song "[[Freak on a Leash]]". The song was also released as the first single from the album. In November 2007, [[VH1]] produced a [[mockumentary]] in the style of ''[[Behind the Music]]'', titled ''Rock Band Cometh: The Rock Band Band Story'', to promote the [[video game]] ''[[Rock Band]]''. Lee was one of the celebrity [[cameo]]s featured on the show.<ref name="bmouth84367">{{cite news |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=84367 |title=Megadeth's Mustaine, Evanescence's Lee Featured In 'Rock Band Commeth' Mockumentary |work=[[Blabbermouth.net]] |date=2007-11-07 |accessdate=2007-11-08}}</ref>
In Sahidic, [[syllable]] boundary may have been marked by a supralinear stroke. Such words in the northern dialects have {{coptic|ⲉ}} ([e] or [{{IPA|ə}}]) in place of the superlinear stroke. Some scribal traditions use a [[diaeresis]] over /i/ and /u/ at the beginning of a [[syllable]]. Bohairic uses a superposed point or small stroke known as a ''djinkim''. It may be related to the Sahidic supralinear stroke, or additionally, it may indicate a [[glottal stop]]. Most Coptic texts do not indicate a word division.


For [[Walt Disney Records]]' September 2008 release of ''[[Nightmare Revisited]]'', Lee sang a remake of "Sally's Song". The album is comprised of new material and covers of songs from the original [[The Nightmare Before Christmas (soundtrack)|''Nightmare Before Christmas'' soundtrack]].<ref name="bb080805">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/genre/e3i29faacc3d1f770ee6a48c4fd72748b45 |title=Elfman, Korn, Plain White T's Revisit 'Nightmare' |work=Billboard.biz |first=Ann |last=Donahue |date=2008-08-05 |accessdate=2008-08-09}}</ref><ref name="revmag1">{{cite news |url=http://www.revolvermag.com/content/jonathan-davis-marilyn-manson-and-amy-lee-featured-nightmare-christmas-cd |title=Jonathan Davis, Marilyn Manson, and Amy Lee Featured on "Nightmare Before Christmas" CD |work=RevolverMag.com |date=2008-08-08 |accessdate=2008-09-04}}</ref> Lee will also perform live renditions of "Sally's Song" during the the ''Nightmare Before Christmas'' re-release premiere in [[Hollywood, California]], and for an appearance on ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]''.<ref name="bmouth106660">{{cite news |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=106660 |title=Evanescence Singer To Perform At 'Nightmare Before Christmas' Opening |work=Blabbermouth.net |date=2008-10-10 |accessdate=2008-10-11}}</ref>
==Literature==
{{main|Coptic literature}}
The oldest Coptic writings date to the pre-Christian era (Old Coptic), though Coptic literature consists mostly of texts written by prominent saints of the Coptic Church such as [[Anthony the Great]], [[Pachomius]] and [[Shenouda the Archimandrite]]. Shenouda helped fully standardize the Coptic language through his many sermons, treatises and homilies, which formed the basis of early Coptic literature.


==Vocabulary==
== Discography ==
=== Evanescence albums ===
The core [[lexicon]] of Coptic is [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]], being most closely related to the preceding [[Demotic (Egyptian)|Demotic]] phase of the language. Approximately one-third of the vocabulary of literary Coptic is drawn from [[Greek language|Greek]], though borrowings are not always fully adapted to the Coptic phonological system and may have [[Semantics|semantic]] differences as well. There are instances of Coptic texts having passages that are almost entirely composed from Greek lexical roots. However, this is likely due to the fact that the majority of Coptic religious texts are direct translations of Greek works.
{{main|Evanescence discography}}
*''[[Evanescence EP]]'' (December, 1998)
*''Sound Asleep EP'' (August, 1999)
*''[[Origin (album)|Origin]]'' ([[November 4]], [[2000]])
*''[[Mystary EP]]'' (January, 2003)
*''[[Fallen (album)|Fallen]]'' ([[March 4]], [[2003]])
*''[[Anywhere but Home]]'' ([[November 23]], [[2004]])
*''[[The Open Door]]'' ([[October 3]], [[2006]])


=== Collaborations ===
Words or concepts for which no adequate Egyptian translation existed were taken directly from Greek so as not to alter the meaning of the religious message. In addition, other Egyptian words that would have adequately translated the Greek equivalents were not employed as these were perceived as having overt pagan associations. Old Coptic texts employ many such words, phrases and epithets; for example, the word {{Coptic|ⲧⲃⲁⲓⲧⲱⲩ}} 'Who is in His Mountain', is an epithet of [[Anubis]].<ref>Gignac, Francis Thomas, p. 174</ref> There are also traces of some archaic morphosyntactic features, such as residues of the Demotic [[relative clause]], lack of an indefinite article and possessive use of suffixes.
*[[David Hodges]] featuring Amy Lee - "Breathe" - ''The Summit Church: Summit Worship'' (2000)
*David Hodges featuring Amy Lee - "Fall Into You" (2000, Unreleased)
*[[Big Dismal]] featuring Amy Lee - "Missing You" - ''Believe'' (2003)
*[[Seether]] featuring Amy Lee - "[[Broken (Seether song)|Broken]]" - ''[[Disclaimer II]]'' (2004) and ''[[The Punisher: The Album]]'' (2004)
*[[Korn]] featuring Amy Lee - "[[Freak on a Leash#MTV Unplugged rendition|Freak on a Leash]]" - ''[[MTV Unplugged: Korn]]'' (2007)


