15th (Scottish) Infantry Division

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For the unrelated First World War formation, see 15th (Scottish) Division.

15th (Scottish) Infantry Division
The shoulder insignia of the division: part of the Scottish coat of arms, inside the letter 'O' to correspond with division's number.
Active1939–1946
Branch Territorial Army
TypeInfantry
Mixed
RoleHome defence and infantry
SizeWar establishment strength:
13,863–18,347 men[a]
Actual: Varied [b]
EngagementsOperation Epsom
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Gordon MacMillan

The 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division was an infantry division of the British Army that served during the Second World War. It was raised on 2 September 1939, the day before war was declared, as part of the Territorial Army (TA) and served in the United Kingdom and later North-West Europe from June 1944 to May 1945.

Background

During the 1930s, tensions increased between Germany and the United Kingdom and its allies.[3] In late 1937 and throughout 1938, German demands for the annexation of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia led to an international crisis. To avoid war, the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met with German Chancellor Adolf Hitler in September and brokered the Munich Agreement. The agreement averted a war and allowed Germany to annexe the Sudetenland.[4] Although Chamberlain had intended the agreement to lead to further peaceful resolution of issues, relations between both countries soon deteriorated.[5] On 15 March 1939, Germany breached the terms of the agreement by invading and occupying the remnants of the Czech state.[6]

On 29 March, British Secretary of State for War Leslie Hore-Belisha announced plans to increase the part-time Territorial Army (TA) from 130,000 to 340,000 men and double the number of TA divisions.[7][c] The plan was for existing TA divisions, referred to as the first-line, to recruit over their establishments (aided by an increase in pay for Territorials, the removal of restrictions on promotion which had hindered recruiting, construction of better-quality barracks and an increase in supper rations) and then form a new division, known as the second-line, from cadres around which the divisions could be expanded.[7][12] This process was dubbed "duplicating". The 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division was to be a second-line unit, a duplicate of the first-line 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division.[13] In April, limited conscription was introduced. This resulted in 34,500 twenty-year-old militiamen being conscripted into the regular army, initially to be trained for six months before deployment to the forming second-line units.[13][14] It was envisioned that the duplicating process and recruiting the required numbers of men would take no more than six months. Some TA divisions had made little progress by the time the Second World War began in September; others were able to complete this work within a matter of weeks.[15][16]

Home Service

Formation

Divisional insignia in 1939

The embryo of the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division formed on 26 August 1939, administered by the 52nd Division, became an independent formation on 2 September 1939. It took control of the 44th, the 45th and the 46th Infantry Brigades.[17][18][19] Due to the lack of official guidance, the newly formed formations were at liberty to choose numbers, styles, and titles. The division adopted the number, title, and divisional insignia of their First World War counterpart, the 15th (Scottish) Division. The brigades did likewise. The divisional insignia, the letter 'O' (being the 15th letter of the alphabet), differed slightly from the original, by not including a triangle inside the circle.[15][18]

On formation, the 44th (Lowland) Infantry Brigade consisted of the 8th Battalion, Royal Scots; the 6th Battalion, King's Own Scottish Borderers; and the 7th Battalion, King's Own Scottish Borderers. The 45th (Lowland) Infantry Brigade comprised the 6th Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers; ad the 9th and the 10th Battalions, Cameronians (Scottish Rifles). The 46th (Highland) Infantry Brigade had the 10th and the 11th Battalions, Highland Light Infantry; and the 2nd Battalion, Glasgow Highlanders. The division was initially assigned to Scottish Command, and Major General Roland Le Fanu became the general officer commanding.[20][21] Le Fanu's immediate prior experience included staff appointments, and combat experience in 1937 fighting in the Waziristan campaign.[22] While primarily made up of Scots, recruits were posted to the division from across the United Kingdom, particularly England.[23]

Home defense

The war deployment plan for the TA envisioned its divisions being sent overseas, as equipment became available, to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) that had already been dispatched to Europe. The TA would join regular army divisions in waves as its divisions completed their training, the final divisions deploying one year after the war began.[24] However, during the opening months of the war, the division lacked the required equipment and personnel. September saw the division drained of manpower as soldiers, aged 19, were removed from the division and posted to other formations; the Ministry of Labour allocated others to essential industries; and medical standards weeded out those considered unfit. The division was initially scattered across southern Scotland without access to training facilities. On 30 September, after the requisition of civilian transport, the division moved to the Scottish Borders, south of Edinburgh, to start training.[25]

