Chevrolet Impala

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Chevrolet Impala
2006-2007 Chevrolet Impala LS
Overview
ManufacturerChevrolet
Production1958–1985
1994–1996
2000–present
Body and chassis
ClassFull-size (1958-1996)
Mid-size (2000-present)
Chronology
PredecessorChevrolet Lumina (For post-2000 models)

The Chevrolet Impala is an automobile built for the Chevrolet division by General Motors. Ed Cole, Chevrolet's chief engineer in the late 1950s, defined the Impala as a "prestige car within the reach of the average American citizen." For many years, the Impala was the best-selling automobile in the United States, and its 1965 sales of over one million units still stands as a record. The current version, with a year-over-year U.S. sales increase in the 25% range, is the 7th best-selling vehicle and 4th top-selling car, and has the distinction of being the top-selling American-nameplate sedan. (First-half 2007 sales total 180,390 versus 144,730 in the same period of 2006, according to Reuters Top 20 Selling Vehicles Scorecard.}

Impala showcar

The Impala name was first used for the Corvette-based show car for the 1956 General Motors Motorama. Painted emerald green metalic, with a white interior, the Impala featured hardtop styling.

1958–1961

First generation
1958 Chevrolet Impala Hardtop
Overview
Production1958-1961
Body and chassis
Body style2-door convertible
2-door coupe
2-door hardtop
4-door hardtop
4-door sedan
LayoutFR layout
Powertrain
Engine
  • 235cid Blue Flame I6
    283cid 195bhp-220bhp Turbo Fire V8
    348 W-series Turbo Thrust V8

The Impala was introduced in 1958 as a new, upmarket, sporty trim package created for Bel Air coupes and convertibles. Unique to the model were its six taillights, which set it apart from lower trim levels with only two lights on a side. This classic styling cue would become its trademark. Named after a southern African antelope, the Impala became a separate model in 1959 in both two- and four-door versions and became the best-selling car in the Chevrolet lineup. For 1960, it became the best-selling automobile in the United States and held that position for the next decade. From 1958 until 1966, Impala sales were in excess of 13 million units, more than any other full-size car in the history of the automobile.

1962-1964

Second generation
Chevrolet Impala
Overview
Production1962-1964
AssemblyArlington, Texas
Body and chassis
Body style2-door convertible
2-door coupe
2-door hardtop
4-door hardtop
4-door sedan
4-door station wagon
LayoutFR layout
PlatformB-body
RelatedChevrolet Bel Air
Buick LeSabre
Pontiac Parisienne
Pontiac Catalina/Laurentian
Pontiac Bonneville
Powertrain
Engine230cid 140bhp Turbo Thrift I6
283cid 195bhp-220bhp Turbo Fire V8
327cid 250-375bhp Turbo Fire V8
409 W-series Turbo Thrust V8, 340bhp-425bhp
427 W-series big block V8

The Impala was redesigned on the new GM B platform for 1962.

1965-1970

Third generation
1968 Chevrolet Impala custom at the weekly Garden Grove, California, car show on April 16, 2004.
Overview
Production1965-1970
AssemblyArlington, Texas
Body and chassis
Body style2-door convertible
2-door coupe
2-door hardtop
4-door hardtop
4-door sedan
4-door station wagon
LayoutFR layout
PlatformB-body
RelatedChevrolet Bel Air
Buick LeSabre
Pontiac Parisienne
Pontiac Catalina/Laurentian
Pontiac Bonneville
Chevrolet Caprice
Powertrain
Engine250cid 155bhp Turbo Thrift I6
283cid 195bhp-220bhp Turbo Fire V8
307cid 115bhp-200bhp Turbo Fire V8
327cid 250-375bhp Turbo Fire V8
350cid 250-350bhp Turbo Fire V8
396 265bhp-425bhp Turbo Jet V8
427 335bhp-425bhp Turbo Jet V8

Redesigned again in 1965, the Impala set an all-time industry annual sales record of more than 1 million units in the U.S., which has never been bettered.

