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{{Short description|Irish republican (1883–1969)}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
[[File:Bulmer Hobson.jpg|thumb|Bulmer Hobson, circa 1916]]
{{Infobox person
⚫
'''John Bulmer Hobson''' (14 January 1883 – 8 August 1969) was a leading member of the [[Irish Volunteers]] and the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] (IRB) before the [[Easter Rising]] in 1916.<ref name="dictionary">D.J. Hickey & J. E. Doherty, ''A New Dictionary of Irish History from 1800'', pp. 206-07, Gill & Macmillan, 2003; {{ISBN|0-7171-2521-1}}</ref> Although he was a member of the IRB which had planned the Rising, he opposed and attempted to prevent it. He swore [[Patrick Pearse]] into the IRB in late 1913.<ref>[http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/eich_02/eich_02_00316.html Note on JBH enabling Pearse's membership of the IRB], novelguide.com; accessed 17 June 2014. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704153521/http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/eich_02/eich_02_00316.html |date= 4 July 2008 }}</ref> He was chief of staff of [[Fianna Éireann]], which he helped to found.
| name = John Bulmer Hobson
| image = Bulmer Hobson.jpg
| caption = Hobson circa 1916
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1883|1|14}}
| birth_place = [[Belfast]], Ireland
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1969|8|8|1883|1|14}}
| death_place = [[Castleconnell]], [[County Limerick]], Ireland
| burial_place = Gurteen Cemetery near [[Roundstone, County Galway]], Ireland
| father = Benjamin Hobson
| mother = Mary Ann Bulmer
| spouse = Claire Gregan (died 1958)
| known_for = [[Irish Volunteers]]<br />[[Irish Republican Brotherhood]]<br />[[Dungannon Clubs]]<br />[[Fianna Éireann]]
| education = [[Friends' School, Lisburn]]
| occupation = Journalist<br />Civil servant
| children = 1 daughter (Camilla)
}}

⚫
'''John Bulmer Hobson''' (14 January 1883 – 8 August 1969) was an Irish republican. He was a leading member of the [[Irish Volunteers]] and the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] (IRB) before the [[Easter Rising]] in 1916.<ref name="dictionary">D.J. Hickey & J. E. Doherty, ''A New Dictionary of Irish History from 1800'', pp. 206-07, Gill & Macmillan, 2003; {{ISBN|0-7171-2521-1}}</ref> Hobson swore [[Patrick Pearse]] into membership of the IRB in late 1913.<ref>[http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/eich_02/eich_02_00316.html Note on JBH enabling Pearse's membership of the IRB], novelguide.com; accessed 17 June 2014. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704153521/http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/eich_02/eich_02_00316.html |date= 4 July 2008 }}</ref> He opposed and attempted to prevent the Easter Rising. Hobson was also chief of staff of [[Fianna Éireann]], which he helped to found.