In October 1939, the Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces, General Walter Kirke, was tasked with drawing up a plan, codenamed Julius Caesar, to defend the United Kingdom from a potential German invasion. The division's role in this was largely to defend the Edinburgh and Forth areas.[26][d] It was not until December that the division moved to undertake this role, with the 44th Brigade positioned astride the Firth of Forth. The rest of the division was based around Glasgow, on either side of the Firth of Clyde.[27] On paper, an infantry division was to have seventy-two modern 25-pounder field guns. By November, the divisional artillery comprised just eight First World War-vintage 4.5 in (110 mm) howitzers.[28] By January, this had increased to sixteen 4.5 in (110 mm) howitzers, in addition to eight First World War-era 18-pounder field guns.[29]

In April 1940, the division marched back to the Borders, and used the move as a training exercise. Elements of the division were then used to provide logistical support, for non-divisional assets that were en route to fight in the Norwegian Campaign.[30] On 9 April, following the start of the campaign, the second-line infantry divisions were requested to each form an independent infantry company consisting of 289 volunteers, who would be deployed to Norway. The 15th Division formed No. 10 Independent Company. However, the company was not deployed to Norway.[31] When the campaign ended in failure, the division was ordered to move south into England to make room for the returning troops.[30] This move promoted Kirke to complain that the division was being moved against his wishes, despite the defensive role assigned to it for southern Scotland.[32] The move took the division to Wiltshire, with the intent to intensively prepare for its deployment to France. Following the German invasion of France and the Low Countries, the English east coast was seen as the area most under threat from German invasion. As a result of the German invasion of France, the division was ordered to take up position in Essex to defend the coast from Harwich, in the north, to Southend-on-Sea, in the south.[33][34] To prevent a German invasion, including potential tank attacks, the divisional artillery now comprised twelve 4.5 in (110 mm) howitzers, six 18-pounder field guns, and four Ordnance QF 2-pounder anti-tank guns (compared to an establishment of 48). This was roughly on par with the other eight divisions that had been assigned to defend the coast, although the 15th was one of only two that included anti-tank guns.[35] Additional equipment included 47 Boys anti-tank rifles (against an establishment of 361), 63 Universal Carriers (establishment of 140), and 590 Bren light machine guns (establishment of 644).[36][37] The division co-operated with the forming Local Defence Volunteers, laid landmines, and erected anti-invasion obstacles within its operating area.[38]

On 9 July, George VI inspected elements of the division at Colchester.[39] The next month, on 2 August, Lieutenant-General Alan Brooke, now Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces, visited the division. Brooke recorded in his diary "Do not think much of [Le Fanu], and doubtful whether he is good enough." Regarding the division's rank and file, he wrote they were "good but [require] a great deal more training."[40] On 23 August, Le Fanu was replaced by Major-General Robert Cotton Money.[17] On 31 October, George VI visited the divisional headquarters, and provided authorization for the lion rampant, from Royal Arms of Scotland, to be added within the 'O' of the divisional insignia. The division remained on the coast through to the end of the year, while also conducting training.[39]

On 30 January 1941, Major-General Oliver Leese took command of the division. Later in the month, the division was moved northeast from Essex into Suffolk, in East Anglia. The division was again assigned to coastal defence duties with the 44th Brigade based at Lowestoft, the 45th Brigade situated between Dunwich and Aldeburgh, and the 46th Brigade between Orford and Felixstowe. This left a gap between the 44th and the 45th Brigades. To support the division, the 37th Independent Infantry Brigade, reporting directly to XI Corps, was positioned in the gap between South Lowestoft and Southwold. On 17 June 1941, Major-General Philip Christison replaced Leese. By September, the division's artillery regiments had all been outfitted with a full complement of 25-pounder field guns.[41][42]

