Boko Haram
Boko Haram is an Islamist terrorist group in northern Nigeria that is also active in the neighboring countries of Chad , Niger and Cameroon .
Boko Haram advocates the introduction of Sharia law across Nigeria and a ban on Western education; it also refuses to participate in elections. Boko Haram is known for killing Christians and Muslims who do not support them. Ethnically, most of the members of Boko Haram belong to the Kanuri people .
The group connects itself with the Taliban . The local population also calls them "the Taliban". The headquarters of the sect was in Maiduguri until the death of sect leader Ustaz Mohammed Yusuf . The group is led by the Shura, a council of 20 men that maintains contacts with Chad and Cameroon . Their spokesman was Abubakar Shekau . The group is said to have links to Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb , Al-Shabaab in Somalia and terror camps in Afghanistan . In addition, Boko Haram is said to be joining Al-QaedaAnsar Dine's occupation of Timbuktus , Gaos and Kidals in Mali . Boko Haram has no connection to the uprising Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta , which has been fighting the oil industry in the Niger Delta since 2006.
In January 2012, the Ansaru terrorist organization split from Boko Haram. After Boko Haram formally joined the Islamic State (IS) terrorist militia in 2015, the group split in 2016: one part remained under the leadership of Abubakar Shekau, another formed under the leadership of Abu Musab al- Barnawi the West Africa province of the IS.
Around 35,000 people have been killed in attacks by the group since 2009; around two million people fled because of the group.
Name and ideology
The name Boko Haram consists of the Hausa realized boko [bookoo] and the Arab, but taken into Hausa term Haram together. There are different views on the correct translation of both terms. In many media reports, the term is translated somewhat misleadingly as: “Books are sin ”. Another translation is "Western education forbidden", " Westernization is sacrilege " or "Modern education is a sin". The circumscribing translation “pretending to be false facts is shame” sets a different tenor.
According to Islamic teaching, the Arabic loan word ḥarām describes everything that is forbidden and therefore taboo according to Sharia law. The ethnologist Roman Loimeier believes the translation of ḥarām with the Christian concept of sin is wrong, such a concept does not exist in Islam.
The Hausa term boko has several meanings. Nowadays it generally refers to western or un-Islamic education as well as the Hausa writing system, the Boko , based on the Latin alphabet . The latter was introduced by the British colonial power at the beginning of the 20th century. Before that, ajami, a writing system based on the Arabic alphabet, was common.
Etymologically , many authors assume that the word boko is a loan word from the English book, for book. The linguist Paul Newman contradicts this derivation. Instead, according to Newman, the current meaning of the word is an expansion of the meaning of an older and genuine household term. Accordingly, stood and stands bokostill also for 'forgery', 'fraud', 'fraud' and 'simulated authenticity'. In the broader sense, this includes everything that is not covered by Islam, including - but not only - the Boko writing system and un-Islamic, western education. Compared with the traditional and highly valued study of the Koran, the education introduced by the British colonial power was considered an imposed 'fraud'. The word for 'book' in Hausa is not boko , but littafi.
The linguist Victor Manfredi, on the other hand, argues that boko could instead be two identical-sounding terms without a common origin. In addition to the historically older and genuine household term boko for 'forgery', 'swindle' etc., there is accordingly the loan word boko , derived from the English book , which stands as a narrowing of meaning for false or un-Islamic, western education. The identical pronunciation and spelling of both terms is then merely a coincidence and is not based on an etymological relationship.
The group received the name Boko Haram from the local population because of its ideological orientation. So it is a foreign name. As the historian Gérard Chouin and his colleagues point out, the founder of the group, Mohammed Yusuf, rejected un-Islamic education, as did the Federal Republic of Nigeria, as boko (fraud). A frequent formulation in his sermons was “Boko haram da aïki'n gomenati haram” (roughly: studying Western education and working with the Nigerian state is taboo for Muslims). The group blames Western influences for the corruption in Nigeria, which has contributed to a large gap between a few rich and the vast poor majority.
The followers of the group initially called themselves Al Sunna Wal Jamma (roughly: followers of the teachings of the Prophet). Another initial self-designation was ahl al-sunna wa'l jama'a ala minhaj al-salaf (roughly: community of the followers of the Sunna or the Sunnis for the return to the Salaf or the predecessors), which the ideological return to Stresses the ultra-conservative teachings of Islam ( Salafism ). Another self-designation common in the early years was ahl al-sunna wa-l-jama'a wa-l-hijra (roughly: community of the followers of the Sunna or the Sunnis who practice the hijraor emigration from pagan areas) and indirectly compares one's own situation in the Nigerian state with Muhammad's exodus from Mecca. After first clashes with Nigerian security forces in 2003, the group was referred to in the media as the Nigerian Taliban .
Only since the death of its founder Mohammed Yusuf in 2009 has the group been called jama'at ahl al-sunna li-l- da'wa wa-jihad 'ala minhay al-salaf (roughly: community of followers of the Sunna or the Sunnis, who fight for the cause of Islam with the means of jihad in the sense of Salaf); reproduced in Arabic notation asجماعة أهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد, DMG ǧamāʿat ahl as-sunna li-d-daʿwa wa-l-ǧihād , literally "Association of Sunnis for the call to Islam and jihad". The renaming expresses a changed objective of the group, from the demand for emigration or withdrawal from a society considered un-Islamic to the advocacy of a narrow, Salafist interpretation of jihad in the sense of armed struggle.
prehistory
Islam was not initially spread in northern Nigeria by force, but came to the region with Muslim traders. In the 15th century, the Hausa royal families converted to Islam. In 1804 the preacher Usman dan Fodio called for jihad against the Hausa kings, whose corruption and tyranny he castigated as un-Islamic. His struggle therefore found the support of large parts of the rural population.
In northern Nigeria, social and political criticism has since been expressed repeatedly in and through movements of religious renewal. The Maitatsine and Yan Izala movements are among the best-known examples of the past few decades .
During their colonial rule , the British relied largely on the old administrative structures - see Indirect rule . The British banned Christian proselytizing and mission schools in northern Nigeria and allowed the Sharia legal system to continue.
After Nigeria's independence in 1960, there was a conflict of distribution between the south and north of the country over the income from crude oil production in the Niger Delta. Ethnic tensions and social inequality also increased. After the end of the military dictatorship and the return to democracy in 1999, the governors of the northern states made use of their new autonomy rights. To consolidate their power, they introduced an Islamic penal code based largely on Sharia law.
Erhard Kamphausen from the Mission Academy of the University of Hamburg also made missionary work and proselytism by the evangelicals, who are very active in Nigeria, partly responsible for the escalation of religious conflicts and spoke of “spiritual warfare” in core Muslim areas.
Beginnings
Boko Haram's founder, Mohammed Yusuf, was born in northeastern Nigeria in 1970 and studied theology in Saudi Arabia. Back in Nigeria in the 1990s, he took a critical stance towards the democratic state and its representatives. In doing so, he referred to the Salafist movement at-Takfir wa'l-Higra (roughly: The Declaration on the Unbeliever and the Exodus) of the radical Egyptian preacher Shukri Mustafa.
As a preacher, Mohammed Yusuf was initially active in the local Salafist milieu in Maiduguri at the same mosque as his mentor Ja'far Mahmud Adam. Between 2000 and 2003, however, there was a break between the two and Mohammed Yusuf founded his own structures. As a preacher, he gathered a number of Koran students who shared his extreme attitudes.
There are different founding dates for Boko Haram. Some sources speak of a foundation in the early 1990s. Based on the name of their leader, they were sometimes called Yusufiyya . It is unclear whether one can already speak of a permanent organization or sect. However, Mohammed Yusuf did not become known to a wider public until 2003/04, when some of his supporters clashed with Nigerian security forces for the first time. Many observers therefore only see the emergence of a fixed group here.
Despite his negative attitude towards the Nigerian state and democratic principles, individual politicians were initially able to secure the support of Mohammed Yusuf. In 2003 the candidate Ali Modu Sheriff succeeded in winning the elections for the position of governor in the state of Borno, also because of this alliance. He then appointed Alhaji Buji Foi, a well-known supporter of Mohammed Yusuf, to head the Commission on Religious Affairs.
In contrast, some followers of Mohammed Yusuf sought social isolation. Following Muhammad's exile from pagan Mecca into exile in Medina, the Hijra, they left Maiduguri. Like their role model, they wanted to demonstrate a cleansing break with society that was perceived as immoral and unbelieving. Accordingly, they called themselves Muhajirun . They set up a camp near Kanamma in the state of Yobe, not far from the border with the Republic of Niger, which became known in the area as Afghanistan. As the majority of the Muhajirun consisted of young Koran students, they were also called the Nigerian Taliban - from the Arabic term talibfor students - designated. After government officials and religious authorities asked them to leave the area, the group raided the police station in nearby Kanamma. With the captured weapons they attacked other police stations in the region. On leaflets left behind, they announced that they would conquer the area and proclaim an independent Islamic state. The camp was then destroyed by the army in early January 2004, killing or capturing several of the fundamentalists. Mohammed Yusuf's exact role in the establishment of the camp and the attacks is unclear. Some sources even see the Muhajirun as a radical split from Mohammed Yusuf's group, others see him as the mastermind behind the scenes.
In September 2004, supporters of Mohammed Yusuf attacked police stations again, this time in Borno state. The Nigerian army killed 27 of the attackers while others managed to escape to Cameroon. Mohammed Yusuf himself first fled to Sudan and then traveled on to Saudi Arabia. From there he was able to return after mediation by the Deputy Governor of Borno State, Adamu Dibal.
Using the means to bring about an Islamic state based on Sharia law, there was also a break between Mohammed Yusuf and the established Salafist milieu of northern Nigeria, namely with his previous mentor Ja'far Mahmud Adam. As a result, the two publicly engaged in a year-long theological dispute in the form of published sermons and speeches. In 2007 Ja'far Mahmud Adam was murdered during a Friday sermon in his mosque in Kano. Several analysts suspected Mohammed Yusuf's people were behind the attack.
In the beginning, Boko Haram was limited to attacks on police stations and the military. The killing of the founder, Ustaz Mohammed Yusuf, by security forces in July 2009 sparked the intensification of the attacks under Abu Bakr Shekau .
After Boko Haram banned a demonstration, unrest broke out in the city of Bauchi in late July 2009 and spread to Yobe , Borno and other regions. In the same province Bauchi since 2001 Sharia in force. At least 300 people died in five-day clashes in Maiduguri alone ; other sources put more than 600 dead. The Nigerian Red Crosscounted 780 dead in the city. Sect leader Ustaz Mohammed Yusuf was first arrested during a large-scale police operation, but then, according to a police spokesman, shot by security forces while attempting to escape. There are reports of illegal police executions of cult members.
