Abu Sayyaf

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The Abu Sayyaf Group (Arabic: جماعة أبو سياف; Jamāyeh Abū Sayyāf; ASG), also known as al-Harakat al-Islamiyya is one of several militant Islamist separatist groups based in and around the southern islands of the Philippines, in Bangsamoro (Jolo, Basilan, and Mindanao) where for almost 30 years various groups have been engaged in an insurgency for an Islamic state, independent of the predominantly Christian Philippines. The name of the group is derived from the Arabic ابو, abu ("father of") and sayyaf ("Swordsmith").[1]

Since its inception in the early 1990s, the group has carried out bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, and extortion in their fight for an independent Islamic state in western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago with the stated goal of creating a pan-Islamic superstate across southeast Asia, spanning from east to west; the island of Mindanao, the Sulu Archipelago, the island of Borneo (Malaysia, Indonesia), the South China Sea, and the Malay Peninsula (Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand and Myanmar).[2]

The U.S. Department of State has branded the group a terrorist entity by adding it to the list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations.[2]

The Philippines. Mindanao is the large island in the South East. Indonesia is off the map to the South East, while the Malay Peninsula on the west end of the map extends further South.

Location and view on Abu Sayyaf

Philippines, with Zamboanga Peninsula in red, and Basilan island just below the southwestern tip

Until his death in a gunbattle September 4, 2006, Khadaffy Janjalani was considered the nominal leader of the group by the Armed Forces of the Philippines. His older brother Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani, the founder of Abu Sayyaf, died in December 1998. Confirmation of Khadaffy's death was officially confirmed on January 20, 2007, through DNA analysis of both brother's remains. Both were natives of Isabela City, currently one of the smallest and poorest, or so-called "5th-class" cities of the Philippines. Located on the north of the island of Basilan, Isabela is also the capital of Basilan province, across the Basilan Strait from Zamboanga City. But Isabela City is administered under the Zamboanga Peninsula political region north of the island of Basilan, while the rest of the island province of Basilan is now (since 1996) governed as part of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) to the east.

Basilan island, with Isabela City in red
Jolo island, in Sulu Archipelago

Consequently, being on the social or political division line, Isabela City and Basilan island have seen some of the fiercest fightings between government troops and the Muslim separatist group Abu Sayyaf through the early 2000s.

The ASG primarily operates in the southern Philippines with members occasionally traveling to Manila. It is reported that ASG has begun expanding into neighbouring Malaysia and Indonesia by the early 2000s.

The ASG is the one of the smallest but strongest of the Islamic separatist groups in Mindanao. Some ASG members have allegedly studied or worked in Saudi Arabia and developed ties to mujahadeen while fighting and training in the war against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.[3]

Abu Sayyaf always pro-claim themselves as mujahideen and freedom fighter but not provided support by many people in Moroland including Muslim cleric .

Abu Sayyaf is estimated to have a core membership of 200 with an extended membership of over 2000.[1][2]The ASG's low numbers indicate a lack of support among the local population.

The group was originally not thought to receive funding from any group, but intelligence reports from the United States, Indonesia, and Australia have found intermittent ties to the Indonesian Jemaah Islamiyah terrorist group.[4] The Philippine government considers ASG to be allied with Jemaah Islamiyah and notes that initial funding came from al-Qaeda through the brother-in-law of Osama bin Laden, Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, through Islamic charities in the region.[3][5][6][7] Continuing ties to Islamist groups in the Middle East indicate that al-Qaeda may be continuing support.[1][8][9]

State Supporters and Other Sources of Funding

The group obtains most of its financing through ransom and extortion. One report estimated its revenues from ransom payments in 2000 alone between $10 and $25 million. According to the State Department, it may also receive funding from radical Islamic benefactors in the Middle East and South Asia . "Libya was a conduit for ransoms paid to Abu Sayyaf and other Filipino Muslim groups...[Libya] also offered money for ‘livelihood projects’ in its role in the 2000 hostage negotiations...this raises the possibility that Libyan money gets channeled to Abu Sayyaf."