Divisional changes

During 1941, due to the large number of men allocated to the infantry, the British Army began to reform. The intent was to build-up other arms, especially armoured and special forces. As a result, several divisions were to be disbanded or reduced. This included the 15th (Scottish), which was placed on the lower establishment in November 1941. This meant that the division was now strictly detailed for home defence, compared to a higher establishment division that were intended to be used for overseas deployment and combat.[17][43][44] Following this, the division lost various assets such as artillery and engineer formations. It was also used as a source of reinforcements, as drafts were taken for oversea units. After being downgraded, the division moved north to Northumberland and took up position at Newcastle and locations along the coast north of the city. Aside from their defensive duties, the division spent the remainder of 1941 and 1942 training. On 14 May 1942, Major-General Charles Bullen-Smith took command of the division.[17][45]

On 5 January 1943, the 45th Brigade was removed from the division. It was replaced by the 6th Guards Tank Brigade.[17] This brought the division inline with the 'mixed division' concept. Lieutenant-General Giffard Le Quesne Martel, head of the Royal Armoured Corps, described this concept as "the absorption of the armoured forces into the rest of the army", which required a division to decrease from three to two infantry brigades, and have a tank brigade, equipped with infantry tanks, assigned in place of the lost infantry.[46] On 28 March 1943, the division was raised to the higher establishment, officially as a 'mixed division'.[17] It was intended to bring the division up to strength, an establishment of 16,119 men and 205 tanks, by June. Accordingly, additional formations were transferred to the division. Other than this, the division continued training, and with an emphasis on combined arms warfare. The division was assigned to the VIII Corps, on 20 June 1943. The following month, on 14 July, the division was brought back up to a strength of three infantry brigades, while still retaining the tank brigade, when the 227th (Highland) Infantry Brigade joined. On 27 August 1943, Major-General Gordon MacMillan arrived from commanding a brigade in combat in North Africa, to take command of the division.[47][48]

On 5 September, the 'mixed division' concept was abandoned, as it was considered to not be a successful idea, and the division was re-organised as an infantry formation. Correspondingly, the 6th Guards Tank Brigade left on 9 September. The division then moved to Yorkshire, with the division concentrated around Bradford, Harrogate, and Leeds.[49][50][51] The remainder of the year and the opening of 1944 was used to conduct extensive training and divisional exercises, as the division had been assigned to partake in Operation Overlord, the invasion of German-occupied France. In February 1944, General Bernard Montgomery, commander of the 21st Army Group, the main Allied formation in Operation Overlord, visited the division and addressed the men. In the following weeks, George VI, Queen Elizabeth, and their daughter Elizabeth visited the division, as well as Winston Churchill, and Lieutenant-General Richard O'Connor, the commander of VIII Corps. In April, the division moved to Sussex, concentrating in camps in the Brighton–Worthington area. The advanced parties of the division departed the camp area for London on 8 June, and arrived Courseulles, Normandy, France on 13 June following a minor collision with another troopship just off the coast. On 11 June, the division proper started to move to marshalling areas in London and Southampton, and were transported to France piecemeal with the last unit not arriving until 24 June.[52]

Overseas service

Operation Epsom

Men of the 8th Battalion, Royal Scots move forward past a Humber Scout Car of 31st Tank Brigade during Operation Epsom, 28 June 1944.

After spending many years training in the United Kingdom, the 15th (Scottish) Division landed in Normandy as part of Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Normandy, soon after the initial D-Day landings, in mid June 1944 and almost immediately took part in Operation Epsom. Epsom was an attack by most of Lieutenant General Miles Dempsey's British Second Army that was intended to outflank and seize the city of Caen, which was to be taken on D-Day and had, over the last few weeks, bore witness to much bitter fighting in what is known as the Battle for Caen. Epsom did not achieve its overall objective but forced the Wehrmacht to abandon their offensive plans and tied most of their armoured units to a defensive role.[53]

Men of the 10th Battalion, Highland Light Infantry advance during Operation 'Epsom', 26 June 1944.

