Agencia Espacial Mexicana: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 19°21′39″N 99°10′59″W / 19.36083°N 99.18306°W / 19.36083; -99.18306
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{{short description|National space agency of Mexico}}
{{Infobox space agency
{{Infobox space agency
|name = Mexican Space Agency
|name = Mexican Space Agency
|native_name = {{lang|es|Agencia Espacial Mexicana}}
|native_name = {{lang|es|Agencia Espacial Mexicana}}
|image = Logo centrado de la Agencia Espacial Mexicana.svg
|image = The_seal_of_the_Agencia_Espacial_Mexicana_AEM_published_at_its_official_website,_2013.png
|size =
|acronym = AEM
|acronym = AEM
|owner = Mexico
|owner = Mexico
|established = July 31, 2010
|established = {{Start date and age|2010|07|31|mf=y}}
|headquarters = [[Mexico City]], Mexico ([[Secretariat of Communications and Transportation (Mexico)|Secretariat of Communications and Transportation]])
|headquarters = [[Mexico City]], Mexico<br/>{{Coord|19|21|39|N|99|10|59|W|type:landmark_region:MX-CMX|display=inline,title}}
|employees =
|employees =
|spaceport =
|spaceport =
|motto =
|motto =
|jurisdiction = [[Secretariat of Infrastructure, Communications and Transportation (Mexico)|Secretariat of Infrastructure, Communications and Transportation]]
|administrator = [[Francisco Javier Mendieta]]<ref>[http://www.aem.gob.mx/index01-2.html Semblanza del Director General: Doctor Francisco Javier Mendieta Jiménez] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329193420/http://www.aem.gob.mx/index01-2.html |date=2016-03-29 }}. AEM.</ref>
|administrator = Salvador Landeros Ayala
|budget = MXN$103.96 million (2014){{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}

<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=Salvador Landeros Ayala es el nuevo director de la Agencia Espacial Mexicana |trans-title=Salvador Landeros Ayala is the new director of the Mexican Space Agency |url=https://aristeguinoticias.com/1410/mexico/salvador-landeros-ayala-es-el-nuevo-director-de-la-agencia-espacial-mexicana/ |language=Spanish |work=Aristegui Noticias |location= |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref>

|budget = {{decrease}} $63.6 million [[MXN]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Federal Spending Budget 2021 |url=https://www.ppef.hacienda.gob.mx/es/PPEF2021/ramo09-III |access-date=7 August 2021}}</ref><br/>(US$ 3.2 million) (2021)
|language = Spanish
|language = Spanish
|URL = {{url|http://www.aem.gob.mx}}
|URL = https://www.gob.mx/aem
|seal =
|seal =
|seal_size =
|seal_size =
|seal_cap =
|seal_cap =
|image_caption=AEM logo since 2022
}}
}}
[[File:Mexico.RodolfoNeriVela.01.jpg|thumbnail|[[Rodolfo Neri Vela]], first [[Astronaut]] of Mexico]]

The '''Mexican Space Agency''' ('''AEM'''; {{Lang-es|Agencia Espacial Mexicana}}) is the national [[space agency]] of [[Mexico]], established in July 2010. The agency does not have infrastructure, and aims to promote and coordinate education, research and development of the space-related activities that are performed in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aem.gob.mx/index03-1.html |title=Ciencia y Tecnología |language=Spanish |work=Agencia Espacial Mexicana |accessdate=2016-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330011946/http://www.aem.gob.mx/index03-1.html |archivedate=2016-03-30 }}</ref>
The '''Mexican Space Agency''' ('''AEM'''; {{Lang-es|Agencia Espacial Mexicana}}) is the national [[space agency]] of [[Mexico]], established in July 2010. The agency does not have infrastructure, and aims to promote and coordinate education, research and development of the space-related activities that are performed in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aem.gob.mx/index03-1.html |title=Ciencia y Tecnología |language=es |work=Agencia Espacial Mexicana |access-date=2016-04-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330011946/http://www.aem.gob.mx/index03-1.html |archive-date=2016-03-30 }}</ref>