Increasing intensity of the brutal use of force
Boko Haram attacks and attacks, as well as the fighting related to Boko Haram, wreaked havoc in Nigeria and resulted in many victims. In 2016, the World Bank estimated the damage caused in the affected region at almost six billion US dollars and spoke of more than two million refugees and displaced persons. In the particularly affected state of Borno , around 30% of all private houses were destroyed, as well as over 5000 buildings from more than 500 educational institutions, over 1600 wells, more than 1200 administration buildings, over 700 installations of the power grid, more than 200 health facilities, over 70 police stations, 35 offices of the Electricity supplier and 14 prison buildings.
2010
After the military announced patrols in Maiduguri in response to repeated Boko Haram attacks with a total of twelve deaths, including seven police officers, and the police even banned motorcycling at night in order to make drive-by shoots more difficult for Boko Haram , According to police reports, a large group of heavily armed Boko Haram members attacked a prison in northern Nigeria in early September 2010; 732 detainees escaped, including 150 suspected Boko Haram members, most of whom were arrested during the 2009 riots. A police officer, a soldier and two residents were killed in the subsequent firefight, and six others were seriously injured.
At the end of 2010 the organization changed its name and has been called "جماعة أهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد, DMG ǧamāʿat ahl as-sunna li-d-daʿwa wa-l-ǧihād "(in English transcription, as it is used in Nigerian media:" Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad "), which literally translates as" Association of Sunnis for the Call to Islam and for Jihad ”.
She confessed to the series of attacks on Christians near the city of Jos , which on December 24, 2010 killed at least 38 people and caused serious unrest.
2011
According to the BBC , Boko Haram confessed to a series of bombings after the 2011 presidential election . Despite the ban on driving motorcycles at night, there were also political murders in the first half of 2011 through drive-by shoots that terrorized the residents of Maiduguri, as well as attacks on police stations and a church.
Boko Haram also confessed to the bombing of Nigeria's police headquarters in Abuja .
On June 26, 2011, members of the Boko Haram attacked three pubs in Maiduguri with firearms and explosive devices, killing at least 25 people.
In July 2011, increasing violence in Maiduguri caused the local university to close its doors and send students home. The military presence in and around Maiduguri has increased and there have been increasing allegations that the military is mistreating civilians. Thousands fled from the intensifying fighting.
On August 26, 2011, a car bomb attack on a United Nations building in the capital Abuja killed 23 people and injured many others. According to the BBC, Boko Haram has confessed to the attack.
After a series of bomb attacks, including on the police headquarters in the state of Yobe in northeastern Nigeria, on the evening of November 4, 2011, people moved to Yobe's capital Damaturu and the nearby town of Potiskumarmed Boko Haram followers roamed the streets for an hour and a half. They attacked police stations and churches with firearms and bombs. At least 63 people were killed. The attackers then fought with security forces. On the same day, a military headquarters in Maiduguri in the neighboring state of Borno was attacked with explosives by several suicide bombers. Boko Haram announced that it would continue its "attacks on federal government troops" until the security forces put an end to "their excesses against our supporters and vulnerable civilians".
Local police blamed Boko Haram for the attacks on two police stations and two bank branches in Azare on December 4, 2011.
At Christmas 2011, Boko Haram carried out several bomb attacks on Christian churches . An explosion in front of St. Theresa Church in Madalla , a suburb of Abuja, killed 35 people and injured 50. Two bombs were defused in Jos , a third detonated near the Mountain of Fire and Miracles church, injuring people. The explosion was followed by a firearm attack that killed a police officer. In Yobe state, where fighting between Boko Haram and security forces claimed more than 60 lives in the week before Christmas, there were in Damaturutwo attacks, one of which was a suicide attack on a State Security Service convoy, killing four people including the suicide bomber. There was also an explosion in front of a church in Gadaka , and no one was injured. Boko Haram announced that the series of attacks, which cost up to a hundred lives in the days before Christmas, will continue.
The group is blamed for at least 510 murders in 2011.
2012
On January 1, 2012, Boko Haram gave the Christians living in northern Nigeria three days to leave the Muslim north of the country and announced that they would target Christians after the deadline.
On January 5, 2012, at least six people were killed in a fire attack on a church in the city of Gombe . An attack on a meetinghouse in the city of Mubi on January 6, 2012 killed at least 20 Christian traders who met there to plan the evacuation of a parishioner who had been the victim of a drive-by shoot the previous day. In Yola , eight people were killed in an attack on an apostolic church and three other people died in an attack on a nearby beauty salon. In Potiskum, gunmen set fire to two banks with gasoline bombs, and the subsequent exchange of fire claimed two lives. Boko Haram confessed to the attacks in Gombe and Mubi.
In early January 2012, President Goodluck Jonathan said of the Islamist violence in the multiethnic state that it was "much worse than the civil war ". In contrast to his earlier assessments, Jonathan spoke in his statement that “the sympathizers of the terrorist group were also hiding in the ranks of the government, parliament and the courts.” In addition, he said, “Boko Haram supporters in the police apparatus, in Secret service and the military. ”The entire state of Nigeria was infiltrated by the terror network. According to the Süddeutsche Zeitungthe activists of Boko Haram are hard to get hold of: “If a young person is a member of the sect, then often not even his own father knows - this is how secret this alliance of radicals is. The assassins may sit unrecognized at the family table in the evening before they detonate a bomb the next morning. "
Officially, the meaning of Boko Haram is controversial. The American historian Jean Herskovits denies that Boko Haram is an Islamist terrorist group, because some criminal syndicates, including those from the predominantly Christian south of Nigeria, like to use the name “Boko Haram”. She mainly blames poverty in Nigeria's Islamic north for the violence. This is vehemently denied in the Nigerian blog Liberty Report from Ondo and Herskovits is accused of being biased due to lucrative positions in Nigerian institutions.
On January 20, 2012, the group carried out a series of terrorist attacks using explosives and firearms on several police stations in Kano , northeastern Nigeria. At least 191 people were killed. It is believed that the group's weapons came from Libya .
On March 8, 2012, two European hostages, a British and an Italian engineer, who had been kidnapped in Birnin Kebbi in May of the previous year , were killed by British and Nigerian special forces in Sokoto during an attempt at rescue . The spokesman for Boko Haram denied any participation in the hostage-taking, citing that they opposed such practices.
On March 31, 2012, Nigerian security forces killed nine suspected terrorists when they were digging a "bomb factory" in Okene that the authorities assigned to Boko Haram. Two security guards were also killed in the firefight.
On April 9, 2012, 16 people were killed in a bomb attack on the electoral commission in Suleja, Niger state . For this attack and for a bomb attack on a church that left three dead in July 2012, five suspected Boko Haram members were sentenced in July 2013, four were sentenced to life imprisonment and one to ten years in prison, and a sixth defendant was acquitted.
On April 26, 2012, nine people died when the THISDAY newspaper offices in Abuja and Kaduna were attacked. While a suicide bomber rammed his car bomb into the office building in Abuja, the driver of the car bomb that detonated in the courtyard of the office building there was arrested in Kaduna.
On April 29, 2012, around 20 people died in a Boko Haram attack on Christian worship services on the grounds of the university in Kano , first one in the open air and then another in a university building, where the participants stood up to the Doors crowded, were shot at from two motorcycles and from a car, and were pelted with explosive devices. Another attack on the Church of Christ in Nigeria chapel in Maiduguri killed five people.
On June 10, 2012, at least seven people died as a result of two attacks on churches in northern Nigeria. At least 48 people were injured and up to five dead in Jos when a suicide bomber set off a bomb in his limousine in front of the Christ Chosen Church of God, causing it to collapse. At least three to five people were then killed in retaliatory attacks on Muslims by Christian demonstrators who set up roadblocks and fought street battles with the police. In Biu, at least one person died in a fire attack on the EYN church, at least three people, according to other reports five, were injured. Boko Haram confessed to both attacks.
According to the Nigerian Red Cross, 50 people died on June 17 after attacks on churches in Zaria and Kaduna, to which Boko Haram claimed responsibility, and 131 were injured. First, a suicide bomber broke through the barriers in front of the EWCA Goodnews Wusasa Zaria Church around 9 a.m., according to the Nigerian Red Cross, two people died and 22 were injured in the explosion. Government circles assume at least 24 dead and 125 injured. Minutes later there was an explosion at Christ the King Catholic Church in Zaria, killing 16 people and injuring 31, according to the Nigerian Red Cross. In government circles, there was talk of ten dead and 50 injured. At least 10 people died in a bomb attack on a third church in Kaduna, according to the Nigerian Red Cross, Along with retaliatory attacks by young Christians, who also set fire to mosques and Muslim houses, Kaduna was killed and 78 injured, resulting in a 24-hour curfew. The news agencyReuters expects Kaduna to be killed by the attacks and 52 by the retaliatory attacks. On June 19, there were clashes between Muslims and Christians in Kaduna, with at least 40 people killed, 62 injured and one church destroyed, according to the local Red Cross.
Police reported that 34 Boko Haram supporters were killed and seven arrested during skirmishes with security forces in Damaturu on June 19, with six members of the security forces being killed and four police officers receiving treatment for gunshot wounds.
In early July, Tuareg rebels in Mali accused Boko Haram of participating in the destruction of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Timbuktu by Ansar Dine , together with Al-Qaida .
In August the Nigerian military succeeded in arresting an immigration officer who posed as an army officer. He confessed his active Boko Haram membership and reported on training in weapon handling, assassination and commando operations that he had received with 15 others in Niger. His testimony enabled the military to arrest other government officials who were working with Boko Haram.
In September, Boko Haram targeted cell phone masts in northern Nigeria; millions of euros in damage were caused when at least 24 transmission masts in the cities of Kano, Maiduguri, Gombe, Bauchi and Potiskum were attacked "in retaliation for the cooperation between the network operators and the security authorities" (using information from the network operators to arrest Boko Haram members) were. In late September, 35 suspected Boko Haram supporters were killed and another 60 were arrested during military actions in Adamawa and Yobe states. The military went door-to-door on the night of September 23-24 in three parts of Damaturu where a curfew had been imposed. Two soldiers were injured in firefights, dozens of firearms and bombs,
It happened on the night of October 2nd in a dorm on the campus of Federal Polytechnic University of Mubiexecutions of at least 26 people in northeastern Nigeria, despite a curfew in the city from 3:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. It is suspected that there was an attack by the Boko Haram or that there was a connection with ethnic and religious conflicts in the area surrounding the election of the student council the day before, because the Christian election winner was also killed. University officials consider a connection with the election to be a fallacy. Gunshots could be heard for about two hours during the night; Students were called out of their rooms by name before they were shot or stabbed. According to a representative of the university and a local resident to the BBC, the number of victims is 40 deaths. Christians and Muslims were among the victims, an elderly resident and two security guards were also killed. As a result of the massacre, the university was closed and some students left town, marking their vehicles as neutral. On October 3, police rioted to secure the city and went door-to-door in search of the perpetrators, while Nigeria's Senate severely condemned "the killing of innocent students" and urged the government to arrest the perpetrators quickly. The damaged cellular network made it difficult for the BBC to get accurate information from the city, so some reports contradicted each other. while Nigeria's Senate severely condemned "the killing of innocent students" and urged the government to quickly apprehend the perpetrators. The damaged cellular network made it difficult for the BBC to get accurate information from the city, so some reports contradicted each other. while Nigeria's Senate severely condemned "the killing of innocent students" and urged the government to quickly apprehend the perpetrators. The damaged cellular network made it difficult for the BBC to get accurate information from the city, so some reports contradicted each other.