To be certain of anticipating any German attack, Epsom was launched on 26 June. Although held up on parts of the front by infantry of the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, the 15th (Scottish) Division, serving under command of Lieutenant General Richard O'Connor's VIII Corps, and the 31st Tank Brigade gained four miles on their left flank. Further to their left the 43rd (Wessex) Division also gained ground.[54]

On 27 June, after repulsing small armoured counter-attacks, the 15th (Scottish) Division gained more ground and captured a bridge over the River Odon. The 11th Armoured Division passed through to capture Hill 112, a mile to the southeast. This deep penetration alarmed the German command and General Hausser was ordered to commit his units to contain and eliminate the Allied salient. German armoured counter-attacks from 27 June – 1 July were repulsed and the foothold over the Odon was consolidated. German losses, particularly of armoured vehicles meant that the possibility of a German counter-offensive was eliminated and held the bulk of the remaining German armour in Normandy in the east around Caen, while American troops further west captured Cherbourg.[55]

During the operation, the 15th (Scottish) Division had suffered heavy losses (which, at this stage of the war, the British Army could ill afford to lose) of over 2,300 casualties, nearly a third of the total infantry strength of the entire division. "The example of one battalion is typical: on 26 June the 2nd Battalion, The Glasgow Highlanders lost 12 officers and sustained nearly 200 casualties, mainly around the hotly contested village of Cheux. Total strength of this battalion was approximately 35 officers and 786 other ranks; thus one day's losses amounted to 34% of their officers and nearly 25% of the entire rifle battalion."[56]

Hill 112, Operation Jupiter

The British forces included the men of the 15th (Scottish) Division, 11th Armoured Division, 43rd (Wessex) Division and 53rd (Welsh) Division. The plan was for the 46th (Highland) Brigade of the 15th (Scottish) Division and a squadron of the 7th Royal Tank Regiment to clear the ground between the Odon, the Orne and the western suburbs of Caen.[57]

The first battle for Hill 112 was fought by 43rd (Wessex) Division at the end of Operation Epsom, when the tanks of 11th Armoured Division broke out from a bridgehead established by the 2nd Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, of 227th Brigade, at Tourmauville. Hill 112 was only an intermediate objective on the way to the Orne River crossings but such was the German reaction that the 23rd Hussars were only able to capture and hold the hill with difficulty.[58]

The main attack on Hill 112 was strategically designed to fix the German panzers and tactically to gain 'elbow room' in what was still a tight beachhead. The German defenders survived naval bombardment, air attack and artillery fire but held their ground, crucially supported by Tiger tanks from the 101st SS Heavy Panzer Battalion. These mighty tanks armed with the 88 mm gun had both greater protection and firepower and outclassed the opposing British Churchill tank and Sherman tank.[59]

Even though the hill was not captured and was left as a no-man's-land between the two armies, important surrounding villages had been taken. Above all, however, the 9th Hohenstaufen SS Panzer Division, which had been in the process of moving out of the line to form an operational reserve, was brought back to contain the British. Therefore, on the strategic level Operation Jupiter was a significant success.[60]

It was not until American troops eventually started to break out from the Normandy lodgement, as Operation Cobra developed momentum, in August 1944, that the Germans withdrew from Hill 112 and the 53rd (Welsh) Division occupied the feature, with barely a fight.[61]

Operations Bluecoat and Enterprise

Operation Bluecoat was an attack by most of the British Second Army from 30 July 1944 to 7 August 1944. The objectives of the attack were to secure the key road junction of Vire and the high ground of Mont Pinçon. Strategically, the attack was made to support the American exploitation of their breakout on the western flank of the Normandy beachhead, codenamed Operation Cobra. The British Second Army was switched westward towards Villers-Bocage, adjacent to the U.S. First Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges. Originally, Lieutenant General Dempsey, the Second Army commander, planned to attack on 2 August, but the speed of events on the American front forced him to advance the date.[62]

Men of the 7th Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders advance up to the front line, 4 August 1944.

Initially, only two weak German infantry divisions held the intended attack frontage, south and east of Caumont, although they had laid extensive minefields and constructed substantial defences. They also occupied ideal terrain for defence, the bocage.[63]

Churchill tanks supporting infantry of the 2nd Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders during Operation 'Veritable', 8 February 1945.