==History==
==History==
⚫
The direct antecedent of the agency is the Comisión Nacional del Espacio Exterior (CONEE) ({{lang-en|National Commission of Outer Space}}), an office created by Presidential decree on August 31, 1962, and attached to the [[Secretariat of Communications and Transportation (Mexico)|Secretariat of Communications and Transportation]] which conducted experiments in [[rocket]]ry, [[telecommunications]] and atmospheric studies from 1962 to 1976.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite news | title=Las Actividades Espaciales en Mexico| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=JwtjAAAAMAAJ&q=Las+actividades+espaciales+en+M%C3%A9xico&dq=Las+actividades+espaciales+en+M%C3%A9xico&pgis=1| language =Spanish}}</ref> After its dissolution by Presidential decree, on November 3, 1977, some activities were financed by the extinct Instituto Mexicano de Comunicaciones (Mexican Communications Institute) (transformed into the current [[Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones (Mexico)|Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones]]), by [[Satmex]] - then a state-owned company - and some [[higher education]] institutions, such as the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico|Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]], the [[National Polytechnic Institute|Instituto Politécnico Nacional]], the [[National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics|Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica]], the [[Ensenada Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education|Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada]] and the [[CINVESTAV]].<ref name="books.google.com"/>
[[File:Large Millimeter Telescope Mexico.jpg|thumb|Large Millimeter Telescope in Mexico]]
[[File:Large Millimeter Telescope Mexico.jpg|thumb|Large Millimeter Telescope in Mexico]]
⚫
The direct antecedent of the agency is the Comisión Nacional del Espacio Exterior (CONEE) ({{lang-en|National Commission of Outer Space}}), an office created by Presidential decree on August 31, 1962, and attached to the [[Secretariat of Communications and Transportation (Mexico)|Secretariat of Communications and Transportation]] which conducted experiments in [[rocket]]ry, [[telecommunications]] and atmospheric studies from 1962 to 1976.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite news | title=Las Actividades Espaciales en Mexico| isbn=9789681624590 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=JwtjAAAAMAAJ&q=Las+actividades+espaciales+en+M%C3%A9xico| language =es| last1=Gall | first1=Ruth | year=1987 | publisher=Secretaría de Educación Pública }}</ref> After its dissolution by Presidential decree, on November 3, 1977, some activities were financed by the extinct Instituto Mexicano de Comunicaciones (Mexican Communications Institute) (transformed into the current [[Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones (Mexico)|Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones]]), by [[Satmex]] - then a state-owned company - and some [[higher education]] institutions, such as the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico|Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]], the [[National Polytechnic Institute|Institution Politécnico Nacional]], the [[National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics|Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica]], the [[Ensenada Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education|Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada]] and the [[CINVESTAV]].<ref name="books.google.com"/>


=== Presentation at Congress ===
=== Presentation at Congress ===


The bill for the foundation of a formal space agency, was originally conceived by José Luis Garcia and Fernando de la Peña. It was reviewed by Gianfranco Bissiacchi, José Hernández, Rodolfo Neri Vela among others. It was then submitted.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jiménez urge votos para Manjarrez |url=http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8004624 |language=Spanish |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724150656/http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8004624 |archivedate=2011-07-24 }}</ref>
The bill for the foundation of a formal space agency, was originally conceived by José Luis Garcia and Fernando de la Peña. It was reviewed by Gianfranco Bissiacchi, José Hernández, Rodolfo Neri Vela among others. It was then submitted.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jiménez urge votos para Manjarrez |url=http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8004624 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724150656/http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8004624 |archive-date=2011-07-24 }}</ref>


The developers presented a bill to Congress whose main purpose was, according to Fernando de la Peña, promote private investment and facilitate the creation of multinational aerospace companies in the [[Hidalgo (state)|state of Hidalgo]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Agencia Espacial Mexicana, una realidad| url =http://www.oem.com.mx/elsoldehidalgo/notas/n940582.htm| language =Spanish}}</ref>
The developers presented a bill to Congress whose main purpose was, according to Fernando de la Peña, promote private investment and facilitate the creation of multinational aerospace companies in the [[Hidalgo (state)|state of Hidalgo]].<ref>{{cite news| title =Agencia Espacial Mexicana, una realidad| url =http://www.oem.com.mx/elsoldehidalgo/notas/n940582.htm| language =es| access-date =2010-04-23| archive-date =2016-03-03| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201240/http://www.oem.com.mx/elsoldehidalgo/notas/n940582.htm| url-status =dead}}</ref>