Boko Haram denied involvement with reference to the procedure. A terrorist group leader said, "If students [had been] our target, we would have shot them arbitrarily while sighting in their school and not sneaked up on them in the creeping darkness in an area where both students were as well as local residents, ”adding that Boko Haram would not have left it with just one student massacre if students had been one of their targets. In addition, he said the group would choose government property, i.e. university equipment and buildings, rather than students as a target. Police arrested 30 suspects, including twelve members of the Boko Haram and four students who were also members of the terrorist group. According to the investigators, three students, who are alleged to have been the masterminds behind the attack, as members of the opposition in the student council before the election, threatened with consequences if they were defeated. After their electoral defeat, the three members of Boko Haram are said to have contacted other Boko Haram members and planned an act of revenge. The attack was carried out at a time when all the leaders of the student council were in the dormitory. The murderers would have known the names, domiciles, movements and whereabouts of their fellow students. The reopening of the university was scheduled for November 5th and the resumption of examinations for November 13th. who are allegedly the masterminds of the attack, as members of the opposition in the student council before the election, threatened with consequences in the event of defeat. After their electoral defeat, the three members of Boko Haram are said to have contacted other Boko Haram members and planned an act of revenge. The attack was carried out at a time when all the leaders of the student council were in the dormitory. The murderers would have known the names, domiciles, movements and whereabouts of their fellow students. The reopening of the university was scheduled for November 5th and the resumption of examinations for November 13th. who are allegedly the masterminds of the attack, as members of the opposition in the student council before the election, threatened with consequences in the event of defeat. After their electoral defeat, the three members of Boko Haram are said to have contacted other Boko Haram members and planned an act of revenge. The attack was carried out at a time when all the leaders of the student council were in the dormitory. The murderers would have known the names, domiciles, movements and whereabouts of their fellow students. The reopening of the university was scheduled for November 5th and the resumption of examinations for November 13th. After their electoral defeat, the three members of Boko Haram are said to have contacted other Boko Haram members and planned an act of revenge. The attack was carried out at a time when all the leaders of the student council were in the dormitory. The murderers would have known the names, domiciles, movements and whereabouts of their fellow students. The reopening of the university was scheduled for November 5th and the resumption of examinations for November 13th. After their electoral defeat, the three members of Boko Haram are said to have contacted other Boko Haram members and planned an act of revenge. The attack was carried out at a time when all the leaders of the student council were in the dormitory. The murderers would have known the names, domiciles, movements and whereabouts of their fellow students. The reopening of the university was scheduled for November 5th and the resumption of examinations for November 13th. The murderers would have known the names, domiciles, movements and whereabouts of their fellow students. The reopening of the university was scheduled for November 5th and the resumption of examinations for November 13th. The murderers would have known the names, domiciles, movements and whereabouts of their fellow students. The reopening of the university was scheduled for November 5th and the resumption of examinations for November 13th.
According to the military, 30 suspected Boko Haram supporters were killed in firefights with the military in Damaturu at the beginning of October, including the commander of Boko Haram in Damaturu, and ten people were arrested. Early reports from police circles spoke of only four dead.
On October 15, Boko Haram bombed the military in several locations in Maiduguri. According to the military, 24 of the attackers were killed, four were arrested and one soldier was injured, while no civilians were injured. Local residents reported that armed men raided a market in the afternoon, and a traffic policeman was said to have been shot dead by an armed man near a military roadblock. Around 6:00 p.m. local time there was the first of up to 15 explosions, and a primary school and a radio tower are said to have been set on fire; there were reports of civilians and soldiers dead, which the military denied. The military sealed off most streets in the city center after the late night attacks began.
On the night of November 1st and 2nd, members of the Nigerian Armed Forces shot dead at least 48 youths suspected of membership of Boko Haram in Maiduguri, according to BBC news.
On November 16, 2012, Ibn Saleh Ibrahim, the leader of Boko Haram, was killed in a gun battle with the Nigerian military in Maiduguri city . His successor is Abubakar Shekau .
On December 22nd, suicide bombers attacked two line exchanges in Kano. The first attack was on a Bharti Airtel facility in the Sabon Gari district; According to witnesses, a vehicle rammed the facility's gate, causing a second vehicle loaded with explosives to drive into the building. The driver of the second car got out and had an exchange of fire with the guards before the vehicle finally exploded. The second attack was on a Mobile Telephone Networks facility in the Bompai neighborhood; There a vehicle exploded in front of the building.
On the night of December 24th to 25th, a group of strangers attacked the Protestant church in the vicinity of the town of Potiskum and killed six people, including the pastor. The congregation belongs to the Evangelical Church of West Africa (ECWA).
2013
On January 13, 2013, the Nigerian military in Maidiguri arrested Mohammed Zangina, also known as Mallam Abdullahi and Alhaji Musa, a key member of the Boko Haram Shura Council and leader of Boko Haram in north-central Nigeria. He was charged with coordinating most of the bomb attacks in Abuja, Kaduna, Kano, Jos and Potiskum and a reward of 25 million naira was offered for his capture.
On February 8, 2013, a total of nine female employees of a vaccination teams against in Kano were polio shot. Due to a ban on transporting passengers on motorcycles in Kano (which was intended to curb drive-by shoots), the attackers used motorized tricycles in their attacks on medical care centers in Kano and in Hotoro, a suburb of Kano, which is the stronghold of Boko Haram was true.
On February 16, 2013, seven employees of the Lebanese construction company Setraco were kidnapped in Jama'are in the state of Bauchi . The attackers first attacked a police station and tried to break into a prison. When this failed, they went to a construction site of the construction company and murdered the security guard. They then kidnapped the foreign specialists. The Boko Haram splinter group Ansaru confessed to the kidnapping and claimed in early March 2013 to have murdered the abductees as punishment for attempting to free them by force: a transfer of British troops via Abuja to Bamako in Mali was rumored to have been triggered a possible liberation action.
On February 21, 2013, a French family of five was kidnapped in Waza National Park in Limani in northern Cameroon . Boko Haram demanded that the French military operation in Mali be abandoned in order to be released . The family was released unharmed by their kidnappers on April 19, 2013 after two months.
On March 18, 2013, supporters of the Boko Haram committed an attack on the bus station in Kano . Over 20 people were killed in the series of explosions.
In April 2013, at least 185 people died in heavy fighting between the Nigerian armed forces and the Islamist sect in the fishing village of Baga in the state of Borno , on the border with Chad .
On the morning of May 7, 2013, around 200 Boko Haram fighters, some of them wearing army uniforms, attacked government facilities in Bama , Borno state. The local police station, barracks, a court and other public buildings were destroyed, and 105 prisoners were freed from a prison. Nigerian forces repulsed the attack on the barracks, detaining two Boko Haram members and killing ten. The five-hour battle claimed a total of 55 lives, including 22 police officers, 14 correctional officers, two soldiers, 13 members of the Boko Haram and four civilians, a woman and three children.
As the violence escalated, Nigeria's President Goodluck Jonathan declared a state of emergency on May 14, 2013 for the states of Borno, Yobe and Adamawa. It is estimated that by May 2013, Boko Haram had killed more than 4,000 people. In a new offensive against the group, the Nigerian armed forces relocated thousands of additional soldiers and heavy equipment to the affected areas and partially switched off the cellular network. On May 17, the Nigerian military announced that at least 30 Boko Haram fighters had been killed in air strikes on Boko Haram camps, some of which were in the Sambisa Game Reserve , since May 15 . These were the first air strikes by the Nigerian army in their own country sinceBiafran War . Meanwhile, on the night of May 17, there were gunfire and explosions in Daura, near Niger, in the northern state of Katsina ; Local residents reported five dead security forces and three dead attackers, as well as destroyed banks, police stations and prisons.
On May 20, the military imposed a 24-hour curfew on parts of Maiduguri, the capital of Borno. House searches are said to have been carried out. According to the military, over 200 Boko Haram fighters were arrested in the first week of the state of emergency, 120 of them at a commander's funeral.
On June 3, the US State Department's Rewards for Justice program offered a reward of up to $ 7 million for clues about the whereabouts of Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau. On June 5, the Nigerian President classified Boko Haram as a terrorist organization whose support constitutes an offense that carries a minimum sentence of 20 years in prison.
In early June, vigilante groups formed in Maidiguri, erected roadblocks and arrested Boko Haram supporters and handed them over to the Nigerian armed forces. The vigilante groups were made up of residents who cooperated with the military but received neither weapons nor payment. The increased search pressure forced Boko Haram to act even more covertly. The army shot dead some suspected Boko Haram members who disguised as women with face veils and hid their firearms under floor-length robes. According to eyewitnesses to a retaliatory attack directed against members of a vigilante group, Boko Haram supporters who disguised themselves as a funeral procession and were able to hide their firearms in their coffins shot dead 13 people. Young people arrested the Boko Haram followers
On Thursday, June 20, the Nigerian Army banned satellite phone possession in Borno state and threatened arrest anyone found there with a satellite phone, accessories or satellite phone recharge cards. According to Lieutenant Colonel Sagir Musa the ban was a response to the use of satellite phones by insurgents to plan attacks on two schools. At least 16 students and two teachers had been killed in the attacks the previous weekend. The mobile networks in Borno had already been paralyzed beforehand.
On the night of July 5-6, at least 42 people were killed in a robbery on a boarding school in Mamudo, Yobe state. Blasts detonated in the dormitories, and most of those killed were students. The Nigerian Armed Forces have put an information lock on them. The cell phone networks in Yobe and Borno were paralyzed due to the imposition of the state of emergency since May 16, 2013 and in Adamawa since May 26, 2013. The attack is attributed to Boko Haram; on July 4, 22 Boko Haram members were killed near the school. On July 7th, Yobe Governor Ibrahim Gaidam ordered the closure of all secondary schools in Yobe until the beginning of the next school year in September, assured the victims of the attack free medical care and asked for the cellular networks to be switched on again so that information from the population could reach the security forces unhindered. As a result, the Nigerian armed forces restored the cellular network in the somewhat quieter state of Adamawa on July 11; it remained switched off in Yobe and Borno.
