Delta Sigma Phi and The Happening (2008 film): Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Fraternity |
{{Infobox Film
| name = The Happening
| letters = ΔΣΦ|
| image = Thehappening1 large.jpg
name = Delta Sigma Phi |
| image_size =
motto = "Better Men, Better Lives" (public)|
| caption = Danish Theatrical release poster
crest = [[Image:DSPcoatofarms.jpg|200px|]]|
| director = [[M. Night Shyamalan]]
founded = {{birth date and age|1899|12|10}} |
| producer = [[Barry Mendel]]<br>[[Sam Mercer]]<br>M. Night Shyamalan
type = Social |
| writer = M. Night Shyamalan
scope = National |
| narrator =
address = 1331 N. Delaware Street |
| starring = [[Mark Wahlberg]]<br>[[Zooey Deschanel]]<br>[[John Leguizamo]]
city = Indianapolis |
| music = [[James Newton Howard]]
state = Indiana |
| cinematography = [[Tak Fujimoto]]
country = USA |
| editing = [[Conrad Buff]]
chapters = 106 Active Chapters, 10 Colonies |
| distributor = {{flagicon|USA}} [[20th Century Fox]] <br/> (except India and Netherlands) <br/> {{flagicon|India}} [[UTV Software Communications]] <br/> {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Warner Bros.]]
homepage = http://www.deltasig.org |
| released = '''[[June 11]] [[2008]]:'''<br/>[[Belgium]], [[France]]<br/>'''[[June 13]] [[2008]]:'''<br/>[[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[India]], [[Brazil]]
colors = Nile Green and White |
| runtime = 90 min.
free_label = Founders|
| country = [[United States]]
free = Meyer Boskey, Charles A. Tonsor, Jr.|
| language = English
birthplace = [[City College of New York]] |
| budget = [[United States dollar|US $]]60 million
flower = White [[Carnation]] |
| gross = '''Domestic'''</br>$64,505,912</br>'''Foreign'''</br>$98,834,810</br>'''Worldwide'''</br> $163,340,722
symbol = The [[Sphinx]]
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| website =
| amg_id = 1:391120
| imdb_id = 0949731
}}
}}
'''''The Happening''''' is a [[2008 in film|2008]] [[United States|American]] [[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|apocalyptic]] film written, co-produced and directed by [[M. Night Shyamalan]]. It stars [[Mark Wahlberg]] and [[Zooey Deschanel]]. Production began in [[August 2007]] in [[Philadelphia]].


==Plot==
'''Delta Sigma Phi''' ('''ΔΣΦ''', also known as '''DSF''' or '''Delta Sigs''' or '''Delt Sigs''' or '''D-Sigs''') is a [[fraternities and sororities|fraternity]] established at the [[City College of New York]] in 1899 and is a charter member of the [[North-American Interfraternity Conference]]. The headquarters of the fraternity is the Taggart Mansion located in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]]. The mansion was once the home of former Indianapolis mayor and congressman [[Thomas Taggart]] and is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].
At the very beginning of the movie, we see a clear sky turn into a dark and overcast sky.


In the [[Northeastern United States]], people inexplicably begin committing suicide en masse. First they become disoriented, then stop moving, and finally find the quickest way to kill themselves. The [[pandemic]] begins in parks, and quickly spreads to nearby population centers. Initially believed to be a [[Bioterrorism|bioterrorist]] attack, it later seems less likely, as the events increase in ever smaller population centers.
==Symbols==
In addition to the [[Sphinx]], the [[Oil lamp|lamp]], the [[lute]] (depicted as a [[lyre]]), the [[Gordian Knot]], and the [[Egyptian Pyramids]] are symbols of Delta Sigma Phi. The White [[Carnation]] was chosen as the fraternity's official flower because it contains the fraternity's colors; nile green and white. The publications of the fraternity are often named after its symbols:
[[Image:DeltaSigmaPhiflag.gif|left|thumb|The Fraternity Flag]]
*'''''The Sphinx''''' - an esoteric publication
*'''''The Gordian Knot''''' - the pledge manual[[Image:Dsppledge.gif|right|thumb|The Pledge Emblem]]
*'''''The Lute''''' - the fraternity songbook
*'''''The Carnation''''' - the fraternity magazine


Elliot Moore ([[Mark Wahlberg]]) is a [[high school]] science teacher in [[Philadelphia]] discussing with his students the [[Colony Collapse Disorder|sudden disappearance of the honey bee]]. When news of the sudden mass [[suicide]]s spreads, school is cancelled, and he decides to leave the city by train with his wife, Alma Moore ([[Zooey Deschanel]]), his friend and fellow teacher, Julian ([[John Leguizamo]]) and Julian's eight-year-old daughter, Jess ([[Ashlyn Sanchez]]). The train services stop in the small town of [[Filbert]] in western [[Pennsylvania]], after the crew loses contact with "everyone." Julian finds out that the "attacks" have affected [[Princeton, New Jersey]], where his wife was located, and leaves Jess with Elliot while he [[hitchhiking|hitches]] a ride in an attempt to find her. Soon after arriving in Princeton, he and his fellow passengers fall victim to the strange calamity, and promptly commit suicide by crashing their vehicle into a tree.
The pledge emblem is a white circle with a green equilateral triangle set inside of it. Gold lines radiate from the center of the emblem to the three points of the triangle in addition to outlining the circle and triangle. The pledge emblem is very prevalent in the symbolism of the fraternity; not only is the emblem on the pledge pin, but the emblem also graces the flag, the membership badge and the basic design is also the basis of the fraternity's seal.