The agency was approved by the Mexican [[Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|Chamber of Deputies]] (208 voted yes, 2 no and 4 absentees) on April 20, 2010<ref name="El Universal">{{cite web|author = Arvizu, Juan |title = Crean diputados Agencia Espacial Mexicana| work=El Universal| url= http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/674298.html| language = Spanish| accessdate = 2010-04-20| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100423121536/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/674298.html| archivedate= 23 April 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> after receiving a significant vote of confidence on April 26, 2006.<ref name="NoticierosTelevisa">
The agency was approved by the Mexican [[Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|Chamber of Deputies]] (208 voted yes, 2 no and 4 absentees) on April 20, 2010<ref name="El Universal">{{cite web|author = Arvizu, Juan |title = Crean diputados Agencia Espacial Mexicana| work=El Universal| url= http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/674298.html| language = es| access-date = 2010-04-20| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100423121536/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/674298.html| archive-date= 23 April 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> after receiving a significant vote of confidence on April 26, 2006.<ref name="NoticierosTelevisa">
{{cite web|author=Héctor Guerrero |title=Tendrá México su agencia espacial |publisher=Noticieros Televisa |url=http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/530806.html |language=Spanish |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109221524/http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/530806.html |archivedate=2008-01-09 }}</ref>
{{cite web|author=Héctor Guerrero |title=Tendrá México su agencia espacial |publisher=Noticieros Televisa |url=http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/530806.html |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109221524/http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/530806.html |archive-date=2008-01-09 }}</ref>


=== Submission to the Senate ===
=== Submission to the Senate ===
There were protests and concerns of some sectors that were displeased at not being consulted before being presented to the [[Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|Chamber of Deputies]] for a vote. For this reason, the [[Party of the Democratic Revolution|PRD]] Senator and president of the Committee on Science and Technology of the Senate, Francisco Javier Castellón Fonseca, requested the organization of forums to identify any concerns and disagreements. Afterwards the 'Grupo Promotor de la Agencia Espacial Mexicana' was created and coordinated by the Academia de Ingeniería ({{lang-en|Engineering Academy}}) made a new initiative of law for the Mexican Congress. To this proposal some comments where included, (particularly from the [[Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Mexico)|Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología]], and the Consejo Consultivo de Ciencias de la Presidencia de la República (Science Advisory Board of the Presidency of the Republic).<ref>{{cite news|title=Una Agencia Espacial Mexicana |url=http://www.proceso.com.mx/noticias_articulo.php?articulo=63379 |language=Spanish }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The new initiative ended up being adopted by the Senate unanimously on November 4, 2008 and returned to the chamber of origin to be turned over to the committees on science and technology, legislative studies second, and budget and public accounts to undergo a second analysis and ballot.<ref>{{cite news | title=Aprueba Senado Ley para Agencia Espacial Mexicana| url =http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/552551.html| language =Spanish}}</ref>
There were protests and concerns of some sectors that were displeased at not being consulted before being presented to the [[Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|Chamber of Deputies]] for a vote. For this reason, the [[Party of the Democratic Revolution|PRD]] Senator and president of the Committee on Science and Technology of the Senate, Francisco Javier Castellón Fonseca, requested the organization of forums to identify any concerns and disagreements. Afterwards the 'Grupo Promotor de la Agencia Espacial Mexicana' was created and coordinated by the Academia de Ingeniería ({{lang-en|Engineering Academy}}) made a new initiative of law for the Mexican Congress. To this proposal some comments were included, particularly from the [[Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Mexico)|Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología]], and the Consejo Consultivo de Ciencias de la Presidencia de la República (Science Advisory Board of the Presidency of the Republic).<ref>{{cite news|title=Una Agencia Espacial Mexicana |url=https://www.proceso.com.mx/reportajes/2008/10/28/una-agencia-espacial-mexicana-28947.html|date=28 October 2008|publisher=Proceso|access-date=9 January 2023 |language=es}}</ref> The new initiative ended up being adopted by the Senate unanimously on November 4, 2008, and returned to the chamber of origin to be turned over to the committees on science and technology, legislative studies second, and budget and public accounts to undergo a second analysis and ballot.<ref>{{cite news| title =Aprueba Senado Ley para Agencia Espacial Mexicana| url =http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/552551.html| language =es| access-date =2008-11-04| archive-date =2015-05-01| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150501135317/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/552551.html| url-status =dead}}</ref>