=== Other ===
Thus the transition from the 'old' traditions to the new Christian religion also contributed to the adoption of Greek words into the Coptic religious lexicon. It is safe to assume that the everyday speech of the native population retained to a greater extent its indigenous Egyptian character, which is sometimes reflected in Coptic non-religious documents such as letters and contracts.
*"Sally's Song" - ''[[Nightmare Revisited]]'' (2008)

== Phonology ==
Coptic provides the clearest indication of Later Egyptian [[phonology]] thanks to its writing system, which fully indicates vowel sounds and occasionally stress pattern. The phonological system of Later Egyptian is also better known than that of the Classical phase of the language due to a greater number of sources indicating Egyptian sounds, including [[Amarna letters|cuneiform letters]] containing transcriptions of Egyptian words and phrases, and Egyptian renderings of [[Northwest Semitic languages|Northwest Semitic]] names. Coptic phonology, in addition, is known from a variety of Coptic-[[Arabic language|Arabic]] papyri in which Arabic letters were used to transcribe Coptic and vice versa. They date to the medieval Islamic period, when Coptic was still spoken.<ref>{{cite book | last= Sijpesteijn | first= Petra | coauthors=Lennart Sundelin | title=Papyrology and the History of Early Islamic Egypt | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | date=2004 | location=Leiden, Boston | isbn=978 90 04 13886 5}}</ref>

==== Vowels ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''[[Monophthong]] phonemes'''
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|iː}}
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA|uː}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{IPA|eː &nbsp; e}}
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA|oː &nbsp; o}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA|ə}}
| &nbsp;
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA|a}}
|
| {{IPA|ɑ}}
|}

In the [[Upper Egypt]]ian dialects, a superlinear stroke is placed over [[sonorant]]s to mark a reduced /e/. This vowel does not undergo reduction in northern dialects, where it is indicated by {{Coptic|ⲉ}} in Bohairic and {{Coptic|ⲏ}} or {{Coptic|ⲩ}} in Fayyumic. For example, /{{IPA|ʃemʃə}}/ 'to worship' is Sah/Akh/Lyc {{Coptic|ϣⲙ̅ϣⲉ}}, Bohairic {{Coptic|ϣⲉⲙϣⲓ}} and Fayyumic {{Coptic|ϣⲏⲙϣⲓ}}. The vowel quality of /e/ can vary: either [{{IPA|e}}] or [{{IPA|ɛ}}] depending on the dialect. In Sahidic and other [[Upper Egypt]]ian dialects, word-final {{Coptic|ⲉ}} corresponds to word-final {{Coptic|ⲓ}} in the northern dialects.

The vowel /{{IPA|ɑ}}/ is typically represented by {{Coptic|ⲁ}}—its presence may be an indicator of [[Emphatic consonant|emphasis spread]] in the same syllable. For example, {{Coptic|ⲥⲁ}} (used in in the construction 'man of [trade]') is transcribed [{{IPA|sˤɑ}}] in medieval Coptic-Arabic papyri. In some phonetic environments, /o/ is a more [[Open-mid vowel|open]] [{{IPA|ɔ}}], and /a/ is a more [[Front vowel|forward]] [{{IPA|æ}}]. The vowel /{{IPA|ə}}/ is always unstressed and can be reduced to [[Zero (linguistics)|{{IPA|Ø}}]] as in earlier Egyptian scripts, which did not indicate unstressed and most stressed vowels.

Coptic also has three to four [[diphthong]]s — mainly [aj], [{{IPA|ɔ}}j] and [aw] — although these may be interpreted as series of vowels and glides. In some dialects, they are [[monophthong]]ized.

==== Consonants ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''[[help:IPA|IPA]] chart of Coptic consonants'''
!
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Labiodental consonant|Labio-<br />dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
| {{IPA|p}} &nbsp; {{IPA|b}}
|
| {{IPA|t}} &nbsp; {{IPA|d}}
|
| {{IPA|c}} &nbsp; {{IPA|ɟ}}
| {{IPA|k}} &nbsp; {{IPA|g}}
|
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}}
|
| {{IPA|n}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| {{IPA|r}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
| {{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|s}} &nbsp; {{IPA|z}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
|
| {{IPA|x}}
| {{IPA|ʕ &nbsp; ħ}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|
|
|
| ({{IPA|ʧ}} &nbsp; {{IPA|ʤ}})
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPA|w}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA|j}}
|
|
|
|-
! [[Lateral approximant consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
| {{IPA|l}}
|
|
|
|
|
|}

The status of /p/ and /b/ in Coptic is not entirely clear. To be sure, earlier phases of [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] may have contrasted voiceless and voiced bilabial stops, but the distinction seems to have been lost sometime during the language's evolutionary history, prior to the 7th-century [[Muslim conquest of Egypt|Islamic conquest]]. Late Egyptian, Demotic and Coptic all interchangeably use their respective graphemes to indicate either sound — for example, Coptic for 'iron' appears alternately as {{Coptic|ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲡⲉ}}, {{Coptic|ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲉ}} and {{Coptic|ⲃⲓⲛⲓⲃⲉ}}. More confusingly, both letters were interchanged with {{Coptic|ⲫ}} and {{Coptic|ϥ}} to indicate /f/, and {{Coptic|ⲃ}} was also used in many texts to indicate the bilabial approximant /w/.

There is further evidence from transcriptions of Egyptian by other languages that /b/ and /p/ were not contrasted, or that /p/ had been lost at least in later phases. For example, the name of the ancient Egyptian god [[Anubis]] was written in [[Classical Greek]] with a [[voiced bilabial stop]] rather than /p/. Since Classical Greek more securely had both sounds, there is good reason to believe that ancient Greek writers transcribed the Egyptian phoneme based on how they heard it pronounced by contemporaneous Egyptians. Some [[Coptologist]]s have also suggested that Coptic {{Coptic|ⲃ}} may have been articulated as a [[voiced bilabial fricative]] [{{IPA|β}}]. In the present-day Coptic Church services, this letter is realized as /v/, though this is almost certainly a result of the [[Coptic pronunciation reform|pronunciation reforms]] instituted in the 19th century.