==Early life==
==Early life==
Hobson was born at 5 Magdala Street, [[Belfast]], to Benjamin Hobson, a grocer originally from [[County Armagh]], and Mary Ann Bulmer, who was from [[England]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/details-civil/252ca05926785 |title=General Registrar's Office|last=|first=|date=|website=IrishGenealogy.ie|accessdate=14 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Marnie Hay|title=Bulmer Hobson and the Nationalist Movement in Twentieth—Century Ireland|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7190-7987-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHf7PAAACAAJ&dq=hay+bulmer+hobson|accessdate=27 June 2009|page=7}}</ref> However, numerous sources erroneously cite his place of birth as [[Holywood|Holywood, County Down]].<ref name="dictionary"/><ref>Brian Feeney, ''Sinn Féin: a Hundred Turbulent Years'', O'Brien Press, 2002; {{ISBN|0-86278-695-9}}, p. 39</ref><ref>Jonathan Bardon, ''A History of Ulster'', p. 424, Blackstaff Press, 1992; {{ISBN|0-85640-466-7}}</ref><ref>[[John Benignus Lyons]], ''The enigma of Tom Kettle: Irish patriot, essayist, poet, British soldier, 1880–1916'', Glendale Press, 1983; {{ISBN|0-907606-12-1}}, p. 320</ref><ref> John Killen, ''John Bull's famous circus: Ulster history through the postcard, 1905–1985'', p. 19, John Killen, O'Brien Press, 1985; {{ISBN|978-0-86278-039-5}}</ref><ref>''Culture, Place and Identity: Papers Read Before the 26th Irish Conference of Historians Held at the University of Ulster, Magee Campus, 22–25 May 2003'', p. 5 (editors Neal Garnham, Keith Jeffery; 2004); {{ISBN|0-9542275-1-4}}</ref><ref>Ray Bateson, ''The End: an Illustrated Guide to the Graves of Irish writers'', p. 91. Irish Graves Publications/University College Dublin Press, 2005; {{ISBN|1-904558-34-8}}</ref><ref>Henry Boylan, ''A Dictionary of Irish Biography'' (second edition), p. 148, Gill and Macmillan, 1978; {{ISBN|0-7171-1004-4}}</ref><ref name="casement"> René MacColl & Hamish Hamilton, ''Roger Casement: A New Judgment'', p. 312, 1956; {{ISBN|0-340-18292-X}}</ref><ref>''The Letters of P.H. Pearse'', p. 439, Padraic Pearse, Séamas Ó Buachalla, C. Smythe, 1980; {{ISBN|0-901072-87-7}}</ref>
Hobson was born at 5 Magdala Street, [[Belfast]], to Benjamin Hobson, a grocer originally from [[County Armagh]], and Mary Ann Bulmer, who was from [[England]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/details-civil/252ca05926785 |title=General Registrar's Office|website=IrishGenealogy.ie|access-date=14 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Marnie Hay|title=Bulmer Hobson and the Nationalist Movement in Twentieth—Century Ireland|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7190-7987-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHf7PAAACAAJ&q=hay+bulmer+hobson|access-date=27 June 2009|page=7}}</ref> However, numerous sources erroneously cite his place of birth as [[Holywood, County Down]].<ref name="dictionary"/><ref>Brian Feeney, ''Sinn Féin: a Hundred Turbulent Years'', O'Brien Press, 2002; {{ISBN|0-86278-695-9}}, p. 39</ref><ref>Jonathan Bardon, ''A History of Ulster'', p. 424, Blackstaff Press, 1992; {{ISBN|0-85640-466-7}}</ref><ref>[[John Benignus Lyons]], ''The enigma of Tom Kettle: Irish patriot, essayist, poet, British soldier, 1880–1916'', Glendale Press, 1983; {{ISBN|0-907606-12-1}}, p. 320</ref><ref>John Killen, ''John Bull's famous circus: Ulster history through the postcard, 1905–1985'', p. 19, John Killen, O'Brien Press, 1985; {{ISBN|978-0-86278-039-5}}</ref><ref>''Culture, Place and Identity: Papers Read Before the 26th Irish Conference of Historians Held at the University of Ulster, Magee Campus, 22–25 May 2003'', p. 5 (editors Neal Garnham, Keith Jeffery; 2004); {{ISBN|0-9542275-1-4}}</ref><ref>Ray Bateson, ''The End: an Illustrated Guide to the Graves of Irish writers'', p. 91. Irish Graves Publications/University College Dublin Press, 2005; {{ISBN|1-904558-34-8}}</ref><ref>Henry Boylan, ''A Dictionary of Irish Biography'' (second edition), p. 148, Gill and Macmillan, 1978; {{ISBN|0-7171-1004-4}}</ref><ref name="casement">René MacColl & Hamish Hamilton, ''Roger Casement: A New Judgment'', p. 312, 1956; {{ISBN|0-340-18292-X}}</ref><ref>''The Letters of P.H. Pearse'', p. 439, Padraic Pearse, Séamas Ó Buachalla, C. Smythe, 1980; {{ISBN|0-901072-87-7}}</ref>


In 1901, the family was living in Hopefield Avenue in Belfast,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1901/Antrim/Clifton_Ward__Belfast/Hopefield_Avenue/1004537/|title=Census: 901 census|year=|publisher=National Archives of Ireland|accessdate=14 January 2017}}</ref> before moving to the [[townland]] of Ballycultra, outside [[Holywood]], by 1911.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1911/Down/Holywood_Urban/Ballycultra/232384/|title=1911 census|year=|publisher=National Archives of Ireland|accessdate=14 January 2017}}</ref>
In 1901, the family was living in Hopefield Avenue in Belfast,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1901/Antrim/Clifton_Ward__Belfast/Hopefield_Avenue/1004537/|title=Census: 901 census|publisher=National Archives of Ireland|access-date=14 January 2017}}</ref> before moving to the [[townland]] of Ballycultra, outside [[Holywood, County Down|Holywood]], by 1911.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1911/Down/Holywood_Urban/Ballycultra/232384/|title=1911 census|publisher=National Archives of Ireland|access-date=14 January 2017}}</ref>


Hobson had a "fairly strict" [[Quaker]] upbringing, according to Charles Townshend, possibly intensified by being sent to a [[Friends' School, Lisburn| Friends' boarding school in Lisburn]]. Hobson later resigned on principle from the Quakers soon after the 1914 [[Howth gun-running]], as the Quakers are opposed to all forms of violence.<ref name="Townshend">Charles Townshend, ''Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion'', pp. 18-19, Penguin Books, 2005; {{ISBN|978-0-14-101216-2}}</ref>
Hobson had a "fairly strict" [[Quaker]] upbringing, according to Charles Townshend, possibly intensified by being sent to a [[Friends' School, Lisburn|Friends' boarding school in Lisburn]]. Hobson later resigned on principle from the Quakers soon after the 1914 [[Howth gun-running]], as the Quakers are opposed to all forms of violence.<ref name="Townshend">Charles Townshend, ''Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion'', pp. 18-19, Penguin Books, 2005; {{ISBN|978-0-14-101216-2}}</ref>