Link With Saddam Hussein

According to the documents found by the American troops in post-Saddam era, the former regime have the link with the Abu Sayyaf group including fund their financial and training camps. This allegation still unclear.

Connections With Foreign Organizations

Links between ASG and Al Qaeda are the subject of debate. It is generally believed that the group received funding from Al Qaeda in the early 1990s through Mohammad Jamal Khalifa, a brother-in-law of Osama bin Laden. Al Qaeda collaborator Ramzi Yousef operated in the Philippines in the mid-1990s and reportedly trained Abu Sayyaf fighters. However, there is little information about recent cooperation between Al Qaeda and ASG. Some have claimed that Abu Sayyaf is subordinate to Al Qaeda, but others contend that because of the group’s blatant use of ransom and extortion for profit, a close association between the two is unlikely. The 2002 edition of the U.S. State Department’s Patterns of Global Terrorism does not mention any ties to Al Qaeda.

Though Janjalani’s first recruits were dissidents from the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), radical Islamic groups in the Philippines, such as the separatist Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and the MNLF, deny having links with Abu Sayyaf. Both distance themselves from ASG because of its attacks on civilians and its profiteering. The Philippine military, however, has claimed that elements of both groups provide support to Abu Sayyaf.

History

In the early 1970s, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) was the main Muslim rebel group fighting in the Basilan and Mindanao region of the southern Philippines.[2]

After the late 1970s, Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani, Khadaffy Janjalani's older brother, became a teacher from Basilan, who studied theology and Arabic in Libya, Syria and Saudi Arabia during the 1980s.[1][3] Abdurajik then became a veteran of the war against the Soviet Union during the Soviet war in Afghanistan. During that time, he allegedly met Osama Bin Laden, and was given $6 million to establish his own offshoot group in the southern Philippines, out of members of the extant MNLF.[10]

By then, as a political solution in the southern Philippines, ARMM had been created, in 1989.

Abu Sayyaf Group under Abdurajik Janjalani

Abdurajik then returned home to Basilan island in 1990, where he gathered radical members of the old MNLF, to found Abu Sayyaf Group.[2] It was named after his own alias, which was Abu Sayyaf. MNLF had moderated into an established political party, which eventually became the ruling party of the ARMM, by the time of its full institutionalization in 1996 on the southern Philippines island of Mindanao.

Meanwhile, Abu Sayyaf Group had started out on their own by 1991 under the leadership of the elder Janjalani brother, Abdurajik. By 1995 Abu Sayyaf had been active in large scale bombings and attacks in the Philippines, and also had become associated with Ramzi Yousef (of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, the 1994 Philippine Airlines Flight 434 bombing, and the foiled 1995 Operation Bojinka), and also with Jemaah Islamiyah (al-Qaeda's southeast Asia associated branch led by Hambali[10])[1][3]

Ramzi Yousef and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, both of whom were involved with Operation Bojinka, allegedly took scuba trips to Puerto Galera. The trips may have been a cover for the training of Abu Sayyaf terrorists. After Ramzi Yousef bombed Philippine Airlines Flight 434, killing a Japanese passenger, a man stated in a telephone call, "We are [the] Abu Sayyaf Group. We explode[d] one plane from Cebu." The bombing was perpetrated as a test run for Operation Bojinka, which was discovered by Manila police on January 6, 1995.

At some point in the early 1990s, the younger brother Khadaffy Janjalani had also joined Abu Sayyaf, as a teenager, and was eventually imprisoned by the Philippine government.

Abu Sayyaf's first large-scale action was the beachhead assault on the town of Ipil in Mindanao in April 1995. This year also marked the escape of 20 year-old Khadaffy Janjalani from Camp Crame in Manila along with another member named Jovenal Bruno.

On December 18, 1998 the founding older brother Abdurajik Janjalani was killed in a firefight with the Philippine National Police on Basilan Island.[5] He is thought to have been about age 39 at the time of his death.[1] The death of Aburajik Abubakar Janjalani marked a turning point in ASG operations, shifting from its ideological focus to more general kidnappings, murders and robberies, as the younger brother Khadaffy Janjalani then rose to succeed Aburajik.