Meanwhile, Elliot, Alma, and Jess manage to [[hitchhike]] with a [[botanist]] and his wife; the man explains his theory that plants are attacking people as a [[Plant defense against herbivory#Chemical defenses|defense mechanism]]. He elaborates on the complex mechanisms that often seem to appear spontaneously, involving strategies such as attracting predators to kill off specific threats and fostering communication between different species of plants. As they drive, they find themselves surrounded on all sides by affected towns. A number of other cars arrive in the same crossroads, all fleeing places hit by the suicide pandemic. A [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] Soldier, [[Private_First_Class#United_States|Private First Class]] Auster, suggests moving away from the population centers on foot to avoid being affected, as the effect has been occurring in smaller and smaller populations.
==History==
===The Beginnings===
[[Image:Meyer boskey.jpg|left|thumb|Meyer Boskey]]
At the end of the nineteenth century, fraternities were exclusively Christian or Jewish, and barred membership to individuals on the basis of religion. When a group of friends at the City College of New York tried to join a fraternity, they were denied membership because the group was composed of Christians and Jews, in response they organized the first chapter of Delta Sigma Phi on [[December 10]] [[1899]]. The chapter was called ''Insula'' due to the chapter's location in Manhattan. In late 1902, with five members from Insula signing incorporation papers, Delta Sigma Phi was incorporated with the purpose to spread "the principles of friendship and brotherhood among college men, without respect to race or creed." By 1903 the fraternity had established chapters at [[Columbia University]] and [[New York University]].


The group of survivors splits into two, with Elliot, Alma, and Jess in a smaller group. Auster's group, arguing amongst themselves are caught within the effect, and Elliot, hearing the other group kill themselves one after another with a single pistol, concludes that it is likely caused by an airborne [[neurotoxin]] exuded by the surrounding plants. The larger the group of people, the more likely it is to trigger the defense mechanism. Elliot makes the group split into three smaller ones with Elliot, Alma, Jess, and two teenage boys staying together.
===The Founders===
<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:Charles_tonsor.jpg|right|thumb|Charles Tonsor, Jr.]] -->
Delta Sigma Phi considers Meyer Boskey and Charles A. Tonsor, Jr. to be its founders; Boskey was one of the founding members at Insula (later renamed Alpha) and Tonsor was a member at University (later renamed Gamma) Chapter at NYU. The pair were instrumental in steering the fraternity through the early days starting with the events that occurred in 1905. Interestingly enough, Boskey belonged to Delta Sigma Pi, a business fraternity, but was kicked out during his junior year for getting into a fistfight with David Nathaniel Smith, a fellow brother.


While looking for food for Jess, Elliot's group come across a boarded up house with survivors inside, still believing the pandemic to be a terrorist attack. They are unwilling to open the doors, and when the two teenage boys begin to aggressively force an entry, they are shot dead and Elliot's group is forced to leave. They make their way to the house of a woman living in complete isolation; thus, she is ignorant of the pandemic. Though she allows them to stay, she proves to be a harsh and paranoid host. In the morning, Elliot finds himself alone; going downstairs, he hears the voices of Alma and Jess but cannot find them. He inadvertently enters the old woman's room and she angrily insists that they leave immediately.
In early 1905 the fraternity was growing rapidly, receiving petitions for membership from groups at [[MIT]], [[Penn State]] and [[Washington and Lee University]]. A conference was called for the purpose of writing a constitution with a subsequent convention to elect national officers. At the 1905 Convention Tonsor was elected as National President and Boskey as National Secretary. It was also during this time that Boskey and Tonsor codified the ritual and symbols of the fraternity.


The woman storms out of the house into the garden, where she becomes affected, and kills herself by smashing her head through the windows of the house, exposing Elliot to the neurotoxin. Realizing that the defense mechanism has become even more sensitive, affecting individuals, Elliot shuts himself inside the house. Elliot finds himself in a room where he can hear Alma and Jess. He finds a [[speaking tube]], which leads to a [[spring house]] some distance from the house. Conversing with his wife, he decides that if he is to die, he would prefer to spend his remaining time with her. They leave the safety of their buildings, meeting in the yard between the two, but are surprised to find themselves unaffected by the neurotoxin. The effect seems to have abated as quickly as it began.
===Early Troubles===
The convention that laid much of the groundwork for the fraternity's growth almost proved to be its undoing. The convention was held at the lavish Park Avenue Hotel and the cost of the convention was to be defrayed by the selling of tickets to the attendees. However, few members outside of the New York City chapters bought tickets and the resulting deficit was large. It was through extraordinary fundraising efforts that the debt was paid but afterwards hard feelings would persist between members and chapters.


Three months later, Elliot and Alma have adjusted to a new life with Jess as their adopted daughter. On television, an environmentalist warns that the pandemic may only have been a warning, like a rash that precedes an infection. Elliot takes Jess to the bus stop for the first day of school while Alma stays at home, timing a home pregnancy test; it is positive. When he returns, Alma greets him with a smile, and they embrace.
At this time many chapters were founded but many others closed or dis-affiliated and the fraternity changed from a New York fraternity to a fraternity with many chapters in the Midwest and South. Unfortunately, the feeling of good will between Christian and Jewish brothers had eroded despite the efforts of Boskey and Tonsor. Some chapters would blackball Jewish [[pledges]] before initiation, essentially going against the ideals of the founders. Those chapters would not get along with others and this led to a few chapters withdrawing their affiliation with Delta Sigma Phi.


In [[France]], the effect appears to happen once again as everyone in sight suddenly stops moving as the wind suddenly moves the trees, and the sky turns dark and cloudy.
===The 1914 Convention===
The 1914 Convention was held at the Iota Chapter house at [[University of Pennsylvania]] in [[Philadelphia]] with only half of the chapters sending delegates despite the efforts of John C. Harris, the National President at the time. At the convention, it was decided that it was in the best interests of the fraternity to become more like the other fraternities and restrict membership to men of Christian faith. This was done in hopes of restoring unity on a national level and to stem the tide of chapter defections.