=== Establishment ===
=== Establishment ===
The law that creates the agency was published by the President [[Felipe Calderón]] on July 30, 2010 and came into effect on July 31, 2010.<ref name="Decreto por el que se expide la Ley que crea la Agencia Espacial Mexicana.">{{cite web|work=Diario Oficial de la Federación |date=July 30, 2010 |title=Decreto por el que se expide la Ley que crea la Agencia Espacial Mexicana |publisher=Diario Oficial de la Federación, Secretaría de Gobernación |url=http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5153806&fecha=30/07/2010 |language=Spanish |accessdate=2010-07-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806130059/http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5153806&fecha=30%2F07%2F2010 |archivedate=6 August 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first governing board was established on 7 September 2010. The board organised a series of forums with space experts to outline a space policy, that was published on 13 July 2011. On 1 November 2011 Francisco Javier Mendieta Jiménez was appointed as Director General.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aem.gob.mx%2F| title=Google Translate| work=google.com}}</ref>
The law that creates the agency was published by the President [[Felipe Calderón]] on July 30, 2010, and came into effect on July 31, 2010.<ref name="Decreto por el que se expide la Ley que crea la Agencia Espacial Mexicana.">{{cite web|work=Diario Oficial de la Federación |date=July 30, 2010 |title=Decreto por el que se expide la Ley que crea la Agencia Espacial Mexicana |publisher=Diario Oficial de la Federación, Secretaría de Gobernación |url=http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5153806&fecha=30/07/2010 |language=es |access-date=2010-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806130059/http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5153806&fecha=30%2F07%2F2010 |archive-date=6 August 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first governing board was established on 7 September 2010. The board organised a series of forums with space experts to outline a space policy, that was published on 13 July 2011. On 1 November 2011 Francisco Javier Mendieta Jiménez was appointed as Director General.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aem.gob.mx%2F| title=Google Translate| work=google.com}}</ref>