Abu Sayyaf Group under Khadaffy Janjalani

The 23 year-old Khadaffy Janjalani then took power of one of Abu Sayyaf's factions in an internecine struggle.[11][5]He then worked to consolidate his power within Abu Sayyaf, causing the group to appear inactive for a period. After Janjalani's supremacy was secured, Abu Sayyaf began a new tactic, as they proceeded to take hostages.

The group's motive for kidnapping became more financial and less religious during the period of Khadaffy's leadership, according to locals in the areas associated with Abu Sayyaf. The hostage money is probably the method of financing of the group.[10] The group expanded its operations to Malaysia in 2000 when it abducted foreigners from two different resorts.This actions was condemned by many parties including Muslim government such as Libyan and Malaysia.It also responsible for the kidnapping and murder of more than 30 foreigners and Christian clerics and lay-workers, including Martin and Gracia Burnham.[12][13]

A commander named Abu Sabaya was killed in 2002 while trying to evade forces.[14]

Galib Andang, aka Commander Robot, was captured in Sulu in December 2003.[15][16][12][5]

A blast at a military base on Jolo island on February 18, 2006 was blamed on Abu Sayyaf by Brig. General Alexander Aleo, an Army officer.[17]

Khadaffy Janjalani was indicted in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia for his alleged involvement in terrorist acts, including hostage taking by Abu Sayyaf and murder, against United States nationals and other foreign nationals in and around the Republic of the Philippines.[18]

Consequently on February 24, 2006, Janjalani was among six fugitives in the second and most recent group of indicted fugitives to be added to the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list along with two fellow members of Abu Sayyaf, Isnilon Totoni Hapilon and Jainal Antel Sali, Jr.[19][20]

On December 13, 2006, it was reported that Abu Sayyaf may have been planning attacks during the ASEAN summit in the Philippines. The group was reported to have been training along side Jemaah Islamiyah militants which have links to Al-Qeada. The plot was reported to have involved detonating a car bomb in the town of Cebu where the summit is scheduled to take place.[21]

On December 27, 2006, the Philippine military reported that Janjalani's remains had been recovered near Patikul, on Jolo Island, southern Philippines, and that DNA tests had been ordered to confirm the discovery. He was allegedly shot in the neck in an encounter with government troops on September on Luba Hills, Patikul town, Sulu Island.

Jainal Antel Sali, Jr. (aka Abu Solaiman) was killed by government troops on January 16, 2007.


2000 Sipadan Kipnapping Crisis

On Sunday, April 23, 2000, Abu Sayyaf guerillas armed with M-16s and rocket launchers beached their high-speed boats on Sipadan, Malaysia's renowned dive resort island, and abducted 21 hostages. As CDNN issued daily reports linking the Abu Sayyaf rebels to Al Qaeda terrorists and warning dive travelers to avoid the area, Malaysia's Ministry of Tourism, the dive industry and local Sipadan dive operators colluded to downplay the threat to tourists.

The rebels have freed two Malaysians early because they are Muslims and are demanding $2.4 million for the release of the other hostages which include at least 10 foreigners.

According to Philippine military sources, the hostages are being held in Sulu, a remote province in the southern Philippines where the Abu Sayyaf is based. The area is less than one hour away from Sipadan by high-speed boat.

Meanwhile, the rebels are fighting Philippine government troops who are trying to free 27 other hostages kidnapped five weeks ago. The rebels have beheaded two of the adult hostages and are threatening to kill five more if government troops do not withdraw

The Abu Sayyaf has demanded the release of various Muslim terrorists including Ramzi Yousef Ramzi Yousef, who was convicted of masterminding the bombing the World Trade Center in 1993.

Few days after the abduction , Malaysia police chief, Norian Mai, stated that several Malaysians have been arrested on charges of helping gunmen .

More than 12 locals have been detained and police stated that more might be arrested as their investigation continues into the kidnapping of dive tourists and resort staff.

Police stated that some of the arrested were former employees of the Sipadan resort who have strong ties with the Philippine fishing community, however, Malaysian tourism industry officials have denied the reports.