==Cast==
A new constitution was soon drawn up to express that the belief in the triune Christian God as told in the [[New Testament]] was a prerequisite for membership and changes were made to the fraternity ritual. The changes were quickly ratified by the convention on the condition that the requirements were binding only to those who joined the fraternity after the adoption of the 1914 Constitution. Although their place in the fraternity was secure, many Jewish members left the organization; Meyer Boskey did not, although he withdrew from active participation in fraternity.
*'''[[Mark Wahlberg]]''' as '''Elliot Moore''', a high school science teacher from Philadelphia, who is married to Alma.
*'''[[Zooey Deschanel]]''' as '''Alma Moore''', Elliot's estranged wife.
*'''[[John Leguizamo]]''' as '''Julian''', a high school math teacher and Elliot's friend.
*'''[[Ashlyn Sanchez]]''' as '''Jess''', Julian's daughter.
*'''[[Spencer Breslin]]''' as '''Josh''', a teenage boy who with his friend Jared temporarily travels with Elliot, Alma, and Jess.
*'''[[Betty Buckley]]''' as '''Mrs. Jones''', a woman who lives in an isolated home in rural Pennsylvania.
*Jeremy Strong as '''Private Auster''', a private in the US Army who fled from his station after finding all of the soldiers having killed themselves in the barbwire.
*'''[[M. Night Shyamalan]]''' is credited as "Joey", the man with whom Alma secretly meets, although [[unseen character|the character does not appear on-screen]]


==Production==
Upon Meyer Boskey's death in 1969, Tonsor commented that, "Meyer was not bitter. He understood and never gave up his loyalty to Delta Sigma Phi, knowing, as he told me, that time would prove the founders right."
In [[January 2007]] Shyamalan submitted a [[spec script]] entitled ''The Green Effect'' to various studios, but none expressed enough interest to purchase the script. The director collected ideas and notes from meetings, returning home to Philadelphia to rewrite the script, and [[20th Century Fox]] greenlit the project.<ref>{{cite news | author=Michael Fleming | url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117958169.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | title=Shyamalan re-working 'Green' | work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] date=2007-01-28 | accessdate=2007-03-22}}</ref> Now titled ''The Happening'', the film was produced by Shyamalan and [[Barry Mendel]] and was the director's first R-rated project.<ref name="lands">{{cite news | author=Michael Fleming | url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117960659.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | title=Fox lands Shyamalan movie | work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] | date=2007-03-06 | accessdate=2007-03-22}}</ref> Shyamalan compared the film to ''[[The Birds (film)|The Birds]]'' (1963) and ''[[Invasion of the Body Snatchers]]'' (1956).<ref>{{cite news | title=Shyamalan to find form with new apocalyptic thriller | work=[[Turkish Daily News]] | publisher=Doğan Media Group | date=[[2007-03-20]] }}</ref>


Later in March, Wahlberg, with whom Shyamalan had been negotiating at the same time as his deal with Fox, was cast into the lead role of the $57 million project. Shyamalan had previously cast Wahlberg's brother [[Donnie Wahlberg|Donnie]] in ''[[The Sixth Sense]]''. An India-based company, UTV, co-financed 50 percent of the film's budget and distribute the film in India, with Fox distributing in the rest of the territories. Production began in August in Philadelphia.<ref name="wahlberg">{{cite news | url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117962103.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | author=Michael Fleming | title=Wahlberg to star in 'Happening' | work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] | date=2007-03-29 | accessdate=2007-03-29}}</ref> The release date for ''The Happening'' was on [[June 13]], [[2008]], intentionally set for [[Friday the 13th]] to suit the thriller.<ref name="wahlberg" />
In addition to the Christian clause, the 1914 Convention also saw the adoption of the current versions [[pledge pin]], [[fraternity badge]], [[coat of arms]] and ritual. It was also the first convention to end without a deficit, as many of the older members contributed generously to the fraternity's general fund.


== Critical reaction ==
===Growth and World War I===
<!-- Please note, when updating Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic ratings, you should also update the "accessdate" field within the citation tags to reflect the date on which you have updated them. -->
In the two years after the 1914 Convention Delta Sigma Phi almost doubled in size with the addition of ten chapters. In 1915, the first West Coast chapter, Hilgard Chapter at [[UC Berkeley]] was installed. Hilgard Chapter was named after a Dean at University and is the only chapter in the fraternity without a Greek letter designation, taking the place of Xi Chapter.
''The Happening'' has received mostly negative reviews from film critics.<ref name="meta"/> [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reported that 18% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based upon 163 reviews.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/10007985-happening/ | title=The Happening Movie Reviews | work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | publisher=IGN Entertainment, Inc | accessdate=2008-06-22 }}</ref> At [[Metacritic]], which assigns a [[normalization|normalized]] rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film has received generally negative reviews of 34/100, based on 38 reviews.<ref name="meta">{{cite web | url=http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/happening | title=Happening, The (2008): Reviews | work=[[Metacritic]] | publisher=CNET Networks, Inc | accessdate=2008-10-07 }}</ref>