According to the Nigerian armed forces, attacks with explosives and 'highly developed weapons' on August 4 hit a police station in Bama and a military base in Malam Fatori, both in the state of Borno, and a total of 32 Boko Haram fighters in the ensuing exchange of fire. two soldiers and a policeman were killed. Brigadier General announced on August 14thChris Olukolade, the Nigerian military killed the deputy of Abubakar Shekau, Momodu Bama, one of the most wanted Boko haram leaders, who had a bounty of 155,000 USD, in fighting in the Bama area in Borno state in early August 2013. Lt. Col. Sagir Musa confirmed that Momodu Bama and his father Abatcha Flatari, who was believed to be one of the spiritual leaders of Boko Haram, were killed in fighting on August 4, 2013 in the aftermath of the attack on the Bama police station.
On August 11, 2013, at least 44 people were shot dead during morning prayers in an attack on a mosque in the city of Konduga, Borno State, about 35 km from Maiduguri . From August 10 to the morning of August 11, 12 people were killed in Ngom village in Mafa district near Maiduguri. The village had recently been stormed by some soldiers and a youth vigilante group and combed for Boko Haram members. Nigerian officials suspect that the attackers, who are said to have worn military uniforms, were Boko Haram members seeking revenge on vigilante groups. Nigerian media speak of 51 dead in Konduga, a total of 63 dead, and at least 26 injured.
On the night of August 15-16, 2013, at least eleven people were killed in Damboa, Borno state, when suspected Boko Haram fighters attacked the city. While attacks on the police station and a military post were repulsed, more fighters shot dead civilians and set fire to around 20 houses.
According to reports from several Nigerian newspapers, on August 20, 2013, around 50 attackers killed at least 44 people in the village of Dumba near Baga, Borno state, by cutting their throats, according to the villagers. Some of the survivors had their eyes gouged out. Other reports spoke of an attack on Dumba on August 19, killing at least 35 people. Brigadier General Chris Olukolade said members of Boko Haram shot at villagers as they left the mosque after morning prayers on August 19; the attack was in retaliation for the villagers' refusal to cooperate with Boko Haram. There are differing reports that speak of two attacks, with 44 dead in Baga and 35 dead in Dumba. Due to a lack of telephone connections, emergency services were delayed and the news of the attack did not reach the public until 23 August. By August 27, more than 4,000 refugees, mostly fishermen or farmers, had been registered in the refugee camp, which was set up in the central elementary school of Baga for those who had fled due to the attack on Dumba.
On August 25 and 26, 2013, at least 24 people were killed in two alleged attacks by the Boko Haram on vigilante groups in Borno state . The first act in Bama 18 and the second act in Damasak shot a further six people.
On August 30, 2013, a vigilante group was ambushed near Monguno, Borno State, when they tried to reach a Boko Haram camp to arrest Boko Haram members. The more than 100 young people had waited in vain for hours for the agreed military escort and then left without escort. Boko Haram fighters, who disguised themselves as soldiers in military uniforms and three captured patrol vehicles, killed at least 24 of the youths, and a further 34 were missing after the attack.
According to Lt. Col. Sagir Musa, on September 6, 2013, Nigerian armed forces with air support killed around 50 Boko Haram members in attacks on their camp in northeastern Nigeria. On September 4, Boko Haram fighters attacked Gajiram, a village north of Maiduguri in the state, where many traders were on market day, killing 15 people and setting fire to several buildings. On the morning of September 5, Boko Haram fighters shot dead five people on their way to the mosque in the small town of Bulabilin Ngaura, southeast of Maiduguri. After both raids, Nigerian forces succeeded in following the attackers to their camps and destroying them.
On the morning of September 8, 2013, members of a vigilante group in Benisheik, west of Maiduguri, Borno state, were ambushed by suspected Boko Haram fighters who were shooting at the vigilantes from trees. The vigilante group had been waiting for Boko Haram fighters to approach the place since September 6th. There are contradicting statements about the effectiveness of the vigilante support provided by regular Nigerian troops. At least 13 members of the vigilante group and five suspected Boko Haram fighters died in the battle.
On September 12, 2013, Nigerian forces attacked a fortified Boko Haram base in the Kasiya Forest north of Maiduguri in Borno state, which was defended by vehicle-mounted anti-tank and anti-aircraft guns. According to the armed forces, 150 Boko Haram fighters and 16 soldiers were killed and nine soldiers were missing. Other reports speak of up to 100 soldiers killed.
On September 17, Boko Haram fighters camouflaged in military uniforms erected a roadblock near Benisheik and shot refugees. They also moved into town with around 20 pickups . At least 143 people were killed in the attack.
On September 18, Islamists attacked Buni Yadi in Yobe state and burned the police station and other public buildings. A soldier was killed in an exchange of fire with the attackers - the police chief's wife was burned in her home.
On September 20, 2013, Nigerian security forces came under heavy fire in Abuja, the capital, in the Abo district, killing up to nine people when they tried to dig up a suspected Boko Haram weapons cache around 3:00 am. The security forces arrested twelve suspected Boko Haram members.
On September 27, 2013, alleged members of the Boko Haram killed the Islamic clergyman Malam Alaramma Dan-Gubana in the Nangere Local Government in Yobe state .
On September 28, 2013 , 27 people were killed in attacks by Boko Haram in the state of Borno , Fulatari and Kanumburi, suburbs of the small town of Gamboru .
On 29 September 2013 eleven residents of the district were Zangang the place Attakar Chiefdom in the state of Kaduna killed - some houses were burned down.
Suspected Boko Haram members attacked a student dormitory at the Agricultural College in Gujba District of Yobe State on September 29, 2013. They shot up to 50 sleeping students and set fire to the university's classrooms.
On the morning of October 20, 2013, 9 armed men dressed like soldiers on motorcycles stopped vehicles near Logumani, Borno State, forcing inmates to get out and lie on the ground. The bearded men, classified by survivors as supporters of Boko Haram, shot five people and killed 14 others with knives or machetes. When the perpetrators received a call warning them of approaching soldiers, they broke off the massacre and fled into the bush on their motorcycles.
On the evening of October 24, 2013, around 20 armed men, some in military uniforms, attacked a hospital in Damaturu, Yobe state. They stole medicines and drove off in ambulances. The Nigerian armed forces, which arrived after an hour at the earliest, fought for seven hours with the alleged Boko Haram fighters, including in other parts of the city, and then imposed a 24-hour curfew. The military also said they had killed 74 suspected Boko Haram fighters in a ground and air strike on a Boko Haram camp in Borno state.
On November 2, 2013, gunmen attacked a wedding convoy on the road between Bama and Banki, Borno state, killing over 30 people, including the groom. The Nigerian armed forces spoke of only five victims.
On November 9, 2013, 7 people died in fighting between the Boko Haram and the Nigerian army in Kano in the state of the same name. In the fighting, five militants were killed on the side of the Boko Haram and two soldiers on the side of the Nigerian armed forces.
On November 12, 2013, 26 people died in attacks in the north of the country. The attackers also set fire to at least 40 houses in the rural area in the state of Borno in the previous days and burned them to the ground.
On November 13, 2013, the United States Department of State classified Boko Haram as a terrorist organization.
On November 23, 2013, around 30 gunmen stormed the village of Sandiya in Borno state in a convoy of pickups and motorcycles and opened fire on the residents. The Islamists killed 12 people, set fire to houses and stole vehicles. Residents said Boko Haram accused them of collaborating with security agencies.
On November 29, 2013, 17 people were murdered in Sabon Gari, Borno state . In addition, members of the Boko Haram burned down over 100 houses, shops and a market.
On December 2, 2013, members of the terrorist group attacked the Composite Group Air Force Base of the Nigerian Armed Force in a suburb of Maiduguri . According to press reports, more than 20 soldiers were killed in the fighting that followed. The Nigerian armed forces spoke of two injured soldiers and the destruction of two helicopters and three retired aircraft. According to military reports, 24 attackers are said to have been killed. In addition, a car bomb exploded in front of Maiduguri International Airport in Borno state, to which the Boko Haram professed. Local residents spoke of an attack by hundreds of armed forces on armed forces bases in the city, in which houses were torn down and shops and gas stations were set on fire.
At 3:00 a.m. local time on December 20, 2013, insurgents swarmed with a convoy of four-wheel drive vehicles around a barracks area on the edge of Bama in the state of Borno and attacked it with explosives, assault rifles and bazookas. The attack, in which women and children were also killed, could only be ended after hours by the use of fighter planes. On December 24, Major General Chris Olukolade announced that air surveillance had tracked the attackers fleeing to Cameroon, which had enabled Nigerian forces to destroy more than 20 insurgent vehicles, killing 50 insurgents, 15 soldiers and five civilians have come.
2014
Abubakar Shekau, the leader of Boko Haram, threatened in a letter to the President of Cameroon at the beginning of 2014 that Boko Haram would declare war on Cameroon, with whom she otherwise “had no problem”, if Cameroonian armed forces continued to fight between Boko Haram and Nigerian armed forces in the border area would side with the Nigerian armed forces or attack Boko Haram units retreating from Nigeria to Cameroon.
The year 2014 began with an offensive by the Nigerian armed forces against Boko Haram camps in the Sambisa forest in Borno state . The offensive during the first week of January started on December 31, 2013. With helicopters, fighter jets and heavy artillery, the Nigerian armed forces inflicted losses on Boko Haram and tried to drive the sect out of the area after the first offensive in May 2013 failed to permanently prevent Boko Haram from operating in the area.
On January 9, 2014, 38 Boko Haram fighters died while trying to attack the 195th Battalion of the 7th Infantry Division of the Nigerian Army in Damboa, Borno state. The army, on whose side a soldier fell, captured three vehicles as well as weapons and ammunition, including ammunition for light and heavy machine guns.
On January 12, 2014, five traders were killed in a Boko Haram attack on a market in Kayamula village, Borno state. Around ten days earlier, nine people had already been killed in a previous attack by the sect on Kayamula.
On January 14, a car bomb near a market in Maiduguri, capital of Borno state, killed at least 17 people. Boko Haram confessed to the attack. The military, which according to witnesses used automatic weapons after the explosion, announced that a suspect had been arrested.
On January 15, Boko Haram fighters attacked Banki police station in Borno state with bazookas, set them on fire and killed one policeman. According to local residents, they went from door to door after the attack, which lasted over an hour, and cut residents' throats.
On January 19, suspected Boko Haram fighters attacked the village of Alau Ngawo Fatie, Borno state, killing 18 people.
According to the Nigerian Armed Forces, Boko Haram fighters attacked Kawuri village, Borno state, and a church service in Waga Chakawa village, Adamawa state, on January 26, 2014. In Kawuri, where a market was just ending, witnesses reported that more than 50 attackers entered the village in a convoy of 26 vehicles, including two armored vehicles . They killed 85 people and set fire to more than 300 houses with explosives and firearms. In Waga Chakawa, gunmen detonated bombs and shot people at a church service, killing 30 people. They also burned houses and took local residents hostage.
On January 30, ten suspected Boko Haram fighters who came in two vehicles from Maiduguri attacked a police station in Giade district in Bauchi state with improvised explosive devices, shot a police officer, freed a prisoner and stolen weapons and ammunition.