Superferry 14 Bombing

Main article: Superferry 14

Superferry 14 was a large ferry destroyed by a bomb on February 27, 2004, killing 116 people in the Philippines' worst terrorist attack, the world's deadliest terrorist attack at sea.

On that day, the 10,192 ton ferry was sailing out of Manila, with about 900 passengers and crew. A television set filled with 8 lb (4 kg) of TNT had been placed on board. 90 minutes out of port, the bomb exploded. 63 people were killed immediately, and 53 were missing and presumed dead.

Despite claims from terrorist groups, the blast was initially thought to have been an accident, caused by a gas explosion. But after divers righted the ferry five months after it sunk, they found evidence of a bomb blast. Also, a man named Redendo Cain Dellosa admitted to planting the bomb on board for the Abu Sayyaf guerilla group.

President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo announced on October 11, 2004, that investigators had concluded the explosion was caused by a bomb. She said six suspects had been arrested in connection with the bombing and that the masterminds, Khadaffy Janjalani and Abu Sulaiman, were still at large. It was believed that Abu Sayyaf bombed Superferry 14 because the company that owned it, WG&A, did not comply with an Abu Sayyaf letter demanding protection money.

Timeline of the Abu Sayyaf

  • April 23,2000 - ASG gunmen raid the Malaysian diving resort of Sipadan, off Borneo, and flee across the sea border to their Jolo island stronghold with 10 Western tourists and 11 resort workers.
  • May 27, 2000 - The kidnappers issue political demands including a separate Muslim state, an inquiry into alleged human rights abuses in Sabah and the restoration of fishing rights. They later demand cash multimillion-dollar ransoms.
  • July 1, 2000 - Filipino television evangelist Wilde Almeda of the Jesus Miracle Crusade (JMC) and 12 of his "prayer warriors" are captured during a visit to the ASG lair. A German journalist is seized the following day.
  • July 9, 2000 - A three-member French television crew was abducted.
  • Aug. 27, 2000 - French,South African and German hostages are freed.
  • Aug. 28, 2000 - American Jeffrey Craig Schilling is abducted.
  • Sept. 9, 2000 - Finnish, German and French hostages are freed.
  • Sept. 10, 2000 - ASG raids Pandanan island near Sipadan and seizes three Malaysians.
  • Sept. 16, 2000 - The government troops launches military assault against ASG in Jolo. Two kidnapped French journalists escape during the fighting.
  • Oct 2, 2000 - Soldiers rescue the JMC prayer warriors.
  • Oct 25, 2000 - Troops rescue the three Malaysians seized in Pandanan.
  • April 12, 2001 - Schilling is rescued, leaving Filipino scuba diving instructor, Roland Ullah, in the gunmen's hands.
  • May 22, 2001 - Suspected ASG guerrillas raid the luxurious Pearl Farm beach resort on Samal island in southern Philippines, killing two resort workers wounding three others, but no hostages were taken.
  • May 28, 2001 - Suspected ASG gunmen raid the Dos Palmas resort off the western Philippines island of Palawan and seize 20 hostages including a US couple and former Manila Times owner Reghis Romero. Arroyo rules out ransom and orders the military to go after the kidnappers.
  • May 29, 2001 - Malacañang imposes a news blackout in Basilan province where the Abu Sayyaf are reported to have gone.
  • May 30, 2001 - US State Department Spokesman Philip Reeker calls for the "swift, safe and unconditional release of all the hostages." An Olympus camera and an ATM card of one the hostages are found in Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi island. Pictures of Abu Sayyaf leaders are released to media by the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
  • May 31, 2001 - The military fails to locate the bandits and the hostages despite search and rescue operations in Jolo, Basilan and Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi.
  • June 1, 2001 - Military troops engage Abu Sayyaf bandits in Tuburan town in Basilan. ASG spokesman Abu Sabaya threatens to behead two of the hostages.
  • June 2, 2001 - ASG troops invade Lamitan town and seize the Jose Maria Torres Memorial Hospital and the Saint Peter's church. Soldiers surround the bandits and engage them in a day-long firefight. Several hostages, including businessman Reghis Romero, were able to escape. Witnesses say the bandits escape from Lamitan at around 5:30 in the afternoon, taking four medical personnel from the hospital.
  • June 3, 2001 - Soldiers recover the bodies of hostages Sonny Dacquer and Armando Bayona in Barangay Bulanting. They were beheaded.
  • June 4, 2001 - Military officials ask for a state of emergency in Basilan. President Arroyo turns the request down.
  • June 5, 2001 - At least 16 soldiers are reported killed and 44 others wounded during a firefight between government troops and Abu Sayyaf bandits in Mount Sinangkapan in Tuburan town. President Arroyo promises P5 million to the family of retired Col. Fernando Bajet for killing ASG chieftain Abu Sulayman alias Kumander Yusuf, last June 2. ASG leaders contact a government designated intermediary for possible negotiations.