Bulmer's father was born in [[Armagh]], although he later lived in [[Monasterevin]], [[County Kildare]], and was said to be a Gladstonian Home Ruler in politics, while his mother was an English-born radical. In 1911 she was reported to be on a [[suffragist]] procession in London and was long involved in Belfast cultural activities. She gave a lecture, entitled "Some Ulster Souterrains" as the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club's representative in 1901 at the British Association's annual meeting in Leicester. With the poet [[Alice Milligan]], she organised the Irishwomen's Association, whose home reading circle met in the Hobsons' house. Hobson began at 13 to subscribe to a nationalist journal, ''Shan Van Vocht'', published by Milligan.<ref name="Townshend"/> Soon after he joined the [[Gaelic League]] and the [[Gaelic Athletic Association]].<ref name="Martin 98">Martin, p. 98</ref>
Bulmer's father was born in [[Armagh]], although he later lived in [[Monasterevin]], [[County Kildare]], and was said to be a Gladstonian Home Ruler in politics, while his mother was an English-born radical. In 1911 she was reported to be on a [[suffragist]] procession in London and was long involved in Belfast cultural activities. She gave a lecture, entitled "Some Ulster Souterrains" as the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club's representative in 1901 at the British Association's annual meeting in Leicester. With the poet [[Alice Milligan]], she organised the Irishwomen's Association, whose home reading circle met in the Hobsons' house. Hobson began at 13 to subscribe to a nationalist journal, ''Shan Van Vocht'', published by Milligan.<ref name="Townshend"/> Soon after he joined the [[Gaelic League]] and the [[Gaelic Athletic Association]].<ref name="Martin 98">Martin, p. 98</ref>


==IRB and the Volunteers==
==IRB and the Volunteers==
Hobson was sworn into the IRB in 1904 by [[Denis McCullough]], their head in Belfast.<ref>Martin, p. 99</ref> Together they founded the [[Dungannon Clubs]], whose object was to celebrate the victory of [[Irish Volunteers (18th century)|Volunteers of 1782]] in restoring to Ireland her own Parliament,<ref>T.A. Jackson, pp. 105-13</ref> although they were additionally an "open front" for the IRB.<ref name="Tierney 113">Michael Tierney, ''Eoin MacNeill: Scholar and Man of Action 1867–1945'', Clarendon Press Oxford, 1980, edited by [[F.X. Martin]], p. 113</ref> The Volunteers of 1782 were an armed militia whose success, they suggested, could offer instructive lessons.<ref name="Townshend"/>The first Dungannon Club manifesto read: “The Ireland we seek to build is not an Ireland for the Catholic or the Protestant, but an Ireland for every Irishman Irrespective of his creed or class."<ref name="Townshend"/> Under the direction of Denis McCullough, Hobson became one of the key figures in the ongoing revitalisation of the IRB in Ulster, along with [[Seán Mac Diarmada]], [[Patrick McCartan]] and [[Ernest Blythe]].<ref name="Martin 98"/>
Hobson was sworn into the IRB in 1904 by [[Denis McCullough]], their head in Belfast.<ref>Martin, p. 99</ref> Together they founded the [[Dungannon Clubs]], whose object was to celebrate the victory of [[Irish Volunteers (18th century)|Volunteers of 1782]] in restoring to Ireland her own Parliament,<ref>T.A. Jackson, pp. 105-13</ref> although they were additionally an "open front" for the IRB.<ref name="Tierney 113">Michael Tierney, ''Eoin MacNeill: Scholar and Man of Action 1867–1945'', Clarendon Press Oxford, 1980, edited by [[F.X. Martin]], p. 113</ref> The Volunteers of 1782 were an armed militia whose success, they suggested, could offer instructive lessons.<ref name="Townshend"/> The first Dungannon Club manifesto read: “The Ireland we seek to build is not an Ireland for the Catholic or the Protestant, but an Ireland for every Irishman Irrespective of his creed or class."<ref name="Townshend"/> Under the direction of Denis McCullough, Hobson became one of the key figures in the ongoing revitalisation of the IRB in Ulster, along with [[Seán Mac Diarmada]], [[Patrick McCartan]] and [[Ernest Blythe]].<ref name="Martin 98"/>


Hobson moved to [[Dublin]] in 1907, and soon became a close friend of veteran [[Fenian]] [[Tom Clarke (Irish republican)|Tom Clarke]], with whom he had a very close relationship until 1914.<ref name="Martin 101">Martin, p. 101</ref> In August 1909, with [[Constance Markievicz]], he founded [[Fianna Éireann|Na Fianna Éireann]] as a Republican scouting movement.<ref name="Martin 101"/> In 1911 the republican newspaper ''[[Irish Freedom]]'' was founded, to which Hobson was an early contributor, and later that year he took over the editorship of it from Patrick McCartan.<ref name="kee">[[Robert Kee]], ''The Green Flag Vol. II: The Bold Fenian Men'', pp. 205-06, Penguin Books, 1972. <!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
Hobson moved to [[Dublin]] in 1907, and soon became a close friend of veteran [[Fenian]] [[Tom Clarke (Irish republican)|Tom Clarke]], with whom he had a very close relationship until 1914.<ref name="Martin 101">Martin, p. 101</ref> In August 1909, with [[Constance Markievicz]], he founded [[Fianna Éireann|Na Fianna Éireann]] as a Republican scouting movement.<ref name="Martin 101"/> In 1911 the republican newspaper ''[[Irish Freedom]]'' was founded, to which Hobson was an early contributor, and later that year he took over the editorship of it from Patrick McCartan.<ref name="kee">[[Robert Kee]], ''The Green Flag Vol. II: The Bold Fenian Men'', pp. 205-06, Penguin Books, 1972. <!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>