In 1965, Chevrolet introduced the Impala Caprice. Beginning with the four-door hardtop sedan body, Impala Caprices received unique upholstery, wood grained accents on the dashboard and specialty pulls on the insides of the doors. The Impala Caprice was reintroduced as the Chevrolet Caprice in 1966, taking the top position in the full-size Chevrolet lineup. The Impala however, remained Chevrolet's top-selling model until the late 1970s. The 1967 model was redesigned along the lines of the 1963 Buick Riviera. The Coke bottle shape was strengthened and the curves were biggest with the 1967-68 models. During the 1969 model year, for example, Impala production topped Caprice production by 611,000 units.

Engine choices included the inline six-cylinder as well as the famous Chevy small-block and big-block V8s.

Six-cylinder:

  • 235cid Blue Flame 6 (1958-1962)
  • 230cid 140bhp Turbo Thrift 6 (1963-1965)
  • 250cid 155bhp Turbo Thrift 6 (1966-1969)

Small block V8s:

  • 283cid 195bhp-220bhp Turbo Fire V8 (1957-1967)
  • 307cid 115bhp-200bhp Turbo Fire V8 (1968)
  • 327cid 250-375bhp Turbo Fire V8 (1961-1970)
  • 350cid 250-350bhp Turbo Fire V8 (1969-1980)
  • 400cid 255-265 bhp Turbo Fire V8 (1970-1976)

Big block V8s:

  • 348 W-series Turbo Thrust V8, 250bhp-350bhp (1958-1961)
  • 409 W-series Turbo Thrust V8, 340bhp-425bhp (mid-1961 to early 1965); This engine was immortalized in the Beach Boys song titled "409".
  • 427 W-series big block, (1963)
  • 396 265bhp-425bhp Turbo Jet V8 (mid-1965 to 1969)
  • 427 335bhp-425bhp Turbo Jet V8 (1966-1969)
  • 454 345-390bhp(1970-1976)

Impala SS

1961 Chevrolet Impala SS

In 1961, the Impala SS (Super Sport) was introduced to the market. The SS badge was to become Chevrolet's signature of performance on many models, though it has often been an appearance package only. The Impala's SS package in 1961 was truly a performance package, beginning with the high-performance 348 in³ (5.7 L) V8 engines (available with 305, 340, and 350 hp (230, 255 and 260 kW)) or the new 409 in³ (6.7 L) V8, which was available with up to 425 hp. The package also included upgraded tires on station wagon wheels, springs, shocks and special sintered metallic brake linings. Starting in 1962, the Impala SS could be had with any engine available in the Impala, down to the 235 in³ 135 hp inline-6. With one exception, from this point until 1969, the SS was an appearance package only, though the heavy-duty parts and big engines could still be ordered. From 1962-on, Super Sports were limited to the hardtop coupe and convertible coupe exclusively.

The exception was the Z24 option package available in combination with the standard Z03 Super Sport package. Starting in 1967 through 1969, buyers of Impala Z24s got cars badged as "SS427" models. The SS427 included a heavy-duty suspension and other performance goodies, as well as a Turbo-Jet 427 in³ V8 in either L36 (385 hp 1967-1968 390hp in 1969) or L72 (425hp RPO 1968-1969 only. 17 L-72s were rumored to have been built in 1967; however, this has been disputed and none has surfaced as yet. Special SS427 badging, inside and out, was the rule, but few were sold since muscle car enthusiasts were looking toward big-block intermediates such as the Chevelle SS396 and Plymouth Road Runner, which were lighter and faster off the line. From 1968 to 1969, Z24s could be ordered without the Z03 SS package, which meant SS427 equipment but no bucket seats or center console.

The Impala SS could be identified by "SS" emblems on the rear fenders and trunk lid. The Impala SS became its own series (separate model rather than an option package) for 1964. In 1968, the Impala SS once again became an option package. 1967 and 1968 SS427s got a special domed hood and body emblems, and the 1968 model featured "gills" on the front fenders in front of the wheel opening, possibly to remind people of its Corvette cousin. In 1969, the Impala SS was available only as the Z24 (SS427), coming exclusively with a 427 in³ V8 of 335, 390 or 425 hp. This was the final year for the Impala SS until 1994.

1969 was the last year that the Impala SS was offered with the Z24 package, but the only year in which front disc brakes and 15 inch wheels were standard; that made the 1969 SS427 better than the previous version. Although the 427 was replaced by the 454 in³ Turbo-Jet V8 in 1970, the SS option was gone. Thus, the 1969 Impala SS427 got the best of both worlds, which is why it is so valuable and is often cloned today.