Whereas [[Old Egyptian]] contrasts /s/ and /z/, the two sounds appear to be in [[free variation]] in Coptic and are contrasted only in Greek loans; for example, Coptic {{Coptic|ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃⲉ}} (''{{unicode|anzībə}}'') and {{Coptic|ⲁⲛⲥⲏⲃⲉ}} (''{{unicode|ansībə}}'') 'school'. Other consonants that sometimes appear to be either in free variation or to have different distributions across dialects are [t] and [d], [r] and [l] (especially in the Fayyumic dialect — a feature of earlier Egyptian) and [k] and [g], with the voiceless [[Stop consonants|stops]] being more common. Apart from the [[liquid consonant]]s, this pattern may indicate a [[Sound change|phonological change]] in Later Egyptian leading to a neutralization of voiced alveolar and velar stops. When the voiced stops are realized, it is usually the result of [[sonorization]] in proximity to /n/.

Old Coptic texts graphically express the Egyptian [[pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeals]] in a variety of ways. For example, the Old Coptic grapheme {{coptic|ⳍ}} was occasionally used to convey a [[voiceless pharyngeal fricative]]. In literary Coptic, the two sounds are not indicated by separate letters, suggesting loss of phonemic status. Instead, the adapted demotic grapheme {{Coptic|ϩ}}, which normally stands for /{{IPA|h}}/, is used to express either sound. In unstressed initial syllables and stressed final syllables, the [[voiced pharyngeal fricative]] is sometimes conveyed by {{Coptic|ⲁ}} as in {{Coptic|ⲁϣⲁⲓ}} /{{IPA|ʕʃaj}}/ 'to multiply'. Similarly, different methods are employed to graphically express the [[glottal stop]]: with {{Coptic|ⲁ}} word-initially, with {{Coptic|ⲓ}} word-finally in monosyllabic words in northern dialects and {{Coptic|ⲉ}} in monosyllabic words in Akhmimic and Assiutic, by reduplication of a vowel's grapheme, but mostly as [{{IPA|Ø}}].

== Grammar ==
Typical of other [[Afro-Asiatic languages]], Older Egyptian was a [[fusional language]] with a [[Verb Subject Object]] [[synthetic language|synthetic]] structure. Later Egyptian, including Coptic, is marked by a diachronic shift to a [[Subject Verb Object]] word order, prefixed constructions for nominal [[morpheme]]s of gender and number, as well as a move toward a [[Polysynthetic language|polysynthetic]] type in Coptic. While some vestiges of the suffix inflectional pattern survive in Coptic (mainly to indicate [[inalienable possession]]), the change is fairly uniform across the different dialects. The decline in suffix inflection can be observed when comparing the Classical Egyptian form ''stp.f'' 'he chooses' to Coptic ''f.sotp'' {{Coptic|ϥⲥⲱⲧⲡ̅}} 'he chooses', where the third [[Grammatical person|person]] singular masculine marker has been preposed.

=== Nouns ===
All Coptic nouns carry [[grammatical gender]], either masculine or feminine. In earlier Egyptian, feminine nouns were distinguished by the Afro-Asiatic feminine suffix ''-t''. In Coptic, this pattern was replaced by two sets of prefixal definite and indefinite articles that also indicate [[Grammatical number|number]] — however, only definite articles mark gender. Coptic has a number of [[broken plural]]s, another vestige of Older Egyptian, though in the majority of cases the prefix article marks number. Generally, nouns [[inflection|inflected]] for plurality end in /w/ in masculine forms and in /{{IPA|wə}}/ in feminine forms, though there are some irregularities. The dual was another feature of earlier Egyptian that survives in Coptic in only few words, such as /snaw/ {{Coptic|ⲥⲛⲁⲩ}} 'two'.

====Pronouns====
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}


Coptic pronouns are of two kinds, dependent and independent. Independent pronouns are used when the pronoun is acting in a true noun state. This means that it is the subject of a sentence, object of a verb or indirect object of a verb or the object of a preposition. Dependent pronouns are a series of prefixes and suffixes that can attach to verbs and even other nouns. Coptic verbs therefore can be said to infect for the person, number and gender of the subject. Coptic is also a pro drop language so a Pronoun subject need not and often is not directly stated. Coptic verbs do not inflect at the end of a verb but rather at the begining. Since Coptic has moved to being a Subject Verb Object language this creates an unusual effect of someone saying "I I'have'it the ball." The pronoun prefix is for the subject and the pronoun suffix is usually for the object or indirect object.

=== Adjectives ===
Earlier Egyptian adjectives were formed through a process known as [[nisba]]tion by adding the suffix ''-j'' to a noun; only few such examples survive in Coptic: {{Coptic|ϩⲣⲁ}} /{{IPA|hrɑ}}/ 'face' → {{Coptic|ϩⲣⲁⲓ}} /{{IPA|hrɑj}}/ 'facial'. Some nouns can also function as adjectives, but the majority of Coptic adjectives are expressed by the introduction of an attributive particle ''n'' between two nouns, a process common to many [[Berber languages]]. In all stages of Egyptian, this morpheme is also used to express the [[Genitive case|genitive]] — for example, the Bohairic word for 'Egyptian', {{Coptic|ⲣⲉⲙ̀ⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ}} /remenkiːmi/, is a combination of the nominal prefix ''rem-'' (the reduced form of {{Coptic|ⲣⲱⲙⲓ}} ''rōmi'' 'man'), followed by the genitive morpheme ''n'' ('of') and finally the word Egypt ''kīmi''.