== Activities ==
== Activities ==
[[File:ESO-NAOJ-NRAO_-_ALMA_observatory_equipped_with_its_first_antenna_(by).jpg|thumb|Telescope in [[ALMA observatory]], Mexico]]
The agency is in its early stages of identifying and defining needs and objectives. It is currently holding forums to develop clear goals and strategies in the aerospace industry sector.<ref>[http://www.aem.gob.mx/index04-1.html Desarrollo Industrial] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329193012/http://www.aem.gob.mx/index04-1.html |date=2016-03-29 }}. AEM. 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Puerto Vallarta Will Host Mexico's Space Agency Forum |url=http://rentalsinvallarta.com/40puerto-vallarta-articles-news/2011/puerto-vallarta-will-host-mexicos-space-agency-forum-this-jan-28-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715173255/http://rentalsinvallarta.com/40puerto-vallarta-articles-news/2011/puerto-vallarta-will-host-mexicos-space-agency-forum-this-jan-28-29 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-07-15 }}</ref> In 2012, funding was pledged for an educational satellite,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/10/09/mexican-congressman-gets-funding-for-educational-satellite/| title=Mexican congressman gets funding for educational satellite| work=Fox News Latino| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519054545/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/10/09/mexican-congressman-gets-funding-for-educational-satellite/| archivedate=2015-05-19}}</ref> but it was not awarded.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cuenta de la Hacienda Pública Federal 2010 |date=2011| url=http://www.apartados.hacienda.gob.mx/contabilidad/documentos/informe_cuenta/2010/index.html| work=Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público| access-date=19 December 2012|quote=El Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología tuvo un subejercicio que incluye el recurso presupuestado para la ''Agencia Espacial Mexicana (AEM)'' }}</ref> On 10 December 2017, a stratospheric balloon flight carrying a gondola, ''Nanoconect-1'', was declared the first "satellite" launched by AEM, and from Mexican territory.<ref>[https://www.gob.mx/aem/prensa/lanzamiento-de-primer-nanosatelite-en-hidalgo-nanoconect-1-muestra-de-la-innovacion-del-fondo-sectorial-conacyt-aem-139352 Lanzamiento de primer nanosatélite en Hidalgo, "Nanoconect 1", muestra de la innovación del fondo]. (in Spanish). AEM. Published 11 December 2017.</ref>
The agency is in its early stages of identifying and defining needs and objectives. It is currently holding forums to develop clear goals and strategies in the aerospace industry sector.<ref>[http://www.aem.gob.mx/index04-1.html Desarrollo Industrial] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329193012/http://www.aem.gob.mx/index04-1.html |date=2016-03-29 }}. AEM. 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Puerto Vallarta Will Host Mexico's Space Agency Forum |url=http://rentalsinvallarta.com/40puerto-vallarta-articles-news/2011/puerto-vallarta-will-host-mexicos-space-agency-forum-this-jan-28-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715173255/http://rentalsinvallarta.com/40puerto-vallarta-articles-news/2011/puerto-vallarta-will-host-mexicos-space-agency-forum-this-jan-28-29 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-07-15 }}</ref> In 2012, funding was pledged for an educational satellite,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/10/09/mexican-congressman-gets-funding-for-educational-satellite/| title=Mexican congressman gets funding for educational satellite| work=Fox News Latino| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519054545/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/10/09/mexican-congressman-gets-funding-for-educational-satellite/| archive-date=2015-05-19}}</ref> but it was not awarded.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cuenta de la Hacienda Pública Federal 2010 |date=2011| url=http://www.apartados.hacienda.gob.mx/contabilidad/documentos/informe_cuenta/2010/index.html| work=Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público| access-date=19 December 2012|quote=El Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología tuvo un subejercicio que incluye el recurso presupuestado para la ''Agencia Espacial Mexicana (AEM)'' }}</ref> On 10 December 2017, a stratospheric balloon flight carrying a gondola, ''Nanoconect-1'', was declared the first "satellite" launched by AEM, and from Mexican territory.<ref>[https://www.gob.mx/aem/prensa/lanzamiento-de-primer-nanosatelite-en-hidalgo-nanoconect-1-muestra-de-la-innovacion-del-fondo-sectorial-conacyt-aem-139352 Lanzamiento de primer nanosatélite en Hidalgo, "Nanoconect 1", muestra de la innovación del fondo]. (in Spanish). AEM. Published 11 December 2017.</ref>


In June 2015<ref>[http://aviationweek.com/space/mexico-buys-ride-moon Mexico Buys A Ride To The Moon]. Frank Morring, Jr. ''Aviation Week''. 10 June 2015.</ref> AEM signed a launch contract to transport micro-rovers as secondary payloads on [[Astrobotic Technology]]'s lunar lander called ''Peregrine'', now planned for a 2021 launch.<ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/5/18654253/carnegie-mellon-lunar-rover-astrobotic-nasa-peregrine-moon-lander This tiny rover will test how well small mobile robots can survive on the Moon.] Loren Grush, ''The Verge''. 5 June 2019.</ref> But in 2019, Astrobotics' flight manifest shows that AEM will now fly an instrument, not rovers.<ref>[https://www.astrobotic.com/manifest Mission One Manifest - Astrobotic]. Accessed on 15 September 2019. Quote: "Agencia Espacial Mexicana (AEM), Mexican Space Agency will fly the first Latin American Scientific Instrument to the surface of the Moon." </ref>
In June 2015<ref>[http://aviationweek.com/space/mexico-buys-ride-moon Mexico Buys A Ride To The Moon]. Frank Morring, Jr. ''Aviation Week''. 10 June 2015.</ref> AEM signed a launch contract to transport micro-rovers as secondary payloads on [[Astrobotic Technology]]'s lunar lander called ''Peregrine'', now planned for a 2023 launch.<ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/5/18654253/carnegie-mellon-lunar-rover-astrobotic-nasa-peregrine-moon-lander This tiny rover will test how well small mobile robots can survive on the Moon.] Loren Grush, ''The Verge''. 5 June 2019.</ref> But in 2019, Astrobotics' flight manifest shows that AEM will now fly an instrument, not rovers.<ref>[https://www.astrobotic.com/manifest Mission One Manifest - Astrobotic]. Accessed on 15 September 2019. Quote: "Agencia Espacial Mexicana (AEM), Mexican Space Agency will fly the first Latin American Scientific Instrument to the surface of the Moon."</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 57: Line 63:
* [http://www.aem.gob.mx/ Official website of the ''Mexican Space Agency''] {{in lang|es}}
* [http://www.aem.gob.mx/ Official website of the ''Mexican Space Agency''] {{in lang|es}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110622235348/http://www.aemex.org/ Official website of the ''Mexican Space Agency Promoting Group Official Webpage''] {{in lang|es}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110622235348/http://www.aemex.org/ Official website of the ''Mexican Space Agency Promoting Group Official Webpage''] {{in lang|es}}
* [http://www.aem.gob.mx/downloads/documents/PLAN_DE_ORBITA_2013_INGLES.pdf Roadmap for Mexico's Space Industry], 2013 (PDF).
* [http://www.aem.gob.mx/downloads/documents/PLAN_DE_ORBITA_2013_INGLES.pdf Roadmap for Mexico's Space Industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822023514/http://www.aem.gob.mx/downloads/documents/PLAN_DE_ORBITA_2013_INGLES.pdf |date=2014-08-22 }}, 2013 (PDF).