Kirk Honeycutt of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' said the film lacked "cinematic intrigue and nail-biting tension" and that "the central menace ... does not pan out as any kind of Friday night entertainment."<ref name=HR-review>Kirk Honeycutt, "[http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film/reviews/article_display.jsp?JSESSIONID=2YnCLTzhP5DvnnDjzvQ5zN7fW9tCBlvSJZpHYl0B60T4pQvTdBTY!-314364425&&rid=11241 Film Review: The Happening]", ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', June 10, 2008, Accessed Jun 13, 2008.</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' 's Justin Chang thought the story "... covers territory already over-tilled by countless disaster epics and zombie movies, offering little in the way of suspense, visceral kicks or narrative vitality to warrant the retread."<ref>{{cite web
As a testament to the geographic shift of the fraternity, the 1916 Convention was held in [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago,]] [[Illinois]]. By this time, the fraternity had expanded the number of staff and a national headquarters was created at the Riebold Building at [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton,]] [[Ohio]].
|url= http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117937379.html?categoryid=31&cs=1
|title= The Happening
|author= Justin Chang
|publisher= Variety
|date= 2008-06-10
|accessdate= 2008-06-14}}</ref> Mick LaSelle at ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' felt the film was entertaining but not scary. He commented on Shyamalan's writing, saying "... instead of letting his idea breathe and develop and see where it might go, he jumps all over it and prematurely shapes it into a story."<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/06/12/DDS5117GQK.DTL&type=movies
|title= Movie review: Urban flight in 'The Happening'
|author= Mick LaSelle
|publisher= San Francisco Chronicle
|date= 2008-06-13
|accessdate= 2008-06-14}}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time's]]'' Richard Corliss saw the film as "dispiriting indication that writer-director M. Night Shyamalan has lost the touch" <ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1813911,00.html
|title= Shyamalan's Lost Sense
|author= Richard Corliss
|publisher= Time
|date= 2008-06-12
|accessdate= 2008-06-14}}</ref> ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'''s Michael Phillips thought the film had workable premise, but found the characters "gasbags or forgetful".<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://chicago.metromix.com/movies/movie_review/movie-review-the-happening/454271/content
|title= Movie review: 'The Happening'
|author= Michael Phillips
|publisher= Chicago Tribune
|date= 2008-06-13
|accessdate= 2008-06-14}}</ref> Joe Morgenstern of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' said the film was "woeful clunker of a paranoid thriller" and described it as "befuddling infelicities, insistent banalities, shambling pace and pervasive ineptitude". <ref> {{cite web
|url= http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121331008196869571.html
|title= Film Review
|author= Joe Morgenstern
|publisher= Wall Street Journal
|date= 2008-06-13
|accessdate= 2008-06-14}}</ref>


[[Roger Ebert]], of ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' awarding the movie 3 out of 4 stars, found it oddly touching and commented that "It is no doubt too thoughtful for the summer action season, but I appreciate the quietly realistic way Shyamalan finds to tell a story about the possible death of man."<ref>{{cite web
When the United States entered [[World War I]] in 1917 Delta Sigma Phi had over one thousand initiates and nineteen active chapters. During the course of the war over three quarters of the fraternity's membership served the government in some capacity with half of that number in combat duty overseas. The publication of ''The Carnation'', the fraternity's magazine, and the 1917 and 1918 Conventions were suspended for the duration of the war.
|url= http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080612/REVIEWS/545929629
|title= The Happening
|author= Roger Ebert
|publisher= Chicago Sun Times
|date= 2008-06-12
|accessdate= 2008-06-14}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'''s Manohla Dargis praised [[Mark Wahlberg]]'s lead performance and said " [the film] turns out to be a divertingly goofy thriller with an animistic bent, moments of shivery and twitchy suspense".<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://movies.nytimes.com/2008/06/13/movies/13happ.html?8dpc
|title= Something Lethal Lurks in the Rustling Trees
|author= Manohla Dargis
|publisher= New York Times
|date= 2008-06-13
|accessdate= 2008-06-14}}</ref> Philipa Hawker of ''[[The Age]]'' gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars, commenting on "the mood of the film: a tantalising, sometimes frustrating parable about the menaces that human beings might face from unexpected quarters" and highlighted "sinister recurring moments is the sound of the breeze and the sight of it ruffling the trees or blowing across the grass - an image of tension that calls to mind [[Michelangelo Antonioni|Antonioni]]'s ''[[Blowup]]''."<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/film-reviews/the-happening/2008/06/12/1212863797111.html Philippa Hawker, The Age]</ref>


==Box office performance==
Even though the colleges and universities remained open during the war many chapters suspended their operations when most of their members were called to service. Some chapters never recovered from the disruptions of World War I.
On its opening day, ''The Happening'' grossed $13 million. Over the weekend, the total gross came in at $30,517,109 in 2,986 theaters in the United States and Canada, averaging to about $10,220 per venue, and ranking #3 at the box office, behind [[The Incredible Hulk (film)|The Incredible Hulk]] and [[Kung Fu Panda]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=happening.htm |title=The Happening (2008) - Weekend Box Office Results |accessdate=2008-06-16 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> Foreign box office gross for opening weekend was an estimated $32.1 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comics2film.com/index.php?a=story&b=33859 |title='Happening' hammers 'Hulk overseas |accessdate=2008-06-16 |publisher=[[Comics2Film]]}}</ref> Total gross for that weekend was $62.7 million.
The total lifetime gross of the film as of [[17th September]] [[2008]] stands at $163.3 million.


==Foreign releases==
===The Roaring Twenties===
In [[France]] and the [[French language|French]]-speaking part of [[Belgium]], it was released under the name ''Phénomènes'' ([[Phenomena]]) on [[June 11]], [[2008]] while in the province of Quebec in Canada, it is titled ''L'évènement'' (The Event). In Spain, the film is known as ''El Incidente'' (The Incident). In most Latin-American countries, it is known as ''El Fin de los Tiempos'' (The End of Times). In Italy, it is known as ''E venne il giorno'' (And Then Came The Day), in Hungary the title is ''Az esemény'' (The Event). In Bulgaria the title is ''Явлението'' (The Event). In Turkey it is ''Mistik Olay'' (The Mystic Event). In Russia the film got the title ''Явление'' (The Phenomenon). In Germany and Sweden the original title was kept.
Delta Sig went through continued expansion during the 1920s, at this time many local fraternities and other social clubs petitioned for fraternity membership. Among these local fraternities was Phi Nu fraternity at [[McGill University]] in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] when Phi Nu was chartered as the Alpha Omicron chapter, Delta Sigma Phi became an international fraternity.