1971-1976

Fourth generation
1972 Chevrolet Impala
Overview
Production1971-1976
AssemblyArlington, Texas
Body and chassis
Body style2-door convertible
2-door Sport Coupe (hardtop)
2-door Custom Coupe (formal hardtop)
4-door hardtop
4-door sedan
4-door station wagon
LayoutFR layout
PlatformB-body
RelatedChevrolet Bel Air
Buick LeSabre
Pontiac Parisienne
Pontiac Catalina/Laurentian
Pontiac Bonneville
Chevrolet Caprice
Oldsmobile 88
Powertrain
Engine454 345-390bhp V8
350cid 250-350bhp Turbo Fire V8
400cid 255-265 bhp Turbo Fire V8
Transmission3-speed automatic

In 1971, GM introduced its redesigned full-size B-body, the largest full-size car ever offered by GM. However, the 1970s marked a change in the American view of the automobile, which had a lasting impact on cars such as the Impala. The impact of the 1973 energy crisis on the industry was dramatic. Gasoline prices doubled between 1973 and 1979. Industry car sales plummeted 20 percent between 1973 and 1974, and for the first time in recent history, annual passenger car travel in the U.S. actually declined. The Impala's sales dropped to 176,376 units in 1975, the weakest since its introduction in 1958.

The 1970s-era Impalas had some notorious reliability issues, such as the appearance of a large crack in the dashboard, undoubtedly due to the huge expanse of vinyl which deteriorated when exposed to the sun's rays. Impala owners jokingly referred to it as the "Mark of Excellence" since, like the GM logo, it was on virtually every car. The 1970s full-size Chevrolets were the biggest ever, partly because of federal rules for bumper protection (beginning in 1973, front bumpers had to be able to withstand a 5 mph impact). In 1974, rear bumpers also had to meet the same standards. Powertrains consisted of V8 engines only, offered with 350, 400, or 454 cid. Beginning in 1972, all engines were designed to run on unleaded gasoline. Catalytic converters were introduced in 1975. The Impala convertible model was dropped after 1972, and continued as a Caprice until 1975. Additional information on the durability of the full size Chevy from this era, presented in an amusing format, is available at StillRuns.com.

1977–1985

Fifth generation
The last generation of the original Impala
Overview
Production1977-1985
AssemblyArlington, Texas
Body and chassis
Body style2-door coupe
4-door sedan
4-door station wagon
LayoutFR layout
PlatformB-body
RelatedChevrolet Caprice
Chevrolet Bel Air
Pontiac Safari
Pontiac Bonneville
Pontiac Parisienne
Pontiac Catalina/Laurentian
Oldsmobile 88
Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser
Buick LeSabre
Buick Estate
Cadillac Fleetwood
Cadillac Brougham
Powertrain
Engine229 V6
231 V6
1977-1979 250 in³ L6
1980-1982 267 in3 V8
1977-1985 305 in³ V8
1977-1979 350 in³ V8
1980-1985 Olds 350 dieselV8
Transmission3-speed automatic
4-speed automatic (optional, 1981-1985)
Dimensions
Wheelbase116 in (2946 mm)

The changes in the automobile marketplace resulted in Chevrolet redesigning the Impala once again in 1977 to meet changing demands. The new Impalas were shorter, taller and narrower. The new Impala's frame was a shortened version of the one introduced in 1971 and would be utilized until 1996 when the B-body production line was shut down. The Impala was typical of smaller, lighter (even than the 1977 Chevelle), and more fuel efficient full-size American car. Even with its smaller dimensions, the new Impala featured increased headroom, legroom and trunk space.[citation needed]

Production of the downsized model increased substantially versus 1976, and the Impala regained the number one US sales position.

No convertible models were offered. Pillarless hardtops were also discontinued, the result of rumors of Federal rollover standards looming in the near future. The relatively rare 1977-1979 coupes did have a double bent tempered rear window much like the Monte Carlo Aerocoupe.

Engine availability was reduced in 1977 when the inline six-cylinder returned with 110 SAE(net)hp. Other options included 267cid and 305cid V8 engines. The 350cid V8 engine was optional in some years. Oldsmobile's 350cid V8 diesel engine also was available.