After the Battle of the Falaise Gap, which saw most of the German Army in Normandy virtually destroyed (although the division took no part in it), the 15th (Scottish) Division, commanded by Major General Colin Barber, previously the 46th Brigade commander, after Major General MacMillan was wounded in early August, fought virtually continuously from then on through Caumont, the Seine Crossing, the Gheel Bridgehead, Best, Tilburg (Operation Pheasant), Meijel, Blerwick, Broekhuizen, the Maas, Operation Veritable and across the Rhine, entering Germany, in Operation Plunder in late March 1945, then taking part in the Western Allied invasion of Germany.[64]

Universal Carriers and infantry of the 2nd Battalion, Gordon Highlanders move up to cross the Elbe, 29 April 1945.

The particular distinction for the 15th Scottish was to be selected to lead the last set piece river crossing of the war, the assault across the River Elbe (Operation Enterprise) on 29 April 1945 spearheaded by the 1st Commando Brigade (commanded by Brigadier Derek Mills-Roberts), after which they fought on to the Baltic occupying both Lübeck and Kiel. The 15th (Scottish) was the only division of the British Army during the Second World War to be involved in three of the six major European river assault crossings; the Seine, the Rhine and the Elbe. The end of World War II in Europe arrived soon afterwards, followed by the surrender of Japan in September, bringing an end to just under six years of war.[65]

On 10 April 1946 the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division was finally disbanded. Its battle casualties– killed, wounded and missing – in nearly eleven months of fighting were 11,772 with well over 1,500 men killed. According to military historian Carlo D'Este, the "15th (Scottish) Division was considered to be the most effective and best led infantry division in 21st Army Group."[66]

General officers commanding

See also: General officer commanding
War memorial with statue of General C.M. Barber in The Netherlands

The division had the following commanders:

Appointed Name
29 August 1939 Major-General R. Le Fanu[19][17]
19 August 1940 Brigadier J.A. Campbell[17]
23 August 1940 Major-General R.C. Money[17]
27 January 1941 Brigadier J.A. Campbell[17]
30 January 1941 Major-General Oliver Leese[17]
17 June 1941 Major-General Philip Christison[17]
14 May 1942 Major-General Charles Bullen-Smith[17]
14 August 1943 Brigadier H.D.K. Money[17]
27 August 1943 Major-General Gordon MacMillan[17]
5 August 1944 Major-General Colin Muir Barber[17]

Order of battle

See also

Notes

Footnotes

  1. ^ This is the war establishment, the on-paper strength. The war establishment for an infantry division during 1939–1940 was 13,863 men; as of 1941, it increased to 17,298 men; for the final two years of the war, it was 18,347 men. A 'Mixed Division' had an establishment of 16,119 men.[1]
  2. ^ For example: prior to the launch of Operation Epsom, on 26 June 1944, the division was 15,591 men strong; prior to the launch of Operation Bluecoat, on 30 July 1944, the division numbered 16,970 men.[2]
  3. ^ The Territorial Army (TA) was a reserve of the British regular army made up of part-time volunteers. By 1939, its intended role was the sole method of expanding the size of the British Army. (This is comparable to the creation of Kitchener's Army during the First World War.) Existing territorial formations would create a second division using a cadre of trained personnel and, if needed, a third division would be created. All TA recruits were required to take the general service obligation: if the British Government decided, territorial soldiers could be deployed overseas for combat. (This avoided the complications of the First World War-era Territorial Force, whose members were not required to leave Britain unless they volunteered for overseas service.)[8][9][10][11]
  4. ^ Julius was the codeword to bring troops to a state of readiness within eight hours. The codeword Caesar meant an invasion was imminent, and units were to be readied for immediate action. Kirke's plan assumed that the Germans would use 4,000 paratroopers, followed by 15,000 troops landed via civilian aircraft once airfields had been secured (Germany only actually had 6,000 such troops), and at least one division of 15,000 troops to be used in an amphibious assault.[26]