==Home Media==
It was also during this time the fraternity published its first pledge manual, the ''Gordian Knot'', it was based upon a manual previously published by the Epsilon Chapter at [[Penn State]]. The ''Gordian Knot'' is considered to be one of the first pledge manuals to be published on a fraternity-wide basis. Another tradition started at this time was the Sailors' Ball, first held at the Alpha Chi chapter at [[Stetson University]]. Today at many Delta Sig chapters, the Sailors' Ball is an annual event that is a semi-formal counterpart to the Carnation Ball, the fraternity's formal banquet.
The film was released on DVD and [[Blu-ray Disc]] on October 7th, 2008.


==References==
===Depression and World War II===
{{reflist|2}}
A scant two months after the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] the yearly convention was held in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond,]] [[Virginia]]. Despite the financial uncertainties of the time, a traveling secretary was added to the fraternity payroll. During the [[Great Depression]] the growth of the fraternity had ground to a halt; college enrollments declined and those who attended college were less likely to be able to afford joining a fraternity. Several chapters became dormant and lost their equity in chapter properties. Among them were Alpha and Gamma; the remaining chapters in New York City.


==External links==
The only chapters that were founded during the years of the Great Depression were Beta Kappa at the [[University of Alabama]] and Beta Lambda at [[Wake Forest University|Wake Forest]]. It was also during this time that the Executive Director, A.W. Defenderfer, moved the headquarters of the fraternity to his insurance offices in [[Washington, DC]]. Delta Sigma Phi was re-incorporated in Washington, DC in 1929.
*[http://www.thehappeningmovie.com/ Official site]
*{{imdb title|id=0949731|title=The Happening}}
*{{rotten-tomatoes|id=10007985-happening|title=The Happening}}
*{{metacritic film|id=happening|title=The Happening}}
*{{mojo title|id=happening|title=The Happening}}
*{{amg movie|id=1:391120|title=The Happening}}
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20070808001852/http://www.latinoreview.com/scriptreview.php?id=49 Script Review of ''The Green Effect'', 01/07/07 draft] by LatinoReview.com


{{M. Night Shyamalan}}
Although the fraternity was rebounding by the late 1930s, [[World War II]] caused a disruption within the fraternity. Many members had joined in on the war effort leaving the chapters weak. It was during this time that the fraternity's only Canadian chapter at McGill University became dormant, with many of its members joining to Commonwealth forces. By 1944 only twelve of the fraternity's forty-three chapters were active.

===Return to the Founders' Vision===
After the war, the [[GI Bill]] gave many veterans the chance to attend college. With an influx of new students, many of the dormant chapters of the fraternity were quickly re-activated. Another consequence of the GI Bill was the establishment of many new public universities. With more institutions that were open to fraternities, Delta Sigma Phi, along with many other Greek organizations, experienced their greatest period of growth in the Post-World War II era.

In the late 1940s college administrators across the country began to refuse expansion to fraternities which restrictive rules on membership. In response to the new rules the fraternity leadership amended the constitution of the national fraternity to remove all references to race or religion. However, the line "the belief in God is essential to our welfare" in the preamble was untouched and remains so to this day.

In a compromise to several southern chapters in the 1949 Convention, the amendments to the constitution were approved while language which barred the initiation of non-white and non-Christians were inserted into the fraternity ritual. Since the ritual was a private document and the constitution was a public one, this compromise appeased those who resisted integration of the fraternity while allowing it to expand to new universities.

The 1950s were a turbulent time for fraternities and sororities in general. While most of the national Greek organizations still had rules restricting membership, a few chapters bucked those rules and initiated Jews and African Americans. Some of those chapters were suspended by their national organization while others disaffiliated from their national organizations and "went local." In 1957 the [[California Legislature]] threatened to pass Assembly Bill 758 which prohibited state universities and colleges from recognizing any student organization that "restricts its membership on the basis of either race, color, religion or national origin." Two years later the regents of the [[University of California]] passed a regulation that required all fraternities and sororities to sign a certificate stating that the organization does not have any discriminatory policies or face the loss of recognition.

The fraternity faced these issues in the 1959 Convention. While the fraternity was interested in maintaining their California chapters, there was opposition to any plan to integrate the entire fraternity. Several southern chapters passed resolutions against and relaxation of racial and religious restrictions and threatened to withdraw from the fraternity. A compromise was again reached where the current rules were not to be changed but exemptions were granted to chapters in danger to losing their recognition due to fraternity policies. The California chapters were immediately given exemptions.

In 1962, the [[Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education]] joined the University of California by requiring the integration of its fraternities and sororities. Exemptions were given to the chapters in Pennsylvania. While exemptions were originally granted to chapters in danger of losing recognition with their universities, the Beta Iota Chapter at [[Wittenberg University]] proved otherwise. In order to avoid bad publicity by refusing initiation to an African American who was a All-American athlete in addition to being an outstanding scholar, the fraternity granted the chapter an exemption.

The process of integration was slow and awkward in the fraternity. As a result of numerous compromises the fraternity remained intact on a national level. Civil Rights legislation finished the job that started with the granting of exemptions to certain chapters. Delta Sigma Phi again was universal brotherhood of man, just as the founders had intended.

==Preamble of Delta Sigma Phi ==

The Delta Sigma Phi Fraternity in Convention assembled declares and affirms the following principles:

{{cquote|''That the belief in God is essential to our welfare.''

''That loyalty to the constituted authority of our nations and their subdivisions is a cardinal virtue of our Brotherhood, the pledged faith of which shall never be broken; and that our Brotherhood, receiving the blessings of liberty, education and fraternity, shall ever support, foster and defend our universities, colleges, and school systems, founded under the dispensation of our governments and constituting the bulwarks of democracy for us, for our posterity and for all men.''

''That the sanctity of the home and the sacredness of the family bond, the hearthstone of our enlightened civilization, and the chivalry of man toward woman, shall be maintained and protected by us, not only for ourselves and our posterity, but also for the good of all mankind.''

''That a symmetrical culture, a fraternal communion among the colleges of this country, and a brotherhood of men, whose ideals and beliefs are those of modern civilization, are essential to the welfare of our college men.''