The Nigerian Air Force announced on February 5, 2014 that it had inflicted heavy losses on the insurgents through air strikes against Boko Haram hideouts in the Bulabulim and Yujiwa-Alagarno areas in Borno state and forced them to retreat to Cameroon, Chad and Niger.
With the onset of sunset, gunmen attacked the small town of Konduga in the state of Borno on February 11, 2014 with four-wheel drive vehicles. The Nigerian security forces and armed forces stationed there fled. Also summoned reinforcements from Maiduguri could with her -47 AK not prevail against the Boko Haram fighters, among other things, with heavier weapons such as rocket-propelled grenades and Browning - machine guns , as well as specialized weapons such as AA-12 combat rifleswere equipped. Attack helicopters dispatched could not fire because the attackers mingled with the population. 39 people were killed, a mosque and more than 1,000 houses were destroyed, the inhabitants fled under cover of darkness, many on foot, as far as the capital of the state, Maiduguri, 35 kilometers away. Initial reports spoke of an aircraft belonging to the Nigerian armed forces, which a few hours after the start of the attack shot at the attackers until they fled.
On February 15, 2014, around 100 Boko Haram fighters attacked the predominantly Christian village of Izghe in the state of Borno on the border with the state of Adamawa. They gathered the men of the village and killed those gathered with machetes and firearms, then went door to door and killed everyone they encountered. The five hour attack on the village killed 146 people. The Nigerian armed forces, which withdrew from the area after losing nine soldiers the week before, did not intervene. On February 23, 2014, gunmen again attacked the village of Izghe, where some elderly residents were still staying. They completely burned the village and killed four people, according to a local resident. Senator Ali Ndume from Borno accused the Nigerian army of
On February 17, 2014, 20 suspected Boko Haram members were arrested in Diffa , Niger, on charges of planning attacks in Niger in retaliation for support for the Nigerian armed forces. On February 18, a Boko Haram training camp was discovered in Niger, where fighters were trained in anti-tank, anti-aircraft and AA-12 melee rifles .
On the morning of February 19, 2014, Boko Haram attacked the city of Bama, Borno state, for five hours. Around 80 to 98 residents were killed in the attack, the palace of the Emir of Bama, Alhaji Kyari Ibn Ibrahim El-Kanemi , was partially burned down, and schools and other buildings were attacked. The vigilante and local administration said around a hundred of the attackers were killed. The Nigerian Air Force dispatched planes from Maiduguri to bomb the attackers.
On February 23, 2014, the Nigerian military closed the border between Adamawa State and Cameroon in order to cut off Boko Haram from its bases in Cameroon and to prevent Boko Haram groups from continuing to withdraw to Cameroon after attacks in Nigeria.
On the morning of February 25, 2014, more than 50 suspected Boko haram members attacked a boarding school in Buni Yadi, capital of Gujba district, Yobe state, killing between 29 and 43 people, many of whom were students in their night shelters. The attackers rounded up the students and asked them to drop out of school and get married instead. According to the BBC, only the male students were killed after the breakup with the female students, according to Vanguardalso schoolgirls. The kidnapping of more than 16 schoolgirls was reported, and parts of the school, administration building, a court, telecommunications masts and private buildings were set on fire. Security forces stationed near the boarding school were withdrawn from the area on February 24, just hours before the attack.
On February 27, convoys of Boko Haram fighters armed with bazookas, among other things, attacked the city of Michika in Adamawa state and the nearby villages of Shuwa and Kirchinga, killing at least 37 people, looting banks, shops and houses and setting them on fire at. The Nigerian armed forces killed six Boko Haram fighters in their counter-offensive.
On March 1, 2014, there was a bomb attack attributed to Boko Haram in Maiduguri, Borno state, which killed at least 70 people. The first thing to do was to detonate a bomb hidden in a truck and hit many spectators at a soccer game and a wedding party. Shortly thereafter, a second bomb detonated, which hit the rescuers who had rushed to the area. A few hours later, gunmen attacked Mainok village 50 km west of Maiduguri, killing at least 39 people and burning Mainok.
On the night of March 3, Boko Haram attacked the town of Mafa in Borno state, killing at least 36 people and destroying around 80% of the town's buildings. Boko Haram had announced the attack a week earlier, whereupon the Nigerian armed forces increased their presence in Mafa, closed some schools and most residents fled to Maiduguri, 45 km away. When the attack took place, however, the Nigerian armed forces had neither the firepower nor the manpower to prevail against the attackers and fled the city with the surviving residents.
On March 3, Boko Haram attacked the village of Jakana, located in the Konduga district, some 20 km from Mainok, which was attacked on March 1. Many buildings, including the local police station, were set on fire. At least 11 people, 40 according to other reports, including two police officers, were killed. The attackers then withdrew to the Sambisa forest.
Also on March 3, Cameroonian armed forces succeeded in catching a group of 30 Boko Haram fighters near the border with Nigeria, killing six Boko Haram fighters and taking two prisoners, with one soldier falling.
On March 14, 2014, hundreds of militant Boko Haram supporters were attacked on the Giwa Baracks barracks in Gamboru, Borno State, at least 22 people. The vigilantes Civilian JTF killed before the University of Maiduguri some of the fleeing attackers. The Nigerian Air Force was also deployed. An eyewitness reported an illegal execution by security forces and desecration by the vigilante group. Another eyewitness reported 198 illegal executions by Nigerian forces at one of their roadblocks. Amnesty International estimates that 600 people were killed.
On March 30, 2014, at least 21 people died in a prison revolt by Boko Haram members and other prison inmates. A group of Boko Haram supporters attempted to free members incarcerated by attacking Aso Rock prison. The supporters then engaged in a shooting with the State Security Service in front of the presidential villa on Aso Rock , killing 21 people.
On April 1, 2014, at least 21 people were killed in the explosion of a vehicle loaded with explosives at a roadblock on the outskirts of Maiduguri, Borno state. Four vehicles loaded with explosives tried to reach a gas station, but Nigerian forces at a roadblock were able to stop three of the vehicles by shooting at them. The fourth vehicle then detonated near the roadblock, killing at least 15 civilians and six suspected Boko Haram members.
On April 4, 2014, gunmen believed to have links to Boko Haram kidnapped the two Catholic priests Giampaolo Marta and Gianantonio Allegri in Maroua , Cameroon at 2 a.m. local time . The same group also kidnapped an 80-year-old Canadian nun in Yaoundé .
On April 5, 2014, at least 17 people died in an Islamist attack on the village of Buni Gari in Yobe state. The attack occurred early in the morning during morning prayers. Armed Islamists surrounded the village, shot residents and set fire to houses and shops. They killed at least five believers in the mosque they surrounded.
From April 9 to 11, Islamists killed between 135 and 210 people in attacks on Dikwa, Kala Balge, Gambulga and Gwoza and in an ambush on the Maiduguri-Biu road. Eight teachers were killed in a teacher training center in Dikwa and the library was burned down. Reports of attacks on a nationwide exam have been denied.
On April 12 and 13, 2014, at least 38 people died in two attacks by Islamic militants on the villages of Ngoshe and Kaigamari in the LGAs Gwoza and Konduga in Borno state, 30 in Ngoshe and eight in Kaigamari. The attackers, armed with AK-47s, RPGs and explosives, also set fire to houses and shops and destroyed telecommunications masts.
On April 13, at least 60 people were killed in Islamist attacks on the village of Amchaka ( memento from October 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) and surrounding villages in the LGA Bama in Borno state.
On April 14, 2014, at least 75 people were killed and at least 124 more injured in a two car bomb explosion at the Nyanya Motor Park bus station in Abuja . At least 16 buses and 24 minibuses were also destroyed. Boko Haram confessed to the attack.
On the evening of April 14, 2014, a convoy of suspected Boko Haram fighters attacked Chibok in Borno state and burned 170 houses. After the attackers had prevailed in a battle against around 50 soldiers, they broke into a school disguised as soldiers, killed two security guards, stole supplies and kidnapped more than 200 under the pretext of getting them to safety from an attack from Boko Haram Schoolgirls from their dormitory, of whom about a dozen escaped. The Nigerian armed forces, together with security forces and volunteers, carried out a large-scale search for the kidnapped schoolgirls. Initial reports about a liberation of the students turned out to be false. Depending on the source, a total of 44 schoolgirls should have escaped, 85 to 230 would still be missing. There are reports that some of the missing students are overLake Chad was brought to neighboring countries, others are said to have been deported to Cameroon. There are also reports of schoolgirls being forced to marry Islamists who then imprisoned their “wife” in neighboring countries. The kidnapped schoolgirls are said to have been "sold" for the equivalent of nine euros.
On April 15, 2014, suspected Boko Haram fighters stopped two buses at a roadblock on the road from Bama to Gwoza near the village of Wala in the LGA Gwoza in Borno state. They asked the passengers about their origin; the 18 travelers who said they were from Gwoza were all killed, the rest were allowed to pass the barrier.
On the evening of April 15, 2014, gunmen who broke into the village of Sabon-Kasuawa, Hawul LGA, Borno state murdered the district's monarch in his bedroom. While trying to escape, the alleged Boko Haram members shot dead two of the monarch's guards.
On April 26, 2014, more than 40 suspected Boko Haram members and four soldiers died in an operation by the Nigerian army against the terrorist organization near the village of Bulanbuli in Borno state. Another nine soldiers were wounded.
On May 1, 2014, at least nine people were killed in an attack in Nyanya , Nasarawa state, from two car bombs at the Nyanya Mass Transit Bus Park bus station .
On May 7, 2014, gunmen broke into the village of Gamboru in northeastern Nigeria and killed residents there indiscriminately, Reuters initially stated the number to be at least 125, and later 200 to 300. One survivor stated that the attackers targeted the market and destroyed goods for export.
On May 18, 2014, at least five people were killed in a bomb attack in a neighborhood of the Hausa ethnic group in Sabon Gari , Kaduna state . The explosion occurred at 10 p.m. local time in a Christian neighborhood between a Shoprite market and a bar. The victims included a 12-year-old girl and her mother.
On May 20, 2014, several car bomb attacks occurred in Jos , Plateau state . The first bomb detonated in the middle of a busy shoe market on Murtala Muhammed Way . The detonation of the second bomb, which occurred about a quarter of an hour later, hit particularly hard the rushing helpers. At least 118 people died and 56 others were injured in the attacks.
On the night of May 21, 2014, a group of Boko Haram fighters attacked the village of Alagarno in the LGA Damboa in Borno state, whereupon many villagers fled into the bush. After hours of killing and looting, the attackers retreated with stolen vehicles and supplies after burning the village. 19 people were killed, including women and a child; one young woman has been missing since the attack. Ten people were also shot dead in the neighboring village of Shawa.
On May 24, 2014, three people died in a bomb attack on Bauchi Road in Jos during the public viewing of the UEFA Champions League final . At around 9:30 p.m. local time, an unconventional explosive device exploded in a delivery truck.