Hobson was elevated to the IRB's Supreme Council in 1911, which coincided with the resignations of P.T. Daly, Fred Allen and Sean O'Hanlon, opening the way for Tom Clarke and the younger men to take control of the IRB.<ref>Martin, p. 102</ref> In 1913 he was elevated to the chairman of the Dublin Centres Board of the IRB,<ref name="Tierney 113"/> and later that year was one of the founding organisers of the [[Irish Volunteers]], remaining a primary connection between the Volunteers and the IRB. He put together the plan to bring sufficient Volunteers and their supporters, discreetly to Howth on Sunday, 26 July 1914, to unload and distribute the arms being landed from the ''[[Asgard (yacht)|Asgard]]'' at [[Howth]]. {{cn|date=June 2014}}
Hobson was elevated to the IRB's Supreme Council in 1911, which coincided with the resignations of P.T. Daly, Fred Allen and Sean O'Hanlon, opening the way for Tom Clarke and the younger men to take control of the IRB.<ref>Martin, p. 102</ref> In 1913 he was elevated to the chairman of the Dublin Centres Board of the IRB,<ref name="Tierney 113"/> and later that year was one of the founding organisers of the [[Irish Volunteers]], remaining a primary connection between the Volunteers and the IRB. He put together the plan to bring sufficient Volunteers and their supporters, discreetly to Howth on Sunday, 26 July 1914, to unload and distribute the arms being landed from the ''[[Asgard (yacht)|Asgard]]'' at [[Howth]]. {{citation needed|date=June 2014}}


As secretary and a member of the Volunteers provisional council, Hobson was instrumental in allowing Parliamentary leader [[John Redmond]] to gain control of the Volunteers organisation.<ref name="dictionary"/> He reluctantly gave in to Home Rule supporters' demands for control, believing that defying Redmond, who was popular with most rank-and-file Volunteers, would cause a split and would lead to the demise of the Volunteers.<ref name="kee"/> Clarke, steadfastly opposed to this action, never forgave him or spoke to him informally again. Hobson resigned as a member of the Supreme Council of the IRB, and was fired from his job as [[Dublin]] correspondent for the ''Gaelic American'' newspaper.<ref name="dictionary"/>
As secretary and a member of the Volunteers provisional council, Hobson was instrumental in allowing Parliamentary leader [[John Redmond]] to gain control of the Volunteers organisation.<ref name="dictionary"/> He reluctantly gave in to Home Rule supporters' demands for control, believing that defying Redmond, who was popular with most rank-and-file Volunteers, would cause a split and would lead to the demise of the Volunteers.<ref name="kee"/> Clarke, steadfastly opposed to this action, never forgave him or spoke to him informally again. Hobson resigned as a member of the Supreme Council of the IRB, and was fired from his job as [[Dublin]] correspondent for the ''Gaelic American'' newspaper.<ref name="dictionary"/>


Hobson remained a member of the IRB, but, like the Volunteers' chief-of-staff [[Eoin MacNeill]], he was kept unaware of the plans for the Rising.<ref>O'Hegarty, pp. 697-98</ref> Though he could detect underground preparations, he had no certain evidence.<ref>Martin, p. 106</ref> He was later informed that volunteers had received orders for the Rising, timed for Easter Sunday, and he subsequently alerted MacNeill about what the IRB had planned.<ref name="dictionary"/><ref>Coogan, p. 81</ref> MacNeill issued a countermanding order, which served to delay the Rising by a day, and kept most of the Volunteers from participating. Hobson was kidnapped by [[Séamus O'Doherty]] on the orders of the organisers of the rising to stop him from spreading news of MacNeill's order, and held at gunpoint at O'Doherty's house<ref name="Clavin">{{cite book|last1=Clavin|first1=Terry|title=[[Dictionary of Irish Biography]]|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor1-last=McGuire|editor1-first=James|location=Cambridge|chapter=Séamus O'Doherty ''In'' O'Doherty, (Michael) Kevin|editor2-last=Quinn|editor2-first=James}}</ref> in [[Phibsborough]] until the Rising was well underway.<ref name="dictionary"/> After the Rising, Hobson went to Eoin MacNeil's home of Woodtown Park to avoid arrest, an action which hurt his future political prospects and led to rumours that he was a traitor to the Volunteers and the IRB.<ref>http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0685.pdf#page=14</ref>
Hobson remained a member of the IRB, but, like the Volunteers' chief-of-staff [[Eoin MacNeill]], he was kept unaware of the plans for the Rising.<ref>O'Hegarty, pp. 697-98</ref> Though he could detect underground preparations, he had no certain evidence.<ref>Martin, p. 106</ref> He was later informed that volunteers had received orders for the Rising, timed for Easter Sunday, and he subsequently alerted MacNeill about what the IRB had planned.<ref name="dictionary"/><ref>Coogan, p. 81</ref> MacNeill issued a countermanding order, which served to delay the Rising by a day, and kept most of the Volunteers from participating. Hobson was kidnapped by [[Séamus O'Doherty]] on the orders of the organisers of the rising to stop him from spreading news of MacNeill's order, and held at gunpoint at O'Doherty's house<ref name="Clavin">{{cite book|last1=Clavin|first1=Terry|title=[[Dictionary of Irish Biography]]|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor1-last=McGuire|editor1-first=James|location=Cambridge|chapter=Séamus O'Doherty ''In'' O'Doherty, (Michael) Kevin|editor2-last=Quinn|editor2-first=James}}</ref> in [[Phibsborough]] until the Rising was well underway.<ref name="dictionary"/> After the Rising, Hobson went to Eoin MacNeil's home of Woodtown Park to avoid arrest, an action which hurt his future political prospects and led to rumours that he was a traitor to the Volunteers and the IRB.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0685.pdf#page=14 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803050637/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0685.pdf#page=14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