=== Verbs ===
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}


Verbs in Coptic change in two ways. First, a verb will have certain pronominal prefixes and suffixes attached to it to show the subject and object of the verb. Secondly, the vowel sound in the verb will change to show past tense or conditional state. Coptic has a number of conjugation patterns where certain kinds of constinent groups will have a similar series of vowel changes to effect the change in time, voice or mood for the verb.

=== Prepositions ===
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}

All nouns in a sentence accept the Subject will almost always be preceded by a preposition. Prepositions in Coptic do not just denote adverbial usage as in English. The Direct object, indirect object, and any other use of a noun in a sentence except the subject is indicated by a preposition. Coptic in fact works similar to the declention system of Greek or Latin but instead of the grammar sounds coming at the end of noun, they preceed the noun. Another example would be turning the postpositions of Japanese into prepositions that preceed a noun. The sound does not really become a part of the word, it is only a grammar sound to tell you the function of the word it preceedes. Some prepositions can be placed in front of independent pronouns but other require dependent pronouns.

=== Syntax ===
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}


Word order in Coptic is not free. Word order can be either Subject Verb Object or Verb Subject Object with the correct prepositions in place but can not usually place the object before the subject.

==Dialects==
[[Image:Coptic&Arabic.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Coptic and Arabic inscriptions in an Old Cairo church.]]
There is little evidence of [[dialect]]al differences in the pre-Coptic phases of the Egyptian language due to the centralized nature of the political and cultural institutions of [[ancient Egypt]]ian society. However, literary Old and Middle (Classical) Egyptian represent the spoken dialect of Lower Egypt around the city of [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], the capital of Egypt in the [[Old Kingdom]]. Later Egyptian is more representative of the dialects spoken in Upper Egypt, especially around the area of [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] as it became the cultural and religious center of the [[New Kingdom]].

Coptic more obviously displays a number of regional dialects that were in use from the [[Mediterranean]] coast in northern Egypt, south into [[Nubia]], and in the western oases. However, while many of these dialects reflect actual regional linguistic (namely [[phonology|phonological]] and some lexical) variation, they mostly reflect localized [[Orthography|orthographic]] traditions with very little [[syntax|morphosyntactic]] differences.

=== Upper Egypt ===
===== '''Sahidic''' =====
Sahidic (formerly called ''Thebaic'') is the dialect in which most known Coptic texts are written, and was the leading dialect in the pre-[[Islam]]ic period. It is thought to have originally been a regional dialect from the area around [[Hermopolis|el-Ashmunein]] (Coptic {{Coptic|Ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛⲉⲓⲛ}} ''Shmounein''), but around 300 it began to be written in literary form, including translations of major portions of the [[Bible]]. By the 6th century, a standardized spelling had been attained throughout Egypt. Almost all native authors wrote in this dialect of Coptic. Sahidic was, beginning in the 9th century challenged by Bohairic, but is attested as late as the 14th century.

While texts in other Coptic dialects are primarily translations of Greek literary and religious texts, Sahidic is the only dialect with a considerable body of original literature and non-literary texts. Because Sahidic shares most of its features with other dialects of Coptic with few peculiarities specific to itself, and has an extensive corpus of known texts, it is generally the dialect studied by learners of Coptic, particularly by scholars outside of the Coptic Church.

===== '''Akhmimic''' =====
Akhmimic was the dialect of the area around the town of [[Akhmim]], (ancient [[Panopolis]]), and flourished during the 4th and 5th centuries, after which no writings are attested. Akhmimic is phonologically the most archaic of the Coptic dialects. One characteristic feature is the retention of the [[phoneme]] /x/, which is realized as /{{IPA|ʃ}}/ in most other dialects. Similarly, it uses an exceptionally conservative writing system strikingly similar to Old Coptic.

Lycopolitan (also known as ''Subakhmimic'' and ''Assiutic'') is a closely related dialect to Akhmimic in terms of when and where it was attested, though manuscripts written in it tend to be from the area of [[Asyut]]. The main differences between the two dialects seem to be only graphic in nature, though Lycopolitan was used extensively for translations of [[Gnosticism|gnostic]] and [[Manichaeism|Manichaean]] works, including the [[Nag Hammadi library]] texts.

=== Lower Egypt ===
===== '''Bohairic''' =====
The Bohairic (or ''Memphitic'') dialect originated in the western [[Nile delta]]. The earliest Bohairic manuscripts date to the 4th century, but most texts come from the 9th century and later; this may be due to poor preservation conditions for texts in the humid regions of northern Egypt. It shows several conservative features in [[lexicon]] and [[phonology]] not found in other dialects. Bohairic is the dialect used today as the [[liturgical language]] of the Coptic Orthodox Church, replacing Sahidic some time in the 11th century. In contemporary liturgical use, there are two traditions of pronunciation, arising from successive reforms in the 19th and 20th centuries (see [[Coptic pronunciation reform]]). Modern revitalization efforts are based on this dialect.

===== '''Fayyumic''' =====
Fayyumic (or Faiyumic; in older works it is often called ''Bashmuric'') was spoken primarily in the [[Faiyum]] region west of the Nile Valley. It is attested from the 3rd to the 10th centuries. It is most notable for writing {{coptic|ⲗ}}, which corresponds to /l/, where other dialects generally use {{coptic|ⲣ}} /r/ (probably corresponding to a [[Flap consonant|flap]] [{{IPA|ɾ}}]). In earlier stages of Egyptian, the [[Liquid consonant|liquids]] were not distinguished in writing until the [[New Kingdom]], when [[Late Egyptian]] became the administrative language. Late Egyptian orthography utilized a [[grapheme]] that combined the graphemes for /r/ and /n/ in order express /l/. [[Demotic (Egyptian)|Demotic]] for its part indicated /l/ using a diacritic variety of /r/.