  • June 6, 2001 - ASG leader Abu Sabaya tells Radio Mindanao Network that US hostage Martin Burnham sustained a gunshot wound on the back during a recent exchange of gunfire with government troops. AFP officials clear the Moro Islamic Liberation Front of helping the Abu Sayyaf. The Commission on Human Rights dispatches a team to investigate alleged human rights violations in Basilan.
  • June 7, 2001 - Government troops and Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) integrees capture an ASG stronghold in Sitio Kalbatong, Panlima Estino town in Jolo. ASG leader Abu Sabaya threatens to kill three American hostages if government refuses to allow Malaysian nationals to negotiate for the release of hostages. President Arroyo awards P1 million to the widow of slain retired Col. Fernando Bajet.
  • June 8, 2001 - Rumors abound that the bandits are negotiating for the release of Hector Janjalani, elder brother of ASG chief Khaddafy Janjalani, in exchange for the release of ailing American hostage Guillermo Sobero. National Security Adviser Roilo Golez denies the rumors. Three FBI agents start information-gathering operation in coordination with Philippine military.
  • June 9, 2001 - Army Lt. Gene Kenneth Bulong, who died in a firefight with the Abu Sayyaf in Lamitan, Basilan, is laid to rest with full military honors. Two suspected ASG bandits are killed by the Philippine Army's 103rd Infantry Brigade in Barangay Maligi, Isabela, Basilan.
  • June 10, 2001 - Libyan President Muammar Qaddafi offers to help negotiate with the Abu Sayyaf.
  • June 11, 2001 - Fifteen people, mostly coconut plantation workers, are taken hostage by ASG bandits in Lantawan town after the bandits burned at least five houses and a Catholic chapel. ASG defers the beheading of three American hostages after government agrees to let a Malaysian envoy negotiate for the hostages. Britain's Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) issues a travel advisory barring nationals from touring Mindanao and Palawan.
  • June 12, 2001 - ASG leader Abu Sabaya announces the beheading of American Guillermo Sobero "as a gift to the country on (its) Independence Day." Military refuses to confirm the report. President Arroyo calls for an emergency meeting and denounces the bandits' acts as "ruthless and cowardly." A decapitated body is found in Tipo-Tipo town in Basilan. Local officials quickly identify the corpse as that of a certain Udstadz Mohaymin Saji, not Peruvian-American hostage Guillermo Sobero.
  • June 13, 2001 - Military officials claim Guillermo execution was a bluff. Abu Sayyaf bandits launch recruitment drive in Basilan, offering P30,000 and arms to residents.
  • June 16, 2001 - Three Filipino hostages are released.
  • June 18, 2001 - President Arroyo visits Basilan and says she will not offer any ransom.
  • June 22, 2001 - Three severed heads are found. They are reported to belong to Philippine soldiers.
  • June 23, 2001 - Two headless bodies have been identified as belonging to Filipino plantation workers kidnapped earlier in June.
  • June 28, 2001 - Philippine security officials say they have captured one senior member of the Abu Sayyaf guerilla group and a second who was allegedly on a mission to set up terrorist operations in Manila.
  • July 3, 2001 - The Abu Sayyaf frees two Filipino hostages.
  • July 9, 2001 - Police arrest Abu Sayyaf top leader, "Commander Global", along with three other members of the group.
  • Oct. 15, 2001 - Abu Sayyaf admit links with international terrorist group Al-Qaeda.
  • Dec. 2001 - A group of United States military advisers arrive in Southern Philippines. "Balikatan 02," a joint military exercise between U.S. and Philippines troops, is launched.
  • Jan. 2002 - Some 660 U.S. troops arrive in the Philippines to take part in the exercises. The U.S. troops are prevented from taking part in actual military operations and will only provide training and logistical support.
  • March 25, 2002 - The Philippine military rejects an offer from Abu Sayyaf rebels to release a hostage in exchange for a temporary cease-fire and medical care for one of its commanders.
  • May 1, 2002 - Abu Sayyaf threatens to kill two Americans it is holding hostage after the government's refusal earlier to negotiate.
  • May 29, 2002 - The United States offers a reward of up to $5 million for the arrest or conviction of five leaders of the Abu Sayyaf.
  • June 7, 2002 - A Filipina nurse, Deborah Yap, and a U.S. missionary, Martin Burnham, held hostage by Muslim rebels for more than a year, are killed during a rescue attempt. The final kidnap victim, Martin's wife, Gracia, is wounded but survives and is freed.
  • February 27, 2004 - Superferry 14 bombing. This was the Abu Sayyaf's deadliest attack. 116 people killed.