MacNeill later served in the [[Irish Free State]] government but Hobson was confined to a civil service job in the [[Minister for Posts and Telegraphs|Department of Post and Telegraphs]] after Independence.<ref name="dictionary"/> Although he had been one of the most active members of the IRB for years, and was instrumental in the founding of the Volunteers, Hobson took no major role in politics after the Rising, or the subsequent [[Irish War of Independence]] (although he was later an occasional adviser to [[Clann na Poblachta]]).<ref name="dictionary"/> In 1922 he was appointed Chief of the Revenue Commissioners Stamp Department, the first of the departments that the IRB had infiltrated to any depth.<ref>Townshend, "Easter 1916" (Dublin 2004), p. 410.</ref>
MacNeill later served in the [[Irish Free State]] government but Hobson was confined to a civil service job in the [[Minister for Posts and Telegraphs|Department of Post and Telegraphs]] after Independence.<ref name="dictionary"/> Although he had been one of the most active members of the IRB for years, and was instrumental in the founding of the Volunteers, Hobson took no major role in politics after the Rising, or the subsequent [[Irish War of Independence]] (although he was later an occasional adviser to [[Clann na Poblachta]]).<ref name="dictionary"/> In 1922 he was appointed Chief of the Revenue Commissioners Stamp Department, the first of the departments that the IRB had infiltrated to any depth.<ref>Townshend, "Easter 1916" (Dublin 2004), p. 410.</ref>
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==Later years==
==Later years==
Hobson penned many economic works, writing from a [[Keynesian]] perspective. He believed that an economic resurgence was necessary to convince unionists to be a part of a [[United Ireland]]. Hobson hoped to eradicate poverty and founded the 'League for Social Justice'.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/20534896/From_rogue_revolutionary_to_rogue_civil_servant_The_resurrection_of_Bulmer_Hobson</ref>
Hobson penned many economic works, writing from a [[Keynesian]] perspective. He believed that an economic resurgence was necessary to convince unionists to be a part of a [[United Ireland]]. Hobson hoped to eradicate poverty and founded the 'League for Social Justice'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/20534896|title = From rogue revolutionary to rogue civil servant: The resurrection of Bulmer Hobson|last1 = Hay|first1 = Marnie}}</ref>


After his retirement in 1948, Hobson built a house near [[Roundstone, County Galway|Roundstone]], [[Connemara]]. His wife Claire (née Gregan), from whom he had separated in the late 1930s, died in 1958.<ref>Hay p. 30</ref> After suffering a heart attack in the 1960s, Hobson lived with his daughter and son-in-law, Camilla and John Mitchell, in [[Castleconnell]], [[County Limerick]], where he finished his account of his life, titled ''Ireland, Yesterday and Tomorrow'' (Anvil Books, Ireland, 1968).
After his retirement in 1948, Hobson built a house near [[Roundstone, County Galway|Roundstone]], [[Connemara]]. His wife Claire (née Gregan), from whom he had separated in the late 1930s, died in 1958.<ref>Hay p. 30</ref> After suffering a heart attack in the 1960s, Hobson lived with his daughter and son-in-law, Camilla and John Mitchell, in [[Castleconnell]], [[County Limerick]], where he finished his account of his life, titled ''Ireland, Yesterday and Tomorrow'' (Anvil Books, Ireland, 1968).


==Death and legacy==
==Death and legacy==
He died on 8 August 1969, aged 86, in Castleconnell, County Limerick and is buried at Gurteen Cemetery near Roundstone in [[Connemara]], [[County Galway]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Browne|first1=Shane|title=Bulmer Hobson|url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/1916/thinkers-talkers-doers/bulmer-hobson-34222350.html|accessdate=12 March 2016|work=Independent.ie|date=27 November 2015}}</ref>
He died on 8 August 1969, aged 86, in Castleconnell, County Limerick and is buried at Gurteen Cemetery near Roundstone in [[Connemara]], [[County Galway]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Browne|first1=Shane|title=Bulmer Hobson|url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/1916/thinkers-talkers-doers/bulmer-hobson-34222350.html|access-date=12 March 2016|work=Independent.ie|date=27 November 2015}}</ref>


The novelist [[Brian Moore (novelist)| Brian Moore]] was a family friend. Moore's last published work before his death in 1999 was an essay entitled "Going Home".<ref name="Going Home">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/02/07/bookend/bookend.html | title=Going Home | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=7 February 1999 | accessdate=3 January 2014 | author=Moore, Brian}}</ref> It was a reflection inspired by a visit he made to Hobson's grave. The essay was commissioned by ''[[Granta]]'' and published in ''[[The New York Times]]'' on 7 February 1999.<ref name="Going Home"/> Despite Moore's often conflicted attitude to Ireland and his Irishness, his concluding reflection in the piece was "The past is buried until, in Connemara, the sight of Bulmer Hobson's grave brings back those faces, those scenes, those sounds and smells which now live only in my memory. And in that moment I know that when I die I would like to come home at last to be buried here in this quiet place among the grazing cows."<ref name="Going Home"/>
The novelist [[Brian Moore (novelist)|Brian Moore]] was a family friend. Moore's last published work before his death in 1999 was an essay entitled "Going Home".<ref name="Going Home">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/02/07/bookend/bookend.html | title=Going Home | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=7 February 1999 | access-date=3 January 2014 | author=Moore, Brian}}</ref> It was a reflection inspired by a visit he made to Hobson's grave. The essay was commissioned by ''[[Granta]]'' and published in ''[[The New York Times]]'' on 7 February 1999.<ref name="Going Home"/> Despite Moore's often conflicted attitude to Ireland and his Irishness, his concluding reflection in the piece was "The past is buried until, in Connemara, the sight of Bulmer Hobson's grave brings back those faces, those scenes, those sounds and smells which now live only in my memory. And in that moment I know that when I die I would like to come home at last to be buried here in this quiet place among the grazing cows."<ref name="Going Home"/>