''In furtherance of these aims, this Fraternity has recognized certain standards of attainment and gentlemanly conduct expressed in the ideals symbolically represented by the three Greek letters, Delta, Sigma, Phi; and it shall be the constant endeavor of the brothers who may be called to preside over and govern the fraternity, or its component chapters, to enforce the precepts of the Fraternity by every reasonable means within their power, and they, and each Brother of the Fraternity shall exemplify those principles by conduct as well as enforcement in order that the Fraternity may grow and prosper with honor to itself and that the world may ever be convinced of the sincerity of our purpose.}}

==Code of Conduct for Member of Delta Sigma Phi==

In order to fulfill its solemn obligation to help its members reach the highest standards of educational attainment, moral values, and social responsibility, Delta Sigma Phi Fraternity has adopted the following Code of Conduct for the daily lives of each of our members.

# I will strive for academic excellence and encourage it in other members.
# I will respect the dignity of all persons and therefore I will not physically, psychologically, or sexually haze or abuse any person.
# I will respect the property rights of others. Therefore I will neither abuse nor tolerate the abuse of private, chapter, or public property.
# I acknowledge that a safe, clean, and attractive environment is essential to both physical and mental health. Therefore I will work with other members to properly maintain the chapter property.
# I will pay my Fraternity bills and other financial obligations when due and recognize the need for all other members to do the same.
# I will recommend for membership only those men of outstanding personal character, who join me in seeking to achieve excellence in all we do.
# I will exemplify and encourage self-discipline, responsibility, and leadership within my chapter.
# I will work to make my chapter the most respected on campus and within the community.
# I will encourage and support other members in pursuit of the ideals of this code of conduct.

==Hazing==
In accordance to the Gordian Knot, the Delta Sigma Phi fraternity states that, "No chapter shall conduct hazing activities. Hazing activities are defined as any act or attempt to embarrass, humiliate, intimidate, ridicule, shame or endanger physically or mentally any person, or to compel physical activity or do physical or emotional harm to any person, or to require consumption or ingestion of liquids, food, or other materials."

Further, hazing does not promote the air of respect between brothers that Delta Sigma Phi seeks to elevate. Any man that would haze a brother is not fit for membership in Delta Sigma Phi. Also any man that permits himself to be hazed by a brother is also not fit for membership.

==Active chapters and colonies==
{{main|List of Delta Sigma Phi chapters}}

==Notable Alumni==
*[[Clair Bee]], ''Waynesburg '23'', member, [[Basketball Hall of Fame]]
*[[Mike Bellotti]], ''UC Davis '70'', Head Football Coach, [[University of Oregon]]
*Rev. [[Lawrence Biondi]], ''Loyola '74'', President, [[St. Louis University]]
*[[Jim Bouton]], ''Western Michigan '59'', Former [[Major League Baseball|Major League]] Pitcher and author of [[Ball Four]]
*[[Albert P. Brewer]], ''Alabama '48'', Former Governor, State of [[Alabama]]
*[[Frank T. Carey]], ''Hillsdale'', Former Chairman and CEO, [[IBM]]
*[[Robert Carothers]], ''Edinboro of PA '62'', President, [[University of Rhode Island]]
*[[Ralph E. Cindrich]], ''Pittsburgh '68'', Former [[NFL]] Football Player, [[Houston Oilers]]
*[[Fritz Crisler|Herb "Fritz" Crisler]], Former Head Football Coach and Athletic Director, [[University of Michigan]]
*[[James J. Davis]], ''Pittsburgh '23'', Former [[Secretary of Labor]] of the United States
*[[Michael Deaver]], ''San Jose State '59'', Former Assistant White House Chief of Staff, [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] Administration
*[[John M. Harbert]], billionaire businessman from [[Birmingham, Alabama]] who started Harbert Corporation
*[[Thomas Harkin]], ''Iowa State '60 '', [[United States Senator]], State of [[Iowa]]
*[[Mike Hayden]], ''Kansas State University '64'', Former Governor of [[Kansas]].
*[[Leon Hess]], Founder of the [[Hess Corporation]] and the owner of the [[New York Jets]].
*[[James W. Holsinger]], ''Duke '58'', [[Surgeon General of the United States]] nominee.
*[[Giti Khalsa]], ''Ohio State '89'', Drummer, [[Seven Mary Three]]
*[[John E. McLaughlin]], ''Wittenberg '61'', Former Deputy (and later Interim) [[Director of the Central Intelligence Agency]]
*[[William K. Riggan]], ''Barton '68'', Former Vice President, [[Philip Morris]]
*[[Mike Shanahan]], ''Eastern Illinois '71'', Head Coach, [[Denver Broncos]]
*[[Todd Tiahrt|William Todd Tiahrt]], ''SD School of Mines '70'', Member, [[United States House of Representatives]], State of [[Kansas]]
*[[Mike Turner]] ''Ohio Northern '79'', Member, [[United States House of Representatives]], State of [[Ohio]]

*[[Charles R. Walgreen III]], ''Michigan '55'', Former President and CEO, [[Walgreens]]
*[[Gilbert P. Williamson]], ''San Jose State '58'', Former President and CEO, [[NCR Corporation]]
*[[Marty Snider]], ''UNC Charlotte '91'', [[Sportscaster]], [[NBC Sports]], [[TNT]] Sports and [[Sirius Radio]]
*[[Timmy Yits]] ''Harvard '85'', Member, Team Blumpkin-"Always Drinking, Never Drunk", Founder of the Octo-Bong

==References==
*Delta Sigma Phi Fraternity (2005). [http://www.deltasig.org/?section=history&subsect=history History]. Retrieved [[August 19]] [[2005]].
*{{cite book | author=Sanford, Charles | title=Bonds of Brotherhood; The History of Delta Sigma Phi | publisher=Heritage Publishers, Inc. | year=1995 | id=ISBN 0-929690-27-3}}