Oxyrhynchite (also called ''Mesokemic'' or [confusingly] ''Middle Egyptian'') is the dialect of [[Oxyrhynchus]] and surrounding areas. It shows similarities with Fayyumic and is attested in manuscripts from the 4th and 5th centuries.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
=== General studies ===


== External links ==
* Emmel, Stephen. 1992. "Languages (Coptic)". In ''The Anchor Bible Dictionary'', edited by David Noel Freedman. Vol. 4 of 6 vols. New York: Doubleday. 180&ndash;188.
<!--------------------------({{NoMoreLinks}})----------------------------------
* {{cite journal | last= Gessman | first=A. M. | title=The Birth of the Coptic Script | journal=University of South Florida Language Quarterly 14 | volume=2-3 | year=1976}}
| DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF |
* Gignac, Francis Thomas. 1991. "Old Coptic". In ''The Coptic Encyclopedia'', edited by Aziz Suryal Atiya. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillian Publishing Company and Collier Macmillian Canada. 169—188.
| LINKS. If you think that your link might be useful, do not add it here, |
* [[Rodolphe Kasser|Kasser, Radolphe]]. 1991. "Dialects". In ''[[The Coptic Encyclopedia]]'', edited by [[Aziz Suryal Atiya]]. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillian Publishing Company and Collier Macmillian Canada. 87—96.
| but put it on this article's discussion page first or submit your link |
* Loprieno, Antonio. 1995. ''Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
| to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org) |
* [[Hans Jakob Polotsky|Polotsky, Hans Jakob]]. 1971. "Coptic". In ''Afroasiatic: A Survey'', edited by Carleton Taylor Hodge. (Jana Linguarum: Series Practica; 163). 's Gravenhage and Paris: Mouton. 67&ndash;79.
| and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. |
| |
| Links that have not been verified WILL BE DELETED. |
| See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details |
---------------------------({{NoMoreLinks}})--------------------------------->
{{Commons cat|Amy Lee}}
{{Wikiquote|Amy Lee}}
*[http://www.evanescence.com/ Evanescence.com] - Official U.S. website
*[http://www.outoftheshadows.com/ Out of the Shadows] - The Amy Lee Fund for Epilepsy


{{Evanescence}}
===Grammars===
* [[Marius Chaîne|Chaîne, Marius]]. 1933. ''Éléments de grammaire dialectale copte: bohairique, sahidique, achmimique, fayoumique''. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
* Eberle, Andrea, & Regine Schulz. 2004. ''Koptisch - Ein Leitfaden durch das Saïdische''. LINCOM Languages of the World/Materials 07. Munich: LINCOM Europa.
* [[Lambdin, Thomas Oden]]. 1983. ''Introduction to Sahidic Coptic''. Macon: Mercer University Press.
* Layton, Bentley. 2000. ''A Coptic Grammar (Sahidic Dialect): With a Chrestomathy and Glossary''. (Porta linguarum orientalium; N.S., 20). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
* Mallon, Alexis. 1956. ''Grammaire copte: bibliographie, chrestomathie et vocabulaire''. 4th edition. Beyrouth.
* Mattar, Nabil. 1990. ''A Study in Bohairic Coptic''. Pasadena: Hope Publishing House.
* Polotsky, Hans Jakob. 1987. ''Grundlagen des koptischen Satzbaus''. American Studies in Papyrology 28. Decatur, Ga.: Scholars Press.
* Plumley, J. Martin. 1948. ''[http://www.metalog.org/files/plum.html An Introductory Coptic Grammar (Sahidic Dialect)]''. London: Home & van Thal.
* Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1988. ''Coptic Grammatical Chrestomathy: a course for academic and private study''. Orientalia lovaniensia analecta 30. Leuven: Peeters.
* Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1986. ''Coptic Grammatical Categories: Structural Studies in the Syntax of Shenoutean Sahidic''. Analecta Orientalia 53. Roma: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. ISBN 88-7653-255-2.
* Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 2007. ''Topics in Coptic Syntax: Structural Studies in the Bohairic Dialect''. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 160. Leuven - Paris - Dudley, MA: Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-1875-7.
* Till, Walter C. 1994. ''Koptische Dialektgrammatik''. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter.
* [[Jozef Vergote|Vergote, Jozef]]. 1973–1983. ''Grammaire copte''. Leuven: Peeters.
* Younan, Sameh. 2005. ''[http://www.learncoptic.com So, you want to learn Coptic? A guide to Bohairic Grammar]''. Sydney: St.Mary, St.Bakhomious and St.Shenouda Coptic Orthodox Church.


{{Persondata
===Dictionaries===
|NAME=Lee, Amy Lynn
* Černý, Jaroslav. 1976. ''Coptic Etymological Dictionary''. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Hartzler, Amy (married name)
* [[Walter Ewing Crum|Crum, Walter Ewing]]. 1939. ''[http://www.metalog.org/files/crum.html ''A Coptic Dictionary'']''. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[Evanescence]] vocalist and pianist
* Vycichl, Werner. 1983. ''Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue copte''. Leuven: Éditions Peeters.
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[December 13]], [[1981]]
* Westendorf, Wolfhart. 1965/1977. ''Koptisches Handwörterbuch''. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Riverside, California|Riverside]], [[California]], [[United States|U.S.]]

|DATE OF DEATH=
===Phonology===
|PLACE OF DEATH=
* Depuydt, Leo. 1993. "On Coptic Sounds." ''Orientalia'' 62 (new series): 338&ndash;375.
}}
* Loprieno, Antonio. 1997. "Egyptian and Coptic Phonology". In ''Phonologies of Asia and Africa (Including the Caucasus)'', edited by Alan S. Kaye. Vol. 1 of 2 vols. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 431&ndash;460.
* Peust, Carsten. 1999. ''Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language''. (Monographien zur ägyptischen Sprache; 2). Göttingen: Peust & Gutschmidt.