==Published works==
==Published works==
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*(as editor) [https://archive.org/details/lettersofwolfeto00toneiala ''The letters of Wolfe Tone (1920)'']
*(as editor) [https://archive.org/details/lettersofwolfeto00toneiala ''The letters of Wolfe Tone (1920)'']
*(as editor)[https://archive.org/details/lifeofwolfetone00toneuoft ''The life of Wolfe Tone (1921)'']
*(as editor)[https://archive.org/details/lifeofwolfetone00toneuoft ''The life of Wolfe Tone (1921)'']
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=R3gyAAAAIAAJ&dq=the+new+querist+bulmer+hobson&hl=en&ei=nZCLTpW4Mci88gP_n6TSBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA ''The New Querist: containing several queries, proposed to the consideration of the public''] (1933), Dublin: Candle Press
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=R3gyAAAAIAAJ&q=the+new+querist+bulmer+hobson ''The New Querist: containing several queries, proposed to the consideration of the public''] (1933), Dublin: Candle Press
*''Ireland, Yesterday and Tomorrow'' (1968), Anvil Books
*''Ireland, Yesterday and Tomorrow'' (1968), Anvil Books


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{{s-ttl|title = [[Leader of Sinn Féin#Vice-Presidents|Vice President of Sinn Féin]]
|years = 1907–1910<br/><small>with [[Arthur Griffith]] (1907–1908)</small>}}
|years = 1907–1910<br /><small>with [[Arthur Griffith]] (1907–1908)</small>}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Thomas Kelly (Sinn Féin politician)|Thomas Kelly]]}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Thomas Kelly (Sinn Féin politician)|Thomas Kelly]]}}
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{{Irish Republican Brotherhood}}
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{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Hobson, Bulmer}}
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[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Irish Quakers]]
[[Category:Former Quakers]]
[[Category:Former Quakers]]
[[Category:Irish writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Belfast]]
[[Category:Disease-related deaths in Ireland]]
[[Category:Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood]]
[[Category:Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood]]
[[Category:People educated at Friends' School, Lisburn]]
[[Category:People educated at Friends' School, Lisburn]]
[[Category:People from Belfast]]
[[Category:Protestant Irish nationalists]]
[[Category:Protestant Republicans]]

Latest revision as of 03:07, 26 March 2024

John Bulmer Hobson
Hobson circa 1916
Born(1883-01-14)14 January 1883
Belfast, Ireland
Died8 August 1969(1969-08-08) (aged 86)
Castleconnell, County Limerick, Ireland
Burial placeGurteen Cemetery near Roundstone, County Galway, Ireland
EducationFriends' School, Lisburn
Occupation(s)Journalist
Civil servant
Known forIrish Volunteers
Irish Republican Brotherhood
Dungannon Clubs
Fianna Éireann
SpouseClaire Gregan (died 1958)
Children1 daughter (Camilla)
Parents
  • Benjamin Hobson (father)
  • Mary Ann Bulmer (mother)

John Bulmer Hobson (14 January 1883 – 8 August 1969) was an Irish republican. He was a leading member of the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) before the Easter Rising in 1916.[1] Hobson swore Patrick Pearse into membership of the IRB in late 1913.[2] He opposed and attempted to prevent the Easter Rising. Hobson was also chief of staff of Fianna Éireann, which he helped to found.

Early life[edit]

Hobson was born at 5 Magdala Street, Belfast, to Benjamin Hobson, a grocer originally from County Armagh, and Mary Ann Bulmer, who was from England.[3][4] However, numerous sources erroneously cite his place of birth as Holywood, County Down.[1][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]

In 1901, the family was living in Hopefield Avenue in Belfast,[14] before moving to the townland of Ballycultra, outside Holywood, by 1911.[15]

Hobson had a "fairly strict" Quaker upbringing, according to Charles Townshend, possibly intensified by being sent to a Friends' boarding school in Lisburn. Hobson later resigned on principle from the Quakers soon after the 1914 Howth gun-running, as the Quakers are opposed to all forms of violence.[16]

Bulmer's father was born in Armagh, although he later lived in Monasterevin, County Kildare, and was said to be a Gladstonian Home Ruler in politics, while his mother was an English-born radical. In 1911 she was reported to be on a suffragist procession in London and was long involved in Belfast cultural activities. She gave a lecture, entitled "Some Ulster Souterrains" as the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club's representative in 1901 at the British Association's annual meeting in Leicester. With the poet Alice Milligan, she organised the Irishwomen's Association, whose home reading circle met in the Hobsons' house. Hobson began at 13 to subscribe to a nationalist journal, Shan Van Vocht, published by Milligan.[16] Soon after he joined the Gaelic League and the Gaelic Athletic Association.[17]