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[[Category:2008 films]]
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[[Category:Apocalyptic fiction]]
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[[Category:Thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about suicide]]


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Revision as of 09:29, 11 October 2008

The Happening
File:Thehappening1 large.jpg
Danish Theatrical release poster
Directed byM. Night Shyamalan
Written byM. Night Shyamalan
Produced byBarry Mendel
Sam Mercer
M. Night Shyamalan
StarringMark Wahlberg
Zooey Deschanel
John Leguizamo
CinematographyTak Fujimoto
Edited byConrad Buff
Music byJames Newton Howard
Distributed byUnited States 20th Century Fox
(except India and Netherlands)
India UTV Software Communications
Netherlands Warner Bros.
Release dates
June 11 2008:
Belgium, France
June 13 2008:
United States, United Kingdom, India, Brazil
Running time
90 min.
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
BudgetUS $60 million
Box officeDomestic
$64,505,912
Foreign
$98,834,810
Worldwide
$163,340,722

The Happening is a 2008 American apocalyptic film written, co-produced and directed by M. Night Shyamalan. It stars Mark Wahlberg and Zooey Deschanel. Production began in August 2007 in Philadelphia.

Plot

At the very beginning of the movie, we see a clear sky turn into a dark and overcast sky.

In the Northeastern United States, people inexplicably begin committing suicide en masse. First they become disoriented, then stop moving, and finally find the quickest way to kill themselves. The pandemic begins in parks, and quickly spreads to nearby population centers. Initially believed to be a bioterrorist attack, it later seems less likely, as the events increase in ever smaller population centers.

Elliot Moore (Mark Wahlberg) is a high school science teacher in Philadelphia discussing with his students the sudden disappearance of the honey bee. When news of the sudden mass suicides spreads, school is cancelled, and he decides to leave the city by train with his wife, Alma Moore (Zooey Deschanel), his friend and fellow teacher, Julian (John Leguizamo) and Julian's eight-year-old daughter, Jess (Ashlyn Sanchez). The train services stop in the small town of Filbert in western Pennsylvania, after the crew loses contact with "everyone." Julian finds out that the "attacks" have affected Princeton, New Jersey, where his wife was located, and leaves Jess with Elliot while he hitches a ride in an attempt to find her. Soon after arriving in Princeton, he and his fellow passengers fall victim to the strange calamity, and promptly commit suicide by crashing their vehicle into a tree.

Meanwhile, Elliot, Alma, and Jess manage to hitchhike with a botanist and his wife; the man explains his theory that plants are attacking people as a defense mechanism. He elaborates on the complex mechanisms that often seem to appear spontaneously, involving strategies such as attracting predators to kill off specific threats and fostering communication between different species of plants. As they drive, they find themselves surrounded on all sides by affected towns. A number of other cars arrive in the same crossroads, all fleeing places hit by the suicide pandemic. A U.S. Army Soldier, Private First Class Auster, suggests moving away from the population centers on foot to avoid being affected, as the effect has been occurring in smaller and smaller populations.

The group of survivors splits into two, with Elliot, Alma, and Jess in a smaller group. Auster's group, arguing amongst themselves are caught within the effect, and Elliot, hearing the other group kill themselves one after another with a single pistol, concludes that it is likely caused by an airborne neurotoxin exuded by the surrounding plants. The larger the group of people, the more likely it is to trigger the defense mechanism. Elliot makes the group split into three smaller ones with Elliot, Alma, Jess, and two teenage boys staying together.

While looking for food for Jess, Elliot's group come across a boarded up house with survivors inside, still believing the pandemic to be a terrorist attack. They are unwilling to open the doors, and when the two teenage boys begin to aggressively force an entry, they are shot dead and Elliot's group is forced to leave. They make their way to the house of a woman living in complete isolation; thus, she is ignorant of the pandemic. Though she allows them to stay, she proves to be a harsh and paranoid host. In the morning, Elliot finds himself alone; going downstairs, he hears the voices of Alma and Jess but cannot find them. He inadvertently enters the old woman's room and she angrily insists that they leave immediately.

The woman storms out of the house into the garden, where she becomes affected, and kills herself by smashing her head through the windows of the house, exposing Elliot to the neurotoxin. Realizing that the defense mechanism has become even more sensitive, affecting individuals, Elliot shuts himself inside the house. Elliot finds himself in a room where he can hear Alma and Jess. He finds a speaking tube, which leads to a spring house some distance from the house. Conversing with his wife, he decides that if he is to die, he would prefer to spend his remaining time with her. They leave the safety of their buildings, meeting in the yard between the two, but are surprised to find themselves unaffected by the neurotoxin. The effect seems to have abated as quickly as it began.

Three months later, Elliot and Alma have adjusted to a new life with Jess as their adopted daughter. On television, an environmentalist warns that the pandemic may only have been a warning, like a rash that precedes an infection. Elliot takes Jess to the bus stop for the first day of school while Alma stays at home, timing a home pregnancy test; it is positive. When he returns, Alma greets him with a smile, and they embrace.

In France, the effect appears to happen once again as everyone in sight suddenly stops moving as the wind suddenly moves the trees, and the sky turns dark and cloudy.