Targeting American

Most of its victims are Filipinos.However, American also became their target. Abu Sayyaf kidnapped an American Bible translator on a southern Philippine island in 1993. In 2000, Abu Sayyaf captured an American Muslim visiting Jolo Island and demanded that the United States release Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman and Ramzi Yousef, who were jailed for their involvement in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. “We have been trying hard to get an American because they may think we are afraid of them,” a spokesman for Abu Sayyaf said. “We want to fight the American people.” Abu Sayyaf has also captured local businesspeople and Philippine schoolchildren, but Western hostages make for larger ransom payments.

See also

External links


  1. ^ a b c d e f "Who are the Abu Sayyaf". BBC. December 30, 2000.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)". MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |lastaccessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lastaccessyear= ignored (help)
  3. ^ a b c d "Abu Sayyaf History". U.S. Pacific Command. September 21, 20006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ "Bomb hits Philippines ferry". CNN. August 28, 2005.
  5. ^ a b c d "The Return of Abu Sayyaf". Time Asia Magazine. August 30, 2004.
  6. ^ "Air raids hit Philippines rebels". BBC. November 20, 2004.
  7. ^ "AsiaWeek: 08.31.1999". AsiaWeek. 08.31.1999. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ "Gunfight in philippine bomber hunt". CNN. August 10, 2003.
  9. ^ "Bin Laden Funds Abu Sayyaf Through Muslim Relief Group". Philippine Daily Inquirer. August 9, 2000.
  10. ^ a b c "Funding Terrorism in Southeast Asia: The Financial Network of Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah" (PDF). The National Bureau of Asian Research. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |lastaccessmonthdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lastaccessyear= ignored (help)
  11. ^ "Fresh fighting in S Philippines". BBC. September 7, 2006.
  12. ^ a b "Manilla captures senior Abu Sayyaf". CNN. December 7, 2003.
  13. ^ "Ex-hostage describes jungle ordeal". CNN. May 9, 2003.
  14. ^ "Prominent Abu Sayyaf Commander Believed Dead". Institute for Counter-Terrorism. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |lastaccessmonthdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lastaccessyear= ignored (help)
  15. ^ "Profiles of dead Abu Sayyaf leaders". BBC. March 15, 2005.
  16. ^ "Bloody end to Manila jail break". BBC. March 15, 2005.
  17. ^ "Blast at US Philippines army base". BBC. February 18, 2006.
  18. ^ "US indicts Abu Sayyaf leaders". BBC. July 23, 2002.
  19. ^ "FBI puts al-Zarqawi high on its list". CNN. February 24, 2006.
  20. ^ "Tiahrt responds to the Abu Sayyaf terrorist indictments". United States House of Representatives. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |lastaccessmonthdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lastaccessyear= ignored (help)
  21. ^ "Manila Again Denies TerrorPlot Led to Postponement of Asia Summits". Voice of America (VoA). December 13, 2006.
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