IRB and the Volunteers[edit]

Hobson was sworn into the IRB in 1904 by Denis McCullough, their head in Belfast.[18] Together they founded the Dungannon Clubs, whose object was to celebrate the victory of Volunteers of 1782 in restoring to Ireland her own Parliament,[19] although they were additionally an "open front" for the IRB.[20] The Volunteers of 1782 were an armed militia whose success, they suggested, could offer instructive lessons.[16] The first Dungannon Club manifesto read: “The Ireland we seek to build is not an Ireland for the Catholic or the Protestant, but an Ireland for every Irishman Irrespective of his creed or class."[16] Under the direction of Denis McCullough, Hobson became one of the key figures in the ongoing revitalisation of the IRB in Ulster, along with Seán Mac Diarmada, Patrick McCartan and Ernest Blythe.[17]

Hobson moved to Dublin in 1907, and soon became a close friend of veteran Fenian Tom Clarke, with whom he had a very close relationship until 1914.[21] In August 1909, with Constance Markievicz, he founded Na Fianna Éireann as a Republican scouting movement.[21] In 1911 the republican newspaper Irish Freedom was founded, to which Hobson was an early contributor, and later that year he took over the editorship of it from Patrick McCartan.[22]

Hobson was elevated to the IRB's Supreme Council in 1911, which coincided with the resignations of P.T. Daly, Fred Allen and Sean O'Hanlon, opening the way for Tom Clarke and the younger men to take control of the IRB.[23] In 1913 he was elevated to the chairman of the Dublin Centres Board of the IRB,[20] and later that year was one of the founding organisers of the Irish Volunteers, remaining a primary connection between the Volunteers and the IRB. He put together the plan to bring sufficient Volunteers and their supporters, discreetly to Howth on Sunday, 26 July 1914, to unload and distribute the arms being landed from the Asgard at Howth. [citation needed]

As secretary and a member of the Volunteers provisional council, Hobson was instrumental in allowing Parliamentary leader John Redmond to gain control of the Volunteers organisation.[1] He reluctantly gave in to Home Rule supporters' demands for control, believing that defying Redmond, who was popular with most rank-and-file Volunteers, would cause a split and would lead to the demise of the Volunteers.[22] Clarke, steadfastly opposed to this action, never forgave him or spoke to him informally again. Hobson resigned as a member of the Supreme Council of the IRB, and was fired from his job as Dublin correspondent for the Gaelic American newspaper.[1]

Hobson remained a member of the IRB, but, like the Volunteers' chief-of-staff Eoin MacNeill, he was kept unaware of the plans for the Rising.[24] Though he could detect underground preparations, he had no certain evidence.[25] He was later informed that volunteers had received orders for the Rising, timed for Easter Sunday, and he subsequently alerted MacNeill about what the IRB had planned.[1][26] MacNeill issued a countermanding order, which served to delay the Rising by a day, and kept most of the Volunteers from participating. Hobson was kidnapped by Séamus O'Doherty on the orders of the organisers of the rising to stop him from spreading news of MacNeill's order, and held at gunpoint at O'Doherty's house[27] in Phibsborough until the Rising was well underway.[1] After the Rising, Hobson went to Eoin MacNeil's home of Woodtown Park to avoid arrest, an action which hurt his future political prospects and led to rumours that he was a traitor to the Volunteers and the IRB.[28]

MacNeill later served in the Irish Free State government but Hobson was confined to a civil service job in the Department of Post and Telegraphs after Independence.[1] Although he had been one of the most active members of the IRB for years, and was instrumental in the founding of the Volunteers, Hobson took no major role in politics after the Rising, or the subsequent Irish War of Independence (although he was later an occasional adviser to Clann na Poblachta).[1] In 1922 he was appointed Chief of the Revenue Commissioners Stamp Department, the first of the departments that the IRB had infiltrated to any depth.[29]

In 1947 he criticised the Rising and its leader saying the military council had "no plans.....which could seriously be called military" and that the Rising consisted of "locking a body of men up in two or three buildings to stay there until they were shot or burned out."[30]

Later years[edit]

Hobson penned many economic works, writing from a Keynesian perspective. He believed that an economic resurgence was necessary to convince unionists to be a part of a United Ireland. Hobson hoped to eradicate poverty and founded the 'League for Social Justice'.[31]

After his retirement in 1948, Hobson built a house near Roundstone, Connemara. His wife Claire (née Gregan), from whom he had separated in the late 1930s, died in 1958.[32] After suffering a heart attack in the 1960s, Hobson lived with his daughter and son-in-law, Camilla and John Mitchell, in Castleconnell, County Limerick, where he finished his account of his life, titled Ireland, Yesterday and Tomorrow (Anvil Books, Ireland, 1968).