In 1980, a slight facelift took place, although the body style remained the same, and all the sheetmetal was changed. From 1980-1990, all GM B-bodies shared similar doors that can be replaced by removing model-specific trim pieces.[citation needed]

Although the Impala (and the upscale Caprice) sold well into the early 1980s, the Impala was more of an entry-level vehicle along with fleet usage - especially with law enforcement. The Impala was discontinued in 1985, while the Caprice continued unchanged until 1990. The Caprice received a major redesign in 1991 and continued until 1996.

1994-1996

Sixth generation
Overview
Production1994-1996
AssemblyArlington, Texas
Body and chassis
Body style4-door sedan
LayoutFR layout
PlatformB-body
RelatedChevrolet Caprice
Buick Roadmaster
Cadillac Fleetwood
Powertrain
Engine5.7 L LT1 V8
Transmission4-speed automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase115.9 in (294 cm)
Length214.1 in (544 cm)
Width77 in (196 cm)
Height54.7 in (139 cm)
Curb weight4221 lb (1914 kg)
File:ChevImpalanewlogo.jpg
1994-present Chevrolet Impala logo

In 1991, the GM B platform was extensively redesigned, though it retained the same shortened frame design of the 1977 redesign.

The Impala SS badge was resurrected at the 1992 Detroit Auto Show as a concept car designed by GM designer Jon Moss. The vehicle was put into production almost exactly as designed, with the only noticeable cosmetic change being the chrome "bowtie" logo on the grille (vs. red in the concept). A major mechanical difference was the concept car had a GM Performance Parts 8.2 L engine, which was impractical for production. It was replaced with the 5.7 L LT1 engine used in the Chevrolet Corvette, Camaro, and Pontiac Firebird.

The 1994 Impala SS went into production 14 months later at GM's plant in Arlington, Texas. The car was a high-performance version of the Caprice. From a mechanical standpoint, it used the Caprice 9C1 police package as its base and as such got most of the equipment formerly available only to law enforcement and government agencies. This included a sport-tuned suspension with reinforced shocks and struts, a high-capacity upgraded reverse flow cooling system, larger and more powerful four-wheel disc brakes, transmission cooler, dual exhaust, a higher-output electrical system, and other minor mechanical alterations. Not all of the police equipment was carried over however, as the Impala SS did not get the external oil-to-air engine oil cooler, nor were all the body mounts secured (the standard Caprice and Impala SS were assembled at the factory with the front 3 body mounts missing one of the rubber cushions, while the 9C1 was assembled with all rubber cushions in place), although both are popular aftermarket additions to the Impala SS by their owners.

The Impala SS was uniquely fitted with a standard 3.08 limited-slip rear differential and suspension that was an inch lower. A retuned LT1 5.7 L small-block V8 was standard on the Impala SS, making 260 hp and 330 ft·lbf (447 N·m) of torque. The primary difference between the LT1 in the Impala and the LT1 that was in the Corvette and Camaro was that the Impala engine was fitted with cast-iron cylinder heads instead of aluminum ones, and a camshaft that was designed more for low-end torque than high-end horsepower. Another difference was that the Impala LT1 had 2 bolt main bearing caps while the Corvette LT1 had 4 bolt main bearing caps. The transmission used in the car was the 4L60E, an electronically-controlled revision of the previous 700R4 Transmission (mechanics)transmission.

Several other cars in the B-body line also shared a similar powertrain: these were the Chevrolet Caprice, Buick Roadmaster, and the Cadillac Fleetwood which all shared the LT1 engine and 4L60E transmission.

Cosmetically, the Impala SS received body-colored trim, which helped reduce the sometimes "bloated" look of the standard Caprice, a unique single-bar grille with no hood ornament, a rear deck spoiler, and, for 1994, a rear quarter panel window insert that bore the Impala logo. It was fitted with 17-inch brushed aluminum wheels with 255/50ZR17 tires. Inside, the car came with a central console with cup holders (1994 and 1995 models) and a storage compartment, leather seats embroidered with the Impala SS logo, and a standard leather-wrapped steering wheel.

For the 1994 model year, it was available only in black with a grey interior. Due to a shortage of the unique 5-spoke aluminum wheels, only 6,303 cars were sold. However, the wheel shortage was remedied for the 1995 model year and 21,434 cars were sold. In 1995, Dark Cherry Metallic and Dark Grey Green were added as exterior color options, and the body paneling on the rear quarter panel was altered to reflect the cosmetic effect formerly achieved by a window insert. 1996 was the last year of production with 41,941 units sold. The 1996 Impala SS production went late into the model year; some being produced as late as December 17, 1996. It saw minor interior alterations, with the digital speedometer being replaced by an analog one, along with a tachometer. The shifter was moved from the column to the center console, and the engine was given a OBD-II computer control system.