=== Bibliography ===
* Kammerer, Winifred (compiler), ''A Coptic Bibliography'', Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1950. (Reprint New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1969)

== See also ==
{{incubator|cop}}
* [[Coptic alphabet]]
* [[Coptic Church]]
* [[Egyptian language]]
* [[Egyptian Arabic]]
* [[Nag Hammadi library]]
* [[incubator:Wp/cop|Coptic Wikipedia]], currently in incubator stage

== External links ==
* [http://sites.google.com/site/pisakho/Home ⲡⲓⲥⲁϧⲟ]: Coptic language [http://sites.google.com/site/pisakho/resources internet links] and [http://sites.google.com/site/pisakho/bibliography bibliography]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cop Ethnologue entry for Coptic]
* [http://www.coptica.ch Coptica.ch] Online library of Coptic texts at University of Geneva (site text in French)
* [https://webfiles.berkeley.edu/~pinax/greekkeys/NAUdownload.html New Athena Unicode font]; includes the new Coptic range
* [http://st-takla.org/Learn_Languages/01_Learn_Coptic-ta3leem-2ebty/Learn-Coptic_00-index_El-Fehres.html Online Coptic tutorial]
* [http://www.geocities.com/remenkimi/ Remenkimi: A Coptic language resource]
* [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/9068/ The Coptic Gospel of Thomas]
* [http://www.geocities.com/copticnumbertranslator/ Coptic Number Translator (CNT)]
* [http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Test_Coptic.html Coptic Unicode test pages and fonts]
* [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2C80.pdf Coptic block in the Unicode 4.1 standard]
* Heike Behlmer, [http://online.mq.edu.au/pub/AHPG897/biblio.html Selected Bibliography on the Coptic Language]
* [http://bc.ub.leidenuniv.nl/bc/tentoonstelling/Coptic_manuscript/index.html Coptic texts and manuscripts at Leiden University Library]
* [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/ Ifao N Copte] - A professional Coptic font for researchers.
* [http://www.typographies.fr/index.php a set of Coptic Unicode fonts]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, Amy}}
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian language]]
[[Category:Coptic Orthodox Church]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Medieval languages]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Languages of Egypt]]
[[Category:American Christians]]
[[Category:American female singers]]
[[Category:American rock pianists]]
[[Category:American rock singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Americans of English descent]]
[[Category:Americans of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Arkansas musicians]]
[[Category:Evanescence members]]
[[Category:Female metal singers]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Little Rock, Arkansas]]
[[Category:People from Riverside, California]]


[[af:Kopties]]
[[ar:إيمي لي]]
[[bg:Ейми Лин Лий]]
[[als:Koptisch]]
[[ar:لغة قبطية]]
[[ca:Amy Lee]]
[[an:Idioma copto]]
[[cs:Amy Lee]]
[[da:Amy Lee]]
[[bg:Коптски език]]
[[cy:Copteg]]
[[de:Amy Lee]]
[[da:Koptisk (sprog)]]
[[et:Amy Lee]]
[[de:Koptische Sprache]]
[[es:Amy Lee]]
[[fa:امی لی]]
[[el:Κοπτική γλώσσα]]
[[es:Idioma copto]]
[[fr:Amy Lee]]
[[eu:Koptiko]]
[[hr:Amy Lee]]
[[fr:Copte]]
[[id:Amy Lee]]
[[gl:Lingua copta]]
[[it:Amy Lee]]
[[ko:콥트어]]
[[he:איימי לי]]
[[hr:Koptski jezik]]
[[hu:Amy Lynn Hartzler]]
[[it:Lingua copta]]
[[ms:Amy Lee]]
[[he:קופטית]]
[[nl:Amy Lee]]
[[ja:エイミー・リー]]
[[jv:Basa Koptik]]
[[nl:Koptisch (taal)]]
[[no:Amy Lee]]
[[pl:Amy Lee]]
[[ja:コプト・エジプト語]]
[[no:Koptisk]]
[[pt:Amy Lee]]
[[pl:Język koptyjski]]
[[ro:Amy Lee]]
[[pt:Copta]]
[[ru:Ли, Эми]]
[[simple:Amy Lee]]
[[ru:Коптский язык]]
[[fi:Koptin kieli]]
[[sl:Amy Lee]]
[[sv:Koptiska]]
[[fi:Amy Lee]]
[[sv:Amy Lee]]
[[uk:Коптська мова]]
[[zh:科普特语]]
[[vi:Amy Lee]]
[[tr:Amy Lee]]
[[uk:Емі Лі]]
[[zh:埃米·李]]

Revision as of 05:12, 13 October 2008

For other people named Amy Lee, see Amy Lee (disambiguation).
Amy Lee

Amy Lee; (born December 13, 1981), is an American singer-songwriter and classically-trained pianist. She is co-founder and lead vocalist of the alternative metal band Evanescence. Her influences range from classical musicians such as Mozart to modern artists like Björk, Tori Amos, Danny Elfman,[1] and Plumb.[2]