On the night of May 26-27, 2014, attacks on state facilities and police forces killed at least 54 people in the states of Borno and Yobe . In Ashigashiya , Borno state, 9 people died from gunshot wounds , the attackers from Boko Haram then burned down the houses and hoisted their white flags with Arabic letters. In addition, 21 police officers and 24 militants died when a police station was stormed in Buni Yadi , Yobe state.
On May 30, 2014, Boko Haram fighters carried out an assassination attempt on the Emir of Gwoza Alhaji Shehu Mustapha Idrisa Timta . The Emir died in the attack by several bullets in his car on the Hawul Road in Garkida in Borno State . In addition, a few hours earlier two Fulani emirs were wounded in Zhur , in the Sangere district of Adamawa state .
On May 31, 2014, at least 42 people died in two “religious cleansing” of Christians in the villages of Kanari , Wazarde and Gula in the Gamboru district of Borno state .
The two Christian Italian priests Gianantonio Allegri , Giampaolo Marta and the French-Canadian nun Gilberte Bussiére were released after around two months. The group was kidnapped on April 5, 2014 in Maroua by a splinter group of the Boko Haram in neighboring Cameroon .
On June 1, 2014, at least 40 people died during a public viewing in the Mubi Township Stadium of the game between Cameroon and Germany in the state of Adamawa .
On June 2, 2014, 13 people died in an attack on the Center for Caring Empowerment and Peace Initiative in Attagara, Borno state . The attackers shot at the fleeing believers, fatally injuring 13 people.
On June 5, 2014, supporters of the terrorist group abducted 20 women from the nomadic settlement of Garkin Fulani in Borno state . They armed women forced into cars. In addition, the troops took three men hostage because they wanted to prevent the kidnapping.
On June 8, 2014, the Nigerian army killed 50 supporters of the terrorist organization in the village of Bilta in Borno state . In addition, 30 weapons, 36 hand grenades, 7 Kalashnikovs and 11 grenade launchers were confiscated in Adamawa state .
On June 16, 2014, 21 people were killed by a car bomb in Damaturu during the public viewing broadcast of the soccer World Cup match between Nigeria and Iran.
On June 17, 2014, the 144th Battalion of the Nigerian Armed Forces arrested 486 members of the terrorist organization while raiding a convoy of 33 buses in Abia state.
On June 21, 2014, ten people died in an attack on Christians in the villages of Kwaranglum and Tsaha in Borno.
On June 22, 2014, at least 20 people died in an attack on Christians in the villages of Koronginim and Ntsiha. Subsequently, supporters of the radical Islamic organization fought with the Nigerian Armed Forces , in which several attackers died. In addition, several Boko Haram vehicles burned out. The village of Koronginim is only 9 km as the crow flies from Chibok, where around 200 schoolgirls were kidnapped in May 2014.
On August 24, 2014, police announced that 35 police officers were missing after an attack on a training center near Gwoza.
On October 27 and 28, 2014, fighters from the Boko Haram occupied the cities of Uba and Mubi on the western slopes of the Mandara Mountains, 150 km south of Maiduguri .
On October 31, 2014, at least eight people were killed when three bombs detonated at the Gombe Line Motor Park bus station in Cross, Gombe state . Many people waited at the station run by Gombe Line Transport Services Limited, up to 40 of whom died in the detonation. Up to 30 people were taken to Gombe General Hospital in Gombe City for treatment after the detonation .
In November 2014, Boko Haram confessed to the kidnapping of a German.
On November 2, 2014, at least one person was killed in an explosion and subsequent revolt in Koton Karfe prison in Lokoja . 144 inmates, mostly imprisoned supporters of the Boko Haram, managed to escape from the prison in Kogi state .
On November 3, 2014, at least 82 people died at the Ashura celebration in Potiskum town, Dogo Tebo district, Yobe state . The attack occurred by a suicide bomber during Shia celebrations . In addition, two believers died in front of the Saqafa Shia mosque in the Anguwar Bolawa district of Yobe state.
On the night of November 5-6 , 2014, 18 civilians and three supporters of the Nigerian armed forces were killed in the village of Abadam , Borno state . The decisive factor was ongoing fighting between the Nigerian army and the Boko Haram in Malam Fatori since Wednesday morning .
On November 7, 2014, at least 11 people died and around 24 others were injured in front of a Global ATM Alliance ATM in Azare , Bauchi state .
On November 10, 2014, 47 people died in an explosion outside the Government Comprehensive Senior Science Secondary School in Mamado , Yobe state . The detonation occurred at 7:50 a.m. local time, not far from the city of Potiskum , where more than 80 people died in an attack on Shia believers on November 3, 2014. Most of the victims were middle school students , around 79 others were injured, some seriously.
On November 24, 2014, several attackers shot dead at least 30 people in the village of Damasak in the Mobbar Local Government Area of Borno state . They were able to steal several AK-47s from an arms dealer .
On November 25, 2014, around 78 people died in two suicide attacks by women in a vegetable market in the metropolis of Maiduguri in Borno state .
On November 28, 2014, up to 120 people were killed and around 270 other people were injured in a suicide attack on the central mosque in Kano . The attack by twin bombs is thus the attack with the highest number of victims in Nigeria in 2014.
On December 1, 2014, Boko Haram supporters raided a police station in Damaturu and burned the building down. A few hours later, several attackers also attacked a university and a school in Maiduguri . At least 20 people died in both attacks and around 32 others were injured, some seriously.
In mid-December 2014, an attack on the town of Gumsuri in northeastern Nigeria became known, in which 30 people are said to have been shot and over 100 were abducted. Cameroon armed forces killed more than 100 Boko Haram fighters in the border area.
On December 21, 2014, at least 6 people were killed in a bomb explosion in a market square in Geidam, not far from the city of Bauchi .
On December 22, 2014, at least 35 people were killed in two bomb attacks in Gombe state and the city of Bauchi . At least 19 people died when a bomb detonated at Dukku Bus Park in Gombe, and another 10 people died in an explosion at Sharoon Bus Station.
On December 29, 2014, the Cameroonian armed forces repulsed an attack by 1,000 Boko Haram supporters on the Achigashiya military base - including with air strikes.
2015
On January 4, 2015, fighters from Boko Haram captured a Multinational Joint Task Force military base in Baga , Borno state, and burned the city to the ground. Baga was the last place in the region still controlled by the central government and had been attacked several times in the previous two years. In 2013, while fighting against Boko Haram, the Nigerian army massacred the civilian population, killing over 200 people. On January 7, 2015, Boko Haram carried out a massacre in Baga and the surrounding villages with numerous (feared possibly around 2,000) dead. The place was practically completely destroyed by arson. Two refugee men, 55 and 25 years old, report to the newspaperPremium Times for the first time and authentically about massive and horrific killings of refugees by Boko Haram. The civilian militia in Baga had been promised the assistance they had requested from the Nigerian military, but had been refused. The Nigerian government spoke of only 150 victims, including terrorists killed. In addition, two girls were abused by Boko Haram as carriers of remote-controlled bombs. Both the downplaying of the number of victims by the government and the rampant terror of Boko Haram were seen in connection with the presidential election in Nigeria scheduled for February 14, 2015. In January and February 2015, the megacity Maiduguriattacked. On February 7, 2015, the Nigerian government announced that the presidential and parliamentary elections would be postponed by six weeks to March 28, 2015 due to the poor security situation in the north of the country. The gubernatorial and state parliament elections were also to be postponed, from February 28 to April 11, 2015. This sparked protests by the opposition, who saw it as an undemocratic machination by President Goodluck Jonathan . There was also criticism from abroad, such as the United States. It is planned that a 7,500-strong reaction force from the African Union will support the Nigerian armed forces against Boko Haram.
In January 2015, fighting with Boko Haram also broke out in Cameroon. In the fight against the terrorist organization, the Cameroonian armed forces were supported by forces from Chad. The Chadian army fought on Nigerian soil for the first time on February 3 and, according to their information, killed around 200 Islamist fighters after they had carried out air strikes on terrorist positions in Gamboru the days before . On February 6, the terrorist group attacked Bosso in Niger for the first time .
On February 13, 2015, alleged fighters from Boko Haram attacked the village of Ngouboua in neighboring Chad . The attackers came over the Lake Chad in the Lac region and killed in the attack at least 21 people. In Ngouboua there were up to 1000 refugees from neighboring Nigeria who had sought refuge in Borno state in Chad after the Boko Haram attacks in recent years . Among the victims were some refugees from Nigeria and Mai Kolle, the police chief of the Lac region.
On February 22, 2015, at least six people died and at least 19 people were injured in an attack in Potiskum in Yobe state . According to initial findings, the explosives were detonated on a previously kidnapped seven-year-old girl. The attack was believed to be an act of retaliation for the Nigerian armed forces to retake the city of Baga .
On May 16, 2015, at least nine people were killed in a bomb attack on Damataru Central Motor Park . Another 31 were seriously injured in the explosion by a female suicide bomber.
On June 5, 2015, at least 50 people, including 6 people (including Pastor Buhari) , died in a series of attacks in the state of Yobe in the Redeemed Christian Church of God in Potiskum . In addition, 44 people died in a series of explosions in Jos and 47 others were injured.
On July 12, 2015, the Hausa ethnic group was assassinated in Fotokol , Cameroon , in which 13 residents died.
On July 22, 2015, 13 people died in a series of attacks on a marketplace in Maroua, Cameroon.
On July 25, 2015, at least 15 people were killed in an attack in a market in Damaturu . The explosive charge was detonated on a ten year old. The victims are 10 women and 5 men, at least 47 other people were injured.
On July 26, 2015, an attack on a bar in Maroua, Cameroon, killed 20 people and injured 79 others.
In early September, seven people died in suicide attacks in the city of Kolofata in northern Cameroon; 18 others were seriously injured and taken to Mora hospital.
On September 11, 2015, at least 7 people died and 13 others were injured in an attack on the Malkohi refugee camp in Adamawa State .
On September 21, a series of attacks in Maiduguri caused three bombs to kill at least 55 people and injure 90 others. 43 people died in the detonation in the market square Ajilari Cross in front of a mosque in Gomari in the state of Borno .
On October 10, 2015, a suicide bomber's bomb exploded at a fish market in the town of Baga Sola on Lake Chad . More than 30 people died.
On October 15, 2015, at 6:30 p.m. local time, a bomb detonated outside a mosque in the Mala district of Molai village, killing at least 42 people.
On October 24, 2015, 27 people were killed in an explosion during Friday afternoon prayers in a mosque in Yola. In addition, 28 people were killed in a suicide attack on a mosque in Maiduguri on the same day.
On November 17, 2015, at least 32 people died when a bomb detonated in a market square in Jimeta district, Yola city , Adamawa state . At least 80 others were injured, some seriously.