Citations

  1. ^ Joslen 2003, pp. 130–133.
  2. ^ Jackson 2006, pp. 27, 12.
  3. ^ Bell 1997, pp. 3–4.
  4. ^ Bell 1997, pp. 258–275.
  5. ^ Bell 1997, pp. 277–278.
  6. ^ Bell 1997, p. 281.
  7. ^ a b Gibbs 1976, p. 518.
  8. ^ Allport 2015, p. 323.
  9. ^ French 2001, p. 53.
  10. ^ Perry 1988, pp. 41–42.
  11. ^ Simkins 2007, pp. 43–46.
  12. ^ Messenger 1994, p. 47.
  13. ^ a b Messenger 1994, p. 49.
  14. ^ French 2001, p. 64.
  15. ^ a b Perry 1988, p. 48.
  16. ^ Levy 2006, p. 66.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Joslen 2003, p. 58.
  18. ^ a b Martin 2006, pp. 1–3.
  19. ^ a b "No. 34684". The London Gazette. 15 September 1939. p. 6333.
  20. ^ Joslen 2003, pp. 59, 289–291.
  21. ^ Martin 2006, p. 359.
  22. ^ "No. 34485". The London Gazette. 18 February 1938. p. 1076."No. 34542". The London Gazette. 16 August 1938. p. 5286."No. 34650". The London Gazette. 1 August 1939. p. 5314.
  23. ^ Martin 2006, pp. 2, 4.
  24. ^ Gibbs 1976, pp. 455, 507, 514–515.
  25. ^ Martin 2006, pp. 3–4.
  26. ^ a b Newbold 1988, p. 40.
  27. ^ Martin 2006, p. 5.
  28. ^ Newbold 1988, pp. 150, 406.
  29. ^ Newbold 1988, pp. 150, 408.
  30. ^ a b Martin 2006, pp. 5–7.
  31. ^ Messenger 1991, pp. 20–21.
  32. ^ Newbold 1988, p. 74.
  33. ^ Martin 2006, pp. 6–8.
  34. ^ Newbold 1988, p. 121.
  35. ^ Newbold 1988, p. 412, 414.
  36. ^ Newbold 1988, p. 415.
  37. ^ Joslen 2003, p. 131.
  38. ^ Martin 2006, p. 8.
  39. ^ a b Martin 2006, pp. 8–10.
  40. ^ Alanbrooke 2001, pp. 93, 97.
  41. ^ a b Joslen 2003, pp. 58–59.
  42. ^ Martin 2006, pp. 10–11.
  43. ^ Perry 1988, p. 65.
  44. ^ French 2001, p. 188.
  45. ^ Martin 2006, pp. 13–16.
  46. ^ Crow 1972, p. 35.
  47. ^ Joslen 2003, pp. 58–59, 132–133, 337–338.
  48. ^ Martin 2006, pp. 16–17.
  49. ^ Joslen 2003, pp. 58, 197.
  50. ^ Martin 2006, pp. 17–18.
  51. ^ Crow 1972, pp. 35–36.
  52. ^ Martin 2006, pp. 18–26.
  53. ^ Daglish 2007, p. 218-219.
  54. ^ McLeod, Toby. "Operation Epsom, Baron-sur-Odon and the Battle for Hill 112". WR2000: The Battle for Normandy 1944. Archived from the original on 16 April 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008.
  55. ^ Ellis et al. 1962, p. 277–297.
  56. ^ D'Este, p. 244–245.
  57. ^ Saunders 2001, pp. 49–50.
  58. ^ Jackson 2006, pp. 39–40.
  59. ^ "Amazing Footage of The Heavy German Tiger Tank – Feared on the Battlefields of WW2". War History online. 1 April 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  60. ^ Buckley 2014, p. 92.
  61. ^ Saunders 2001, pp. 172–176.
  62. ^ Ellis et al. 1962, p. 386.
  63. ^ Daglish 2009, pp. 19–21.
  64. ^ "Soldiers of the 15th (Scottish) Division capture Celle, Germany". Imperial War Museum. 12 April 1945. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  65. ^ "Japanese Instruments of Surrender". Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  66. ^ D'Este, p. 239.
  67. ^ Joslen 2003, pp. 59, 289.
  68. ^ a b c d Martin 2006, pp. 359–362.
  69. ^ Joslen 2003, pp. 59, 290.
  70. ^ Joslen 2003, pp. 59, 291.
  71. ^ Joslen 2003, pp. 59, 390.
  72. ^ Martin 2006, pp. 17, 359–362.
  73. ^ Joslen 2003, pp. 59, 197.
  74. ^ Martin 2006, p. 332.
  75. ^ a b c d e Martin 2006, pp. 16, 359–362.

References

External links

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