Biography

Early life

Amy Lee was born to parents John Lee, a disc jockey and TV personality, and Sara Cargill. She has one brother, Robby, and two sisters, Carrie and Lori. Lee had a third sister, who died in 1987 at the age of three from an unidentified illness.[3] The song "Hello" from Fallen has been reported to have been written for her late sister, as well as the song "Like You" from The Open Door with the lyrics, "I long to be like you, sis; Lie cold in the ground like you did," also hinting at the death of her sister and her grief for it.[4] Lee took classical piano lessons for nine years. Her family moved to many places, including Florida and Illinois,[5] but eventually settled in Little Rock, Arkansas, where Evanescence started. She graduated from Pulaski Academy in 2000 and also briefly attended Middle Tennessee State University. Lee has stated that she is of mostly Scottish and English heritage.[6]

In an interview on AOL Music, Lee revealed that the first songs she remembered writing were called "Eternity of the Remorse" and "A Single Tear". The first was written when she was eleven years old and wanted to become a classical composer, and the second was for an assignment when she was in the eighth grade.[7]

Evanescence

Lee at the 2007 Scream Awards

Founding

She co-founded the band with Ben Moody. The two met at a youth camp after he heard Lee playing Meat Loaf's "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" on the piano.[8] Within a month, the pair were playing acoustic sets at Arkansas book stores and coffee houses,[9] and they eventually recorded two EPs, Evanescence EP (1998) and Sound Asleep EP (1999), selling them at various local venues. In 2000, Evanescence recorded the longer EP Origin. This demo contains three songs from the debut album Fallen and was written by Lee and Moody: "Whisper", "Imaginary" and "My Immortal". Whereas "Whisper" and "Imaginary" underwent further modifications before being included on Fallen, "My Immortal" is virtually identical. A later band version of "My Immortal" was made available for download for those who had bought an official version of Fallen through their official web site, but required that a CD checker program also be downloaded for verification before it would play.[10] The band version was included on later copies of Fallen, notably the Brazilian, Bolivian, and Argentine editions.

Departure of Ben Moody

On October 22, 2003, guitarist Ben Moody left the band citing "creative differences". In an interview several months later, Amy said: "...we'd gotten to a point that if something didn't change, we wouldn't have been able to make a second record". She also said "We're finally a real band, not just Ben and I and a few others thrown together".[9] Ex-Cold guitarist Terry Balsamo replaced Moody in the band, both on guitar and as Lee's writing partner.

Lawsuit

On December 1, 2005, former Evanescence manager Dennis Rider filed a US$10 million lawsuit against Lee for breach of contract. The suit claims Rider was prematurely and unjustly terminated from his position as manager of Evanescence, just one album into a three-record deal.

In return, Lee filed a counter-suit against Rider for "'breach of fiduciary duty,' sexual assault and battery, professional negligence and currency conversion, among other claims." The suit also claims Rider "neglected Lee's career and business and has focused his efforts on having extramarital affairs, hiding them from his wife, becoming intoxicated during business meetings, physically abusing women and boasting about it, making repeated unwelcome sexual advances toward Lee, receiving fees in excess of what was provided for in his management agreement and using Lee's corporate credit card to purchase gifts for his mistress."

Rider's attorney, Bert Deixler, claimed in a statement that since Rider became the group's manager in 2002, he had fully performed all of the duties and obligations owed by the firm under the management agreement, and that he had always conducted himself by the highest professional standards.[11][12]

Engagement and marriage

Lee revealed during the taping of MuchMusic's January 9, 2007 episode of Live @ Much that she had become engaged the previous evening. She later confirmed on EvThreads.com that she had been proposed to by Josh Hartzler, a 29-year-old therapist and long-time friend.[13] She noted in an interview that the songs "Good Enough" and "Bring Me To Life" were inspired by him.[12] The couple were married on May 6, 2007, and honeymooned near The Bahamas.[14] She has posted on EvThreads that she is "now officially Mrs. Amy Hartzler."[15]

Lee performing at an Evanescence concert

Appearance

Lee has a recognizable fashion style, marked by her occasional use of Gothic make-up and taste for Victorian-styled clothing.[16] She also designs many of her own clothes, including those worn in the music video for "Going Under", the dress she wore at the 2004 Grammy awards, and the dress worn for the cover of The Open Door. After she designed it she chose Japanese designer H. Naoto to make it for her.[17] In concerts, she often wears a corset and fishnets, as well as long skirts and knee-high boots. She at one point had a piercing on her left eyebrow, which is visible on the cover of Fallen.

She has stated on a number of occasions that she would never flash her breasts or engage in other publicity stunts that would draw attention to herself. In fact, in the music video for "Everybody's Fool," she aimed to mock such artists by suggesting that celebrities who use sex to appeal to an audience are, in fact, merely peddling "lies" (the unifying theme of the music video). Many fans praise Lee for her refusal to emulate other celebrities by using sex appeal in her music.[18]

In 2006, Blender listed Lee as one of the hottest women in rock alongside such singers as Joan Jett, Courtney Love and Liz Phair.[19]

Lee at the 2003 Billboard Awards

Other projects

In 2000, Lee sang guest vocals on two of former Evanescence keyboardist David Hodges' songs: "Breathe" (The Summit Church: Summit Worship) and the unreleased "Fall Into You".[20] She performed backup vocals for "Missing You", a song on Big Dismal's 2003 debut album Believe, and sang backup vocals on two songs with 'supergroup' The Damning Well, though her vocals were taken off the final release due to record label issues.[21] Lee later performed a duet with her then-boyfriend Shaun Morgan on the track "Broken" for Seether's 2004 album Disclaimer II. The song was also featured as part of the soundtrack for the 2004 film The Punisher.