On November 21, 2015, at least ten people died in a bomb attack by four female suicide bombers. The explosions occurred in a market square in Nigue , a suburb of Fotokol in Cameroon . The detonations in the Logone-et-Chari district of the Extrême-Nord province , not far from Lake Chad , occurred at 1 p.m. local time.
On November 27, 2015, at least 20 people were killed in an attack on a Shiite procession in the village of Dakasoye , Kano state . The procession took place on the occasion of the 40th day of Ashura under the direction of the preacher Muhammad Turi of the Islamic Movement of Nigeria . Turi, like the chairman of the Islamic Movement of Nigeria , Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky , was unharmed.
On December 5, 2015, at least 30 people died in neighboring Chad . The three explosions occurred by suicide bombers on the island of Koulfoua in Lake Chad and also left at least 80 people injured.
2016
On January 26, 2016, at least 30 people were killed when a bomb detonated by a suicide bomber in Bodo Kouda, Cameroon . More than 60 people were injured in the attack in the Logone-et-Chari district in the Extreme-Nord region .
On January 27, 2016, two suicide bombers killed at least 13 people in Chibok and injured 30 others.
On January 30, 2016, at least 65 people died in an attack on the village of Dalori in Borno state . The attackers then burned down several vehicles and buildings in Dalori and the neighboring village of Walori .
On February 3, 2016 died in fighting between the Nigerian army and Islamists in the district Kalabalge in Borno State at least 58 Islamists. In addition, at least 520 hostages were liberated by the army in the villages of Gardawaji , Adashe , Mijigine , Manawci , Sigafariya Bula Goma , MAFA, Kalabalge and Dikwa .
On February 9, 2016, two suicide bombers blew themselves up in the Dikwa women's refugee camp . At least 58 people died. At least 80 other people were injured in the camp in Borno state .
In September aid organizations warned of famine in areas of northeastern Nigeria.
At 11 a.m. local time on December 9, at least 56 people were killed and 177 others injured in an attack by two female suicide bombers in the main market square in Madagali village in Adamawa .
2017
Weakened by the loss of territory, Boko Haram is increasingly relying on suicide bombings of kidnapped girls under the influence of drugs, for example in Gwoza.
On July 25, Boko Haram attacked the heavily guarded convoy of Maiduguri University petroleum prospectors, killing at least 45 people. On October 22, 14 people were killed by three female suicide bombers at Muna Garage Camp in Gulak District, Madagali Town, and Dar Village, Adamawa State . On the night of October 29th to 30th, the village of Gouderi in the Cameroonian municipality of Kolofata in the Extrême-Nord region was attacked and 11 people were killed. A few hours later, at 4:30 a.m. on October 30, 2017, suicide bombers blew themselves up in front of a mosque in Ajiri Yala , 15 kilometers north ofMaiduguri , Borno state, blew up, killing five other people. On November 15, 2017, four suicide bombers blew themselves up in the village of Konduga in Borno, killing 14 people. In the course of an investigation, the Nigerian Armed Forces destroyed bomb factories in Operation Lafiya Dole on November 20, 2017 in the YIWE Forest in the village of Muna Gari , around 23 kilometers south of the city of Konduga in the state of Borno . The armed forces used a Mi-17 helicopter, two Alpha Jet and two F7 aircraft during the operation.
On November 21, 2017 died in a bomb attack on the Madina mosque in Mubi in Adamawa 50 people. On December 2, 2017, two suicide bombers blew themselves up at a vegetable market in Biu, Borno state, killing 17 other people. On December 18, 2017, attackers attacked vehicles belonging to the United Nations World Food Program in Ngalaand killed the four drivers. On December 25, 2017, attackers broke into the village of Molai in the state of Borno and abducted women, killing three drivers of a delivery service and looting the vehicles. On December 28, 2017, at least eight people were killed and 17 others were injured in an attack in the village of Amarwa, Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state.
2018
In early January, the media reported information from the Nigerian armed forces. 700 civilians previously held by Boko Haram have been released; In addition, after operations against the extremists in the north-eastern state of Borno, around 700 fighters in the Monguno region and 250 other fighters in the Lake Chad area surrendered to the army. There is still no independent confirmation for the information provided by the military.
2019
On July 27, attackers on motorcycles shot dead 65 men and injured 10 in Nganzai district near the capital Maiduguri of Borno state . They were walking home from a funeral in Goni Abachari village to their neighboring village Badu Kuluwu . The terrorists initially fired at the funeral procession, killing 21 people when other villagers came to help, including them, killing another 44 people and ten attackers. The attack was possibly an act of revenge, as the village of Badu had been attacked two weeks earlier, but the attack was repulsed by villagers and a guard militia, killing 11 attackers and 10AK-47 rifles lost.
At Christmas 2019, Boko Haram murdered eleven Christian hostages, ten of them by beheading.
2020
In March, attackers from Boko Haram shot dead 92 Chadian soldiers on the island of Boma in Lake Chad . Shortly before, 50 Nigerian soldiers had been killed in Yobe by Boko Haram in Nigeria . As a result, the Chadian army began a 10-day counter-offensive on March 31, during which, according to army reports, around 1,000 fighters from the Islamist terrorist militia were killed. 52 soldiers of the Chadian army died in these battles in the Lake Chad region. 44 of the 58 Boko Haram fighters caught were found dead in prison on April 16, 2020.
In December, the terrorist group kidnapped around 400 students from the boarding school of a government science secondary school in the Kankara Local Government Area in northwestern Nigeria. Less than a week later, on December 17, 2020, 344 students were free again. It was initially unclear whether all the students, exclusively boys, had been released. According to the governor Aminu Bello Masari, all numbers were based on "guesswork".
Beginning of successful resistance by military units from Niger, Cameroon and Nigeria
As of 2012, the joint Multinational Joint Task Force operating in the border area had the mandate to fight Islamist terror in northern Nigeria. In March 2015 there was a successful military resistance by Nigerian, Cameroonian and Nigerian military units. Around 230 Boko Haram fighters were killed on March 19, 2015 near the border town of Damask. According to the Nigerian Army, in March 2015 all cities in Yobe and Adamawa - two of the three most affected states - were liberated. Now only a few cities in Borno are affected. A few weeks earlier, Boko Haram had ruled around 20 districts, now in March 2015 they are only present in three districts of Borno.
Formation of an Islamist counter-state
A caliphate is proclaimed in Gwoza, northeast Nigeria, August 2014
In August 2014 Abubakar Shekau declared the occupied parts in northeastern Nigeria a caliphate . This development was largely ignored in the press, as it continued to focus on individual acts of violence. In 2014, 7711 deaths were counted in attacks in Boko Haram, of which by far the largest number occurred in Borno.
Large parts of Borno state under the control of Boko Haram, January 2015
At the beginning of 2015 it became known that besides Baga many other cities of Borno are no longer under the control of the central government of Nigeria. Damasak, Gubio, Kukawa , Mafa, Bama and Konduga were specifically mentioned. During the celebrations at the end of the year, Maiduguri was completely cut off from the outside world for several days because the only access road from Kano via Damaturu, which is normally heavily guarded by the military, was officially closed. Since the Emir of Bama and the traditional rulers of other cities have also withdrawn to Maiduguri, the federal capital is increasingly resembling a city under siege and cut off from the outside world. The area partially controlled by Boko Haram extended at the beginning of 2015 from Makea northeast of Kano on the border with Niger via Damaturu to Yola and beyond. Yola is more than 300 km south of Maiduguri on the border with Cameroon .
Connection to the caliphate of the "Islamic State"
In early March 2015, Abu Bakr Shekau, the leader of the Jama'at Ahl al-Sunnah Lil Dawa Wal Jihad (i.e. Boko Harams), announced that his group was now loyal to the Islamic State IS organization in northern Iraq and its leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi swears. In August 2016, Al Naba announced that Abubakar Shekau had been replaced by Abu Musab al-Barnawi as the head of the organization. As a result, the group split into two factions, the West African province of IS under Abu Musab al-Barnawi and Jama'at Ahl al-Sunnah Lil Dawa Wal Jihad under Abubakar Shekau.
Reasons for the unsuccessful fight against Boko Haram
In 2014, the opposition in Nigeria accused the government and the military of total failure. The army is in a rotten state. Discipline and morale of the soldiers are bad, also because the soldiers often have to wait weeks for their pay. The military's equipment is neglected and internal communication is chaotic. Corrupt officers would collaborate with Boko Haram. In May 2014, nine generals were investigated for selling arms to Boko Haram. After a raid on May 13, 2014 on a raid troop from the 7th Infantry Division in the Chibok region, the commanding general's vehicle was shot at by his own soldiers during the subsequent troop visit. The soldiers suspected their own commander of the collaboration with Boko Haram.
Amnesty International has documented serious human rights violations committed by the military. Amnesty found over 950 dead in military custody in the first half of 2013. Inmates would die from gunshot wounds or torture. Others would starve or suffocate in camps. When a witness identified one of his previous kidnappers, soldiers immediately shot him. Any beard bearer would be considered a suspected Muslim, although most of the victims of Boko Haram were Muslims themselves. The population in the Muslim areas fear Boko Haram and the military alike. The brutality of the military drives young unemployed men to Boko Haram. State failure with the ubiquitous corruption contributes to this, furthermore the moral depravity of the political elite and duplicitous imams.
weapons shipments
A follower of Chad's President Idriss Déby has been accused of arming the Boko Haram. A transport aircraft with weapons for Chad was diverted to Kano on December 6, 2014. The Russian An-124 machine was examined by the Nigerian authorities.
literature
- Abimbola Adesoji: The Boko Haram Uprising and Islamic Revivalism in Nigeria ; in: Africa Spectrum 45/2, 2010, pp. 95-108.
- Wolfgang Bauer: The stolen girls: Boko Haram and the terror in the heart of Africa. Suhrkamp Verlag, 2016, ISBN 978-3-518-42538-1 .
- Virginia Comolli: Boko Haram. Nigeria's Islamist Insurgency , London 2015.
- Florian Heydorn: Nigerian spiral of violence ; in Blätter für deutsche und Internationale Politik 2/2012, pp. 27–29.
- Adam Higazi, Florence Brisset-Foucault: Les Origines et la Transformation de l'insurrection de Boko Haram Dans le Nord du Niveria . In: Politique africaine , 130 (2), 2013, pp. 137-164. doi: 10.3917 / polaf.130.0137 .
- Andrea C. Hoffmann, Patience I .: Hell from within: In the clutches of Boko Haram. dtv, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-423-43110-1 .
- Roman Loimeier: Boko Haram: The Development of a Militant Religious Movement in Nigeria. In: Africa Spectrum , 2-3, 2012, pp. 137-155.
- Ahmad Murtada: Boko Haram in Nigeria: It's Beginnings, Principles and Activities in Nigeria. (PDF) Islamic Studies Department at the University of Bayero (Kano) 2013.
- Freedom C. Onuoha: The Islamist Challenge. Nigeria's Boko Haram Crisis explained . In: African Security Review , 19/2, 2010, pp. 54–67.
- Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos (Ed.): Boko Haram: Islamism, politics, security an the state in Nigeria . (West African Politics and Society Series. No. 2). African Studies Center, Leiden 2014, ISBN 978-90-5448-135-5 .
- J. Peter Pham: Boko Haram: The strategic evolution of the Islamic State's West African Province . In: The Journal of the Middle East and Africa 7 (1), 2016, pp. 1–18. doi: 10.1080 / 21520844.2016.1152571 .
- Mike Smith: Boko Haram: Inside Nigeria's Unholy War. IB Tauris, London / New York 2015, ISBN 978-1-78453-074-7 . Review in: African Arguments, March 18, 2015, English: africanarguments.org
- Mike Smith: Boko Haram. The advance of the terror caliphate. CH Beck, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-406-68219-3 .
- Alexander Thurston: Boko Haram: The History of an African Jihadist Movement . Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford 2018, ISBN 978-1-4008-8848-1 .
- Muhammad Sani Umar: The Popular Discourses of Salafi Radicalism and Counter-Radicalism in Nigeria: A Case Study of Boko Haram. Journal of Religion in Africa 42 (2), 2012, pp. 118–144.
- Andrew Walker: Eat the Heart of the Infidel. The Harrowing of Nigeria and the Rise of Boko Haram , London 2016.
Web links
- Boku Haram - Nigeria's terrorist group . Documentary film (2016) by Xavier Muntz
- In search of a strategy against Boko Haram (PDF; 363 kB) Bibliography December 2014
- Emilie Oftedal: Boko Haram - an overview . (PDF) FFI report 2013/01680 , Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt (English)
- Nigeria - Trapped in a Cycle of Violence . Amnesty International, Report AFR 44/043/2012, November 1, 2012
- Spiraling Violence - Boko Haram Attacks and Security Forces Abuses in Nigeria . (PDF; 8.9 MB) Human Rights Watch , Report October 2012
- Gerhard Piper: War against “Boko Haram” at a crossroads? In: Telepolis . September 13, 2015, accessed September 14, 2015 .
- Dossier on the subject in Der Spiegel
Remarks
- ^ Research professor of history and specialist in African history and politics at the Purchase College of the State University of New York
- ↑ Due to the state of emergency imposed on May 14, 2013 in Borno, the mobile network was switched off on May 16, 2013 and the possession of satellite telephones was prohibited since June 20, 2013.
- ^ The emirate of Dikwa was split up in 2010 into the emirates of Dikwa and Bama, see Nigeria: Gov Sheriff Splits Century Old Emirates. In: Daily Trust. March 11, 2010, accessed February 20, 2014 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b US names Nigeria's Boko Haram and Ansaru 'terrorists'. In: BBC News . November 13, 2013, accessed November 14, 2013 .
- ↑ a b c Dominic Johnson : Hundreds of dead in Nigeria. In: the daily newspaper , July 28, 2009
- ↑ Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists? BBC online, June 17, 2011
- ↑ Christian Putsch: Terror in Africa. Nigeria's Islamists hunt down Muslims. In: Welt Online . August 13, 2013, accessed February 1, 2016 .
- ^ Adam Higazi: Les origines et la transformation de l'insurrection de Boko Haram dans le Nord du Nigeria . In: Vincent Bonnecase (Ed.): Crises et chuchotements au Sahel (= Politique Africaine . No. 130 ). Éditions Karthala, 2013, ISBN 978-2-8111-0990-5 , ISSN 0244-7827 , p. 137-164 , here pp. 148-150 (French).
- ^ A b Fights in Nigeria. Islamist leader Yusuf killed by security forces. (No longer available online.) In: Tagesschau.de . ARD , July 31, 2009, archived from the original on August 3, 2009 ; accessed on May 17, 2013 ( depublished ).
- ↑ 'Boko Haram attack' frees hundreds of prisoners BBC online, September 8, 2010
- ↑ Is there a worldwide growing persecution of Christians? ( Memento from December 28, 2011 on WebCite )
- ↑ What is the Boko Haram sect? ( Memento from December 25, 2011 on WebCite )
- ↑ Jide Ajani: Al-Qaeda takes over Boko Haram. In: Vanguard. March 9, 2014, accessed March 11, 2014 .
- ↑ a b Mali separatists ready to act over destruction of tombs. (No longer available online.) In: CNN . July 1, 2012, archived from the original on November 7, 2016 ; accessed on July 19, 2012 (English).
- ↑ David Smith: Nigerian 'Taliban' offensive leaves 150 dead. Guardian, July 27, 2008
- ^ Ansaru: A Profile of Nigeria's Newest Jihadist Movement. In: Jamestown Foundation. January 10, 2013, accessed February 2, 2016 .
- ↑ a b spiegel.de March 7, 2015: Boko Haram swears allegiance to IS
- ↑ a b Boko Haram: A decade of terror explained. In: BBC News . July 30, 2019, accessed July 30, 2019 .
- ↑ a b Die Zeit: Chad: Suspected Boko Haram fighters found dead in prison. Retrieved April 19, 2020 .
- ^ A b Dozens killed in Nigeria clashes. BBC News , July 26, 2009 (English)
- ↑ a b Boko Haram . In: Encyclopædia Britannica .
- ↑ Divine warriors against a crumbling state ( Memento from October 13, 2010 on WebCite )
- ↑ Christoph Wagenseil: Boko Haram - new semantics reflected in their media interpretations. In: Religious Studies Media and Information Service e. V. July 23, 2011, accessed August 29, 2011 .
- ↑ Hans Wehr: Arabic dictionary for the written language of the present . Wiesbaden 1952, p. 155 .
- ^ Roman Loimeier: Boko Haram: The Development of a Militant Religious Movement in Nigeria . In: Africa Spectrum . tape 47 , no. 2–3 , 2012, pp. 137–155 , here p. 138, fn. 1 ( uni-hamburg.de ).
- ^ A b Paul Newman: The Etymology of Hausa boko. (PDF) Mega-Chad Research Network, 2013, accessed November 24, 2017 .
- ^ Matthias Heine: The Germanic beech can not do anything for Boko Haram. welt.de, May 14, 2014, accessed November 24, 2017 .
- ↑ Viktor Manfredi: The phrase Boko Haram contains no etymologically Hausa word. (PDF) May 1, 2014, accessed on November 24, 2017 .
- ↑ a b c Gérard Chouin, Manuel Reinert, Elodie Apard: Body Count and Religion in the Boko Haram Crisis: Evidence from the Nigeria Watch Database . In: Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos (Ed.): Boko Haram: Islamism, politics, security and the state in Nigeria (= West African Politics and Society Series . No. 2 ). African Studies Center, Leiden 2014, ISBN 978-90-5448-135-5 , pp. 213–236 , here p. 215 ( sufferinguniv.nl [PDF]).
- ^ A b Adam Higazi, Florence Brisset-Foucault: Les Origines et la Transformation de l'Insurrection de Boko Haram Dans le Nord du Nigeria . In: Politique africaine . tape 130 , no. 2 , 2013, p. 137–164 , here p. 143 f. , doi : 10.3917 / polaf.130.0137 ( cairn.info ).
- ↑ Gérard Chouin, Manuel Reinert, Elodie Apard: Body Count and Religion in the Boko Haram Crisis: Evidence from the Nigeria Watch Database . In: Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos (Ed.): Boko Haram: Islamism, politics, security and the state in Nigeria (= West African Politics and Society Series . No. 2 ). African Studies Center, Leiden 2014, ISBN 978-90-5448-135-5 , pp. 213–236 , here p. 217 ( sufferinguniv.nl [PDF]).
- ^ Roman Loimeier: Boko Haram: The Development of a Militant Religious Movement in Nigeria . In: African Spectrum . tape 47 , no. 2–3 , 2012, pp. 137–155 , here p. 151 ( uni-hamburg.de ).
- ^ A b c Mohammed Sani Umar: The Popular Discourses of Salafi Radicalism and Salafi Counter-Radicalism in Nigeria: A Case Study of Boko Haram . In: Journal of Religion in Africa . tape 42 , no. 2 , 2012, p. 188–144 , here p. 127 f .
- ^ A b Roman Loimeier: Boko Haram: The Development of a Militant Religious Movement in Nigeria . In: Africa Spectrum . tape 47 , no. 2–3 , 2012, pp. 137–155 , here p. 152 ( uni-hamburg.de ).
- ↑ a b Nigeria policemen in court trial for Boko Haram killing. In: BBC News. Retrieved July 13, 2011 .
- ↑ a b Olaolu Oladipo, Tordue Salem: Nigeria Can not Fight Terrorism - US. (No longer available online.) In: Leadership. August 21, 2011, archived from the original on March 12, 2012 ; accessed on August 29, 2011 .
- ↑ a b c Another dead in an attack in Nigeria. After the crisis summit on the Boko Haram terror. (No longer available online.) In: Tagesschau.de . ARD , May 19, 2014, archived from the original on May 19, 2014 ; Retrieved May 19, 2014 .
- ↑ Johannes Harnischfeger: Democratization and Islamic Law: The Sharia Conflict in Nigeria . Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2006, ISBN 3-593-38009-9 , here pp. 39–41 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
- ^ Roman Loimeier: Boko Haram: The Development of a Militant Religious Movement in Nigeria . In: Africa Spectrum . tape 47 , no. 2-3 , 2012, p. 137–155 , here p. 139 ( uni-hamburg.de ).
- ↑ Johannes Harnischfeger: Democratization and Islamic Law: The Sharia Conflict in Nigeria . Campus Verlag , Frankfurt am Main 2006, ISBN 3-593-38009-9 , here p. 48 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
- ↑ Johannes Harnischfeger: Democratization and Islamic Law: The Sharia Conflict in Nigeria . Campus Verlag , Frankfurt am Main 2006, ISBN 3-593-38009-9 , here pp. 89–93 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
- ^ The Combines of God , Zeit Online, May 27, 2004
- ↑ Alain Vicky: The Monster of Nigeria. In: Le Monde diplomatique . April 13, 2012, accessed January 4, 2019 .
- ↑ Alexander Thurston: Boko Haram: The History of an African Jihadist Movement . Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford 2018, ISBN 978-1-4008-8848-1 , here p. 86 ( limited preview in Google book search).
- ^ A b c Roman Loimeier: Boko Haram: The Development of a Militant Religious Movement in Nigeria . In: Africa Spectrum . tape 47 , no. 2-3 , 2012, p. 137–155 , here p. 148 ( uni-hamburg.de ).
- ^ Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos: Boko Haram and politics: From insurgency to terrorism . In: Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos (Ed.): Boko Haram: Islamism, politics, security and the state in Nigeria (= West African Politics and Society Series . No. 2 ). African Studies Center, Leiden 2014, ISBN 978-90-5448-135-5 , pp. 135–157 , here p. 148 ( sufferinguniv.nl [PDF]).
- ^ J. Peter Pham: Boko