Cast

  • Mark Wahlberg as Elliot Moore, a high school science teacher from Philadelphia, who is married to Alma.
  • Zooey Deschanel as Alma Moore, Elliot's estranged wife.
  • John Leguizamo as Julian, a high school math teacher and Elliot's friend.
  • Ashlyn Sanchez as Jess, Julian's daughter.
  • Spencer Breslin as Josh, a teenage boy who with his friend Jared temporarily travels with Elliot, Alma, and Jess.
  • Betty Buckley as Mrs. Jones, a woman who lives in an isolated home in rural Pennsylvania.
  • Jeremy Strong as Private Auster, a private in the US Army who fled from his station after finding all of the soldiers having killed themselves in the barbwire.
  • M. Night Shyamalan is credited as "Joey", the man with whom Alma secretly meets, although the character does not appear on-screen

Production

In January 2007 Shyamalan submitted a spec script entitled The Green Effect to various studios, but none expressed enough interest to purchase the script. The director collected ideas and notes from meetings, returning home to Philadelphia to rewrite the script, and 20th Century Fox greenlit the project.[1] Now titled The Happening, the film was produced by Shyamalan and Barry Mendel and was the director's first R-rated project.[2] Shyamalan compared the film to The Birds (1963) and Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956).[3]

Later in March, Wahlberg, with whom Shyamalan had been negotiating at the same time as his deal with Fox, was cast into the lead role of the $57 million project. Shyamalan had previously cast Wahlberg's brother Donnie in The Sixth Sense. An India-based company, UTV, co-financed 50 percent of the film's budget and distribute the film in India, with Fox distributing in the rest of the territories. Production began in August in Philadelphia.[4] The release date for The Happening was on June 13, 2008, intentionally set for Friday the 13th to suit the thriller.[4]

Critical reaction

The Happening has received mostly negative reviews from film critics.[5] Rotten Tomatoes reported that 18% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based upon 163 reviews.[6] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film has received generally negative reviews of 34/100, based on 38 reviews.[5]

Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter said the film lacked "cinematic intrigue and nail-biting tension" and that "the central menace ... does not pan out as any kind of Friday night entertainment."[7] Variety 's Justin Chang thought the story "... covers territory already over-tilled by countless disaster epics and zombie movies, offering little in the way of suspense, visceral kicks or narrative vitality to warrant the retread."[8] Mick LaSelle at San Francisco Chronicle felt the film was entertaining but not scary. He commented on Shyamalan's writing, saying "... instead of letting his idea breathe and develop and see where it might go, he jumps all over it and prematurely shapes it into a story."[9] Time's Richard Corliss saw the film as "dispiriting indication that writer-director M. Night Shyamalan has lost the touch" [10] Chicago Tribune's Michael Phillips thought the film had workable premise, but found the characters "gasbags or forgetful".[11] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal said the film was "woeful clunker of a paranoid thriller" and described it as "befuddling infelicities, insistent banalities, shambling pace and pervasive ineptitude". [12]

Roger Ebert, of Chicago Sun-Times awarding the movie 3 out of 4 stars, found it oddly touching and commented that "It is no doubt too thoughtful for the summer action season, but I appreciate the quietly realistic way Shyamalan finds to tell a story about the possible death of man."[13] The New York Times's Manohla Dargis praised Mark Wahlberg's lead performance and said " [the film] turns out to be a divertingly goofy thriller with an animistic bent, moments of shivery and twitchy suspense".[14] Philipa Hawker of The Age gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars, commenting on "the mood of the film: a tantalising, sometimes frustrating parable about the menaces that human beings might face from unexpected quarters" and highlighted "sinister recurring moments is the sound of the breeze and the sight of it ruffling the trees or blowing across the grass - an image of tension that calls to mind Antonioni's Blowup."[15]

Box office performance

On its opening day, The Happening grossed $13 million. Over the weekend, the total gross came in at $30,517,109 in 2,986 theaters in the United States and Canada, averaging to about $10,220 per venue, and ranking #3 at the box office, behind The Incredible Hulk and Kung Fu Panda.[16] Foreign box office gross for opening weekend was an estimated $32.1 million.[17] Total gross for that weekend was $62.7 million. The total lifetime gross of the film as of 17th September 2008 stands at $163.3 million.

Foreign releases

In France and the French-speaking part of Belgium, it was released under the name Phénomènes (Phenomena) on June 11, 2008 while in the province of Quebec in Canada, it is titled L'évènement (The Event). In Spain, the film is known as El Incidente (The Incident). In most Latin-American countries, it is known as El Fin de los Tiempos (The End of Times). In Italy, it is known as E venne il giorno (And Then Came The Day), in Hungary the title is Az esemény (The Event). In Bulgaria the title is Явлението (The Event). In Turkey it is Mistik Olay (The Mystic Event). In Russia the film got the title Явление (The Phenomenon). In Germany and Sweden the original title was kept.

Home Media

The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on October 7th, 2008.

References

  1. ^ Michael Fleming. "Shyamalan re-working 'Green'". Variety. Reed Business Information date=2007-01-28. Retrieved 2007-03-22. {{cite news}}: Missing pipe in: |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ Michael Fleming (2007-03-06). "Fox lands Shyamalan movie". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2007-03-22.
  3. ^ "Shyamalan to find form with new apocalyptic thriller". Turkish Daily News. Doğan Media Group. 2007-03-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ a b Michael Fleming (2007-03-29). "Wahlberg to star in 'Happening'". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
  5. ^ a b "Happening, The (2008): Reviews". Metacritic. CNET Networks, Inc. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
  6. ^ "The Happening Movie Reviews". Rotten Tomatoes. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
  7. ^ Kirk Honeycutt, "Film Review: The Happening", The Hollywood Reporter, June 10, 2008, Accessed Jun 13, 2008.
  8. ^ Justin Chang (2008-06-10). "The Happening". Variety. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
  9. ^ Mick LaSelle (2008-06-13). "Movie review: Urban flight in 'The Happening'". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
  10. ^ Richard Corliss (2008-06-12). "Shyamalan's Lost Sense". Time. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
  11. ^ Michael Phillips (2008-06-13). "Movie review: 'The Happening'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
  12. ^ Joe Morgenstern (2008-06-13). "Film Review". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
  13. ^ Roger Ebert (2008-06-12). "The Happening". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
  14. ^ Manohla Dargis (2008-06-13). "Something Lethal Lurks in the Rustling Trees". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
  15. ^ Philippa Hawker, The Age
  16. ^ "The Happening (2008) - Weekend Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  17. ^ "'Happening' hammers 'Hulk overseas". Comics2Film. Retrieved 2008-06-16.

External links

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