In 2004, Lee claimed to be working on music for The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, but that the music was rejected by the studio for being "too dark and epic." However, the producers of Narnia stated that Lee was never asked to compose any music for the film, whose score was written by Harry Gregson-Williams, and that "No Evanescence music was planned for the soundtrack."[22][23] While there was some speculation that one of the supposed songs had been cut and used in several tracks of The Open Door, Lee stated this was not true except for part of it being used to segue into the last track of the album, "Good Enough".[24]

Lee became the American Chairperson for Out of the Shadows in 2006. This organization is an international foundation with the goal of providing education about epilepsy. Lee's younger brother, Robby, was previously diagnosed with this condition.[25] The singer also made a brief guest appearance in the music video for Johnny Cash's "God's Gonna Cut You Down" in late 2006.[26] As each celebrity featured in the shoot was allowed to choose what they would be doing for the video, Lee chose to appear laying flowers on a grave. Her scene was recorded at Trinity Church in Manhattan, during which she wore a black velvet coat that previously belonged to Tim Burton.[12]

In February 2007, MTV released MTV Unplugged: Korn to television and radio, in which Lee is featured during the song "Freak on a Leash". The song was also released as the first single from the album. In November 2007, VH1 produced a mockumentary in the style of Behind the Music, titled Rock Band Cometh: The Rock Band Band Story, to promote the video game Rock Band. Lee was one of the celebrity cameos featured on the show.[27]

For Walt Disney Records' September 2008 release of Nightmare Revisited, Lee sang a remake of "Sally's Song". The album is comprised of new material and covers of songs from the original Nightmare Before Christmas soundtrack.[28][29] Lee will also perform live renditions of "Sally's Song" during the the Nightmare Before Christmas re-release premiere in Hollywood, California, and for an appearance on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.[30]

Discography

Evanescence albums

Main article: Evanescence discography

Collaborations

Other

References

  1. ^ "Interview with Evanescence singer Amy Lee". gURL.com. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  2. ^ Farias, Andree (2006-04-10). "Pre-Evanescence". Christianity Today. Christianity Today International. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  3. ^ Odell, Michael (April 2004). "Survivor!". Blender magazine. Retrieved 2006-10-18.
  4. ^ "Evanescence: Amy Lee Explains the New Songs". VH1.com. 2006-10-08.
  5. ^ "Amy's bio". OutoftheShadows.com. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  6. ^ Lee, Amy (2007-10-07). "Ask Amy!". EvThreads.com. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
  7. ^ Robertson, Jessica (2007-10-19). "P's & Q's: Amy Lee Finds Solace in Marriage and Music". AOL.com. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
  8. ^ D'Angelo, Joe (2004-02-27). "Evanescence - The Split". MTV News. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  9. ^ a b Bakker, Tiffany (2004-01-09). "Moody blues". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  10. ^ "My Immortal Band Version". Evanescence.com. Archived from the original on 2004-06-15. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
  11. ^ Harris, Chris (2005-12-08). "Evanescence's Amy Lee Sues Former Manager, Alleges Financial And Sexual Misconduct". MTV News via VH1.com. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  12. ^ a b c Eells, Josh (2006). "Amy Lee: Back in Black". Blender. Retrieved 2007-01-09. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ^ Lee, Amy (2007-01-09). "Amy's Engaged!: *clink clink* *ahem...*". EvThreads.com. Retrieved 2007-01-09.
  14. ^ Rubin, Courtney (2007-05-10). "Evanescence Singer Amy Lee Gets Married". People. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
  15. ^ Hartzler, Amy (2007-05-18). "i've got a new ring & now you've got the scoop". EvThreads.com. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
  16. ^ "Evanescence's Amy shreads her threads!". Kerrang!. 2003-06-09. Archived from the original on 2005-03-14. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
  17. ^ "Amy Lee - Instant Fashion Profile". MTV News. 2004. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  18. ^ Moss, Corey (2004-06-10). "Evanescence's Amy Lee Hopes To Get Into Film, Rages Against Cheesy Female Idols". MTV News via VH1.com. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  19. ^ Errico, Mike (2006). "Hottest Women of...Rock!". Blender. Retrieved 2007-02-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ^ "Discography / Lyrics / Audio Clips". DavidHodges.info. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  21. ^ D'Angelo, Joe (2003-08-13). "Borland, Bowie, Maynard James Keenan Ready To Unveil Hush-Hush Project". MTV News. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
  22. ^ D'Angelo, Joe (2004-11-18). "Evanescence's New Sound Is Reminiscent Of ... Evanescence". MTV News. Retrieved 2007-07-06.
  23. ^ "Wardrobe closed to Evanescence singer". The New Zealand Herald. 2007-11-27. Retrieved 2007-07-06.
  24. ^ Lee, Amy (2006-07-13). "Discussion of The Open Door album". EvBoard.com. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
  25. ^ "Why Epilepsy?". OutoftheShadows.com. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  26. ^ Kaufman, Gil (2006-11-17). "Timberlake's Brainstorm: Johnny Cash Video With Kanye, Jigga, Depp, Others". MTV News via VH1.com. Retrieved 2006-11-30.
  27. ^ "Megadeth's Mustaine, Evanescence's Lee Featured In 'Rock Band Commeth' Mockumentary". Blabbermouth.net. 2007-11-07. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
  28. ^ Donahue, Ann (2008-08-05). "Elfman, Korn, Plain White T's Revisit 'Nightmare'". Billboard.biz. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  29. ^ "Jonathan Davis, Marilyn Manson, and Amy Lee Featured on "Nightmare Before Christmas" CD". RevolverMag.com. 2008-08-08. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
  30. ^ "Evanescence Singer To Perform At 'Nightmare Before Christmas' Opening". Blabbermouth.net. 2008-10-10. Retrieved 2008-10-11.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amy Lee.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Amy Lee.

Template:Persondata

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