{{Public sector space agencies}}
{{Public sector space agencies}}

Latest revision as of 10:26, 9 May 2024

Mexican Space Agency
Agencia Espacial Mexicana
AEM logo since 2022
Agency overview
AbbreviationAEM
FormedJuly 31, 2010; 13 years ago (2010-07-31)
TypeSpace agency
JurisdictionSecretariat of Infrastructure, Communications and Transportation
HeadquartersMexico City, Mexico
19°21′39″N 99°10′59″W / 19.36083°N 99.18306°W / 19.36083; -99.18306
Official languageSpanish
AdministratorSalvador Landeros Ayala [1]
OwnerMexico
Annual budgetDecrease $63.6 million MXN[2]
(US$ 3.2 million) (2021)
Websitehttps://www.gob.mx/aem
Rodolfo Neri Vela, first Astronaut of Mexico

The Mexican Space Agency (AEM; Spanish: Agencia Espacial Mexicana) is the national space agency of Mexico, established in July 2010. The agency does not have infrastructure, and aims to promote and coordinate education, research and development of the space-related activities that are performed in the country.[3]

History[edit]

Large Millimeter Telescope in Mexico

The direct antecedent of the agency is the Comisión Nacional del Espacio Exterior (CONEE) (English: National Commission of Outer Space), an office created by Presidential decree on August 31, 1962, and attached to the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation which conducted experiments in rocketry, telecommunications and atmospheric studies from 1962 to 1976.[4] After its dissolution by Presidential decree, on November 3, 1977, some activities were financed by the extinct Instituto Mexicano de Comunicaciones (Mexican Communications Institute) (transformed into the current Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones), by Satmex - then a state-owned company - and some higher education institutions, such as the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, the Institution Politécnico Nacional, the Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, the Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada and the CINVESTAV.[4]

Presentation at Congress[edit]

The bill for the foundation of a formal space agency, was originally conceived by José Luis Garcia and Fernando de la Peña. It was reviewed by Gianfranco Bissiacchi, José Hernández, Rodolfo Neri Vela among others. It was then submitted.[5]

The developers presented a bill to Congress whose main purpose was, according to Fernando de la Peña, promote private investment and facilitate the creation of multinational aerospace companies in the state of Hidalgo.[6]

The agency was approved by the Mexican Chamber of Deputies (208 voted yes, 2 no and 4 absentees) on April 20, 2010[7] after receiving a significant vote of confidence on April 26, 2006.[8]

Submission to the Senate[edit]

There were protests and concerns of some sectors that were displeased at not being consulted before being presented to the Chamber of Deputies for a vote. For this reason, the PRD Senator and president of the Committee on Science and Technology of the Senate, Francisco Javier Castellón Fonseca, requested the organization of forums to identify any concerns and disagreements. Afterwards the 'Grupo Promotor de la Agencia Espacial Mexicana' was created and coordinated by the Academia de Ingeniería (English: Engineering Academy) made a new initiative of law for the Mexican Congress. To this proposal some comments were included, particularly from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, and the Consejo Consultivo de Ciencias de la Presidencia de la República (Science Advisory Board of the Presidency of the Republic).[9] The new initiative ended up being adopted by the Senate unanimously on November 4, 2008, and returned to the chamber of origin to be turned over to the committees on science and technology, legislative studies second, and budget and public accounts to undergo a second analysis and ballot.[10]