The entire B/D-body line, consisting of the Chevrolet Caprice, Impala, Buick Roadmaster and Cadillac Fleetwood, was discontinued by General Motors, as GM wanted more assembly lines to be able to produce more profitable SUVs. Another fact was that the Caprice was the only B-body with a market share since fleet sales to law enforcement outnumbered sales of all other B-bodies.

As of 2007, 1994-6 Impala SSs (including the Caprice 9C1) retain enthusiast popularity. Some clubs are centered around the Impala and related B-body vehicles. The powerful Corvette-derived engine and large vehicle size lend the vehicle to customization. Some modifications may include turbocharged or supercharged engines, bigger wheels and tires, louder sound systems, and unusual paint jobs.

2000-2005

Seventh generation
Chevrolet Impala
Chevrolet Impala
Overview
Production2000-2005
AssemblyOshawa, Ontario, Canada
Body and chassis
Body style4-door sedan
LayoutFF layout
PlatformW-body
RelatedBuick Century
Buick Regal
Chevrolet Monte Carlo
Oldsmobile Intrigue
Pontiac Grand Prix
Buick LaCrosse
Powertrain
Engine3.4 L LA1 V6
3.8 L L36 V6
3.8 L supercharged L67 V6
Transmission4-speed 4T65E automatic
4-speed 4T65E-HD automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase110.5 in (2807 mm)
Length200.0 in (5080 mm)
Width73 in (185.5 cm)
Height2000-02: 57.5 in (1460 mm)
2003-05: 57.3 in (1458 mm)
Curb weight3465 lb

The Impala name was "resurrected" for the 2000 model year to replace the Lumina. It was built at the Oshawa Car Assembly in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada. Unlike the earlier Impalas, this one was front-wheel drive and was available with two V6 engines. This car was based on the GM W platform. A new Impala SS with a supercharged V6 was brought out for the 2004 model year (290,259 Impalas were sold).

Rear view of the 2002 Chevrolet Impala

The Impala was available in two trim levels from 2000 to 2002. The base model came equipped with cloth bench seats, the 175 hp 3.4 L LA1 V6, and a 3-gauge instrument cluster. The LS came factory-equipped with cloth bucket seats upgradeable to leather with center console and floor shift, color-keyed "Impala" door scripts and trunk badge, anti-lock brakes, traction control, keyless remote entry, integrated foglamps, 4-gauge instrument cluster, and the 200 hp 3.8 L L36 V6. Options available on all models included a sunroof, OnStar system, rear decklid spoiler, Driver Information Center with built-in Homelink system, heated power front seats, and 16 inch 1990s SS-inspired wheels. All options found or available on the LS were available on the base model. All models came equipped with power windows, door locks and mirrors.

In 2003, Chevrolet introduced the LS Sport appearance package. Added to the LS model, it offered a 6-gauge cluster, front bumper extension, color-keyed tail light panels and a chrome exhaust pipe tip.

The 2004 to 2005 Impala SS came equipped with the 3.8 L supercharged L67 V6 engine. It was rated at 240 hp and had been previously used in the Pontiac Grand Prix GTP, Buick Regal GS and Pontiac Bonneville SSEI. Although the vehicle was discounted as not being a 'true SS', the lightweight supercharged sedan was actually quicker than the 1990s Impala SS, with 0-60 mph times pushing 6.5 seconds compared to the earlier models' 7.1.

Intake manifold issues

The 3.4 L six cylinder engines used in the Impala through 2002 have a problem with the intake manifold gasket not sealing properly. This is due to an incompatibility between the gasket material and the Dexcool coolant.[citation needed] A class action lawsuit is pending on this issue in Canada[1].

Police Package

2000-2005 Chevrolet Impala 9C1 of the Prince George's County, Maryland Police Department.