Death and legacy[edit]

He died on 8 August 1969, aged 86, in Castleconnell, County Limerick and is buried at Gurteen Cemetery near Roundstone in Connemara, County Galway.[33]

The novelist Brian Moore was a family friend. Moore's last published work before his death in 1999 was an essay entitled "Going Home".[34] It was a reflection inspired by a visit he made to Hobson's grave. The essay was commissioned by Granta and published in The New York Times on 7 February 1999.[34] Despite Moore's often conflicted attitude to Ireland and his Irishness, his concluding reflection in the piece was "The past is buried until, in Connemara, the sight of Bulmer Hobson's grave brings back those faces, those scenes, those sounds and smells which now live only in my memory. And in that moment I know that when I die I would like to come home at last to be buried here in this quiet place among the grazing cows."[34]

Published works[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h D.J. Hickey & J. E. Doherty, A New Dictionary of Irish History from 1800, pp. 206-07, Gill & Macmillan, 2003; ISBN 0-7171-2521-1
  2. ^ Note on JBH enabling Pearse's membership of the IRB, novelguide.com; accessed 17 June 2014. Archived 4 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "General Registrar's Office". IrishGenealogy.ie. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  4. ^ Marnie Hay (2009). Bulmer Hobson and the Nationalist Movement in Twentieth—Century Ireland. Manchester University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7190-7987-0. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
  5. ^ Brian Feeney, Sinn Féin: a Hundred Turbulent Years, O'Brien Press, 2002; ISBN 0-86278-695-9, p. 39
  6. ^ Jonathan Bardon, A History of Ulster, p. 424, Blackstaff Press, 1992; ISBN 0-85640-466-7
  7. ^ John Benignus Lyons, The enigma of Tom Kettle: Irish patriot, essayist, poet, British soldier, 1880–1916, Glendale Press, 1983; ISBN 0-907606-12-1, p. 320
  8. ^ John Killen, John Bull's famous circus: Ulster history through the postcard, 1905–1985, p. 19, John Killen, O'Brien Press, 1985; ISBN 978-0-86278-039-5
  9. ^ Culture, Place and Identity: Papers Read Before the 26th Irish Conference of Historians Held at the University of Ulster, Magee Campus, 22–25 May 2003, p. 5 (editors Neal Garnham, Keith Jeffery; 2004); ISBN 0-9542275-1-4
  10. ^ Ray Bateson, The End: an Illustrated Guide to the Graves of Irish writers, p. 91. Irish Graves Publications/University College Dublin Press, 2005; ISBN 1-904558-34-8
  11. ^ Henry Boylan, A Dictionary of Irish Biography (second edition), p. 148, Gill and Macmillan, 1978; ISBN 0-7171-1004-4
  12. ^ René MacColl & Hamish Hamilton, Roger Casement: A New Judgment, p. 312, 1956; ISBN 0-340-18292-X
  13. ^ The Letters of P.H. Pearse, p. 439, Padraic Pearse, Séamas Ó Buachalla, C. Smythe, 1980; ISBN 0-901072-87-7
  14. ^ "Census: 901 census". National Archives of Ireland. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  15. ^ "1911 census". National Archives of Ireland. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  16. ^ a b c d Charles Townshend, Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion, pp. 18-19, Penguin Books, 2005; ISBN 978-0-14-101216-2
  17. ^ a b Martin, p. 98
  18. ^ Martin, p. 99
  19. ^ T.A. Jackson, pp. 105-13
  20. ^ a b Michael Tierney, Eoin MacNeill: Scholar and Man of Action 1867–1945, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1980, edited by F.X. Martin, p. 113
  21. ^ a b Martin, p. 101
  22. ^ a b Robert Kee, The Green Flag Vol. II: The Bold Fenian Men, pp. 205-06, Penguin Books, 1972.
  23. ^ Martin, p. 102
  24. ^ O'Hegarty, pp. 697-98
  25. ^ Martin, p. 106
  26. ^ Coogan, p. 81
  27. ^ Clavin, Terry (2009). "Séamus O'Doherty In O'Doherty, (Michael) Kevin". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). Dictionary of Irish Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  28. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  29. ^ Townshend, "Easter 1916" (Dublin 2004), p. 410.
  30. ^ 16 Lives: Patrick Pearse. p. 278.
  31. ^ Hay, Marnie. "From rogue revolutionary to rogue civil servant: The resurrection of Bulmer Hobson".
  32. ^ Hay p. 30
  33. ^ Browne, Shane (27 November 2015). "Bulmer Hobson". Independent.ie. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  34. ^ a b c Moore, Brian (7 February 1999). "Going Home". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 January 2014.

Sources[edit]

  • Coogan, Tim Pat1916: The Easter Rising, (Phoenix 2001) ISBN 0-7538-1852-3.
  • Dudgeon, Jeffrey Roger Casement: The Black Diaries with a Study of his Background, Sexuality and Irish Political Life, (Belfast Press 2002).
  • Hay, Marnie Bulmer Hobson and the Nationalist Movement in Twentieth—Century Ireland, (MUP 2009), ISBN 978-0-7190-7987-0.
  • Jackson, T.A Ireland Her Own, Lawrence & Wishart, Fp 1947, Rp 1991, ISBN 0-85315-735-9.
  • Martin, F.X (ed.), Leaders and Men of the Easter Rising: Dublin, 1916, (London 1967).
  • O'Hegarty, P.S A History of Ireland Under the Union, (Dublin 1952).

External links[edit]

Party political offices
Preceded by Vice President of Sinn Féin
1907–1910
with Arthur Griffith (1907–1908) 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulmer_Hobson&oldid=1215604530"