Establishment[edit]

The law that creates the agency was published by the President Felipe Calderón on July 30, 2010, and came into effect on July 31, 2010.[11] The first governing board was established on 7 September 2010. The board organised a series of forums with space experts to outline a space policy, that was published on 13 July 2011. On 1 November 2011 Francisco Javier Mendieta Jiménez was appointed as Director General.[12]

Activities[edit]

Telescope in ALMA observatory, Mexico

The agency is in its early stages of identifying and defining needs and objectives. It is currently holding forums to develop clear goals and strategies in the aerospace industry sector.[13][14] In 2012, funding was pledged for an educational satellite,[15] but it was not awarded.[16] On 10 December 2017, a stratospheric balloon flight carrying a gondola, Nanoconect-1, was declared the first "satellite" launched by AEM, and from Mexican territory.[17]

In June 2015[18] AEM signed a launch contract to transport micro-rovers as secondary payloads on Astrobotic Technology's lunar lander called Peregrine, now planned for a 2023 launch.[19] But in 2019, Astrobotics' flight manifest shows that AEM will now fly an instrument, not rovers.[20]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Salvador Landeros Ayala es el nuevo director de la Agencia Espacial Mexicana" [Salvador Landeros Ayala is the new director of the Mexican Space Agency]. Aristegui Noticias (in Spanish). 14 October 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  2. ^ "Federal Spending Budget 2021". Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  3. ^ "Ciencia y Tecnología". Agencia Espacial Mexicana (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2016-03-30. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
  4. ^ a b Gall, Ruth (1987). "Las Actividades Espaciales en Mexico" (in Spanish). Secretaría de Educación Pública. ISBN 9789681624590.
  5. ^ "Jiménez urge votos para Manjarrez" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2011-07-24.
  6. ^ "Agencia Espacial Mexicana, una realidad" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
  7. ^ Arvizu, Juan. "Crean diputados Agencia Espacial Mexicana". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  8. ^ Héctor Guerrero. "Tendrá México su agencia espacial" (in Spanish). Noticieros Televisa. Archived from the original on 2008-01-09.
  9. ^ "Una Agencia Espacial Mexicana" (in Spanish). Proceso. 28 October 2008. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  10. ^ "Aprueba Senado Ley para Agencia Espacial Mexicana" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2015-05-01. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
  11. ^ "Decreto por el que se expide la Ley que crea la Agencia Espacial Mexicana". Diario Oficial de la Federación (in Spanish). Diario Oficial de la Federación, Secretaría de Gobernación. July 30, 2010. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  12. ^ "Google Translate". google.com.
  13. ^ Desarrollo Industrial Archived 2016-03-29 at the Wayback Machine. AEM. 2016.
  14. ^ "Puerto Vallarta Will Host Mexico's Space Agency Forum". Archived from the original on 2011-07-15.
  15. ^ "Mexican congressman gets funding for educational satellite". Fox News Latino. Archived from the original on 2015-05-19.
  16. ^ "Cuenta de la Hacienda Pública Federal 2010". Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público. 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2012. El Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología tuvo un subejercicio que incluye el recurso presupuestado para la Agencia Espacial Mexicana (AEM)
  17. ^ Lanzamiento de primer nanosatélite en Hidalgo, "Nanoconect 1", muestra de la innovación del fondo. (in Spanish). AEM. Published 11 December 2017.
  18. ^ Mexico Buys A Ride To The Moon. Frank Morring, Jr. Aviation Week. 10 June 2015.
  19. ^ This tiny rover will test how well small mobile robots can survive on the Moon. Loren Grush, The Verge. 5 June 2019.
  20. ^ Mission One Manifest - Astrobotic. Accessed on 15 September 2019. Quote: "Agencia Espacial Mexicana (AEM), Mexican Space Agency will fly the first Latin American Scientific Instrument to the surface of the Moon."

External links[edit]

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