Also released with this version were the Police Package and Undercover Police Package, named 9C1 and 9C3, respectively. Available only to law enforcement, it has had more success than its predecessor, the Lumina 9C3. The 9C1 was basically a base model with a stronger suspension and the 3.8 L V6 engine. It was only available in a few basic colors. Another addition was the "SURV MODE" switch which replaced the fog light switch found on the LS. This enabled the driver to turn off all lights in the vehicle and "hide"; something not allowed with the civilian models as automatic headlights were standard. The 9C3 was comparably equipped to the 9C1, but the ability to add other convenience options and more paint and interior choices set the 9C3 apart.

2006-2010

Eighth generation
Chevrolet Impala SS
Overview
Production2006-2010
AssemblyOshawa, Ontario, Canada
Body and chassis
Body style4-door sedan
LayoutFF layout
PlatformW-body
RelatedBuick LaCrosse
Pontiac Grand Prix
Chevrolet Monte Carlo
Powertrain
Engine3.5 L LZE V6
3.9 L LZ9 V6
5.3 L LS4 V8
Transmission4-speed automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase110.5 in (2807 mm)
Length200.4 in (509 cm)
Width72.9 in (185.2 cm)
Height58.7 in (149.1 cm)

The 2006 Impala was introduced at the 2005 Los Angeles Auto Show, resembling a Caprice. Like the Buick LaCrosse, this model uses the updated GM W platform. The base engine is a 3.5 L V6 producing 211 hp. The new Impala features new taillights, different from the four-circle style of the previous generation. The most notable news about the model, though, is the SS model's use of the Generation IV small-block V8 in a front-wheel drive Chevrolet for the first time, and the first V8 in a Chevrolet sedan since the 1996 Caprice: the new 5.3 L V8 (with Displacement on Demand, now called Active Fuel Management or AFM) produces 303 hp, making it one of the most powerful production front-wheel drive vehicles in the world. The car is 200.4 in (509 cm) long, 58.7 in (149.1 cm) high, and 72.9 in (185.2 cm) wide. Available trim levels are LS, LT, LTZ and the aforementioned SS.

Impala police model

Also updated are the 9C1 & 9C3 trim levels for Police Package models, which do not have the civilian SS' 303 hp V8 engine available (perhaps disappointing to law enforcement agencies), but instead use the 3.9 L V6, as that engine does not have Active Fuel Management and is more suited for the power-to-weight ratio and handling advantages.

The interior has been completely redesigned. The 2006 Impala featured a wood trim center console with chrome accents on all major control buttons. The dashboard featured a chrome Impala logo embedded in the wood grain trim that runs across the front of the vehicle and onto the doors. The new control knobs found throughout the vehicle's cockpit are similar to those found in the new Buick models as well as the Cadillac DTS, all of which feature a similar center console. Another interior revision is the location of the cupholders, which are now concealed beneath the mid-section of the vehicle's center console.

2006 Chevrolet Impala

Awards

The Impala was selected as the 2006 and 2007 Fleet Car of the Year by Automotive Fleet and Business Fleet magazines [2] [3] and won the 2006 CAA Pyramid Award for Environmental Initiatives for the launch of its new Ethanol Powered E-85 [4]

2007

The Impala receives several new colors, and an AFM-equipped 3.9 L V6 for 2007, as well as a Regency-outfitted "Impala RSS". The RSS will include more aggressive rims, front/rear bumper and rocker panel extensions, a BMW M-inspired spoiler and various interior upgrades. Also beginning in 2007, the Impala will begin to replace the Monte Carlo on the NASCAR stock car racing circuit; more specifically, on all the scheduled racing events where NASCAR has mandated the use of a car with different (and some) new specifications, better known as the Car of Tomorrow, it was recently announced that in 2008 the Impala will be the only Chevrolet nameplate on the NASCAR Circuit.

Future

The Impala is reported to be getting a heavy redesign for the 2010 model year, with sales expected to begin in spring or summer of 2010. It will be transferred to the GM Zeta platform alongside the new Camaro as well as the Pontiac G8. The 2010 Impala will likely mirror the Pontiac G8's engine and transmission offerings, with V6 and V8 models, and presumably a high performance model to carry the Impala SS name on into the future. The Chevrolet Impala will be constructed at the current Oshawa, Ontario plant that W-Body cars are built in.

References

  • Gunnell, John, Editor (1987). The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946-1975. Kraus Publications. ISBN 0-87341-096-3. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Template:Harvard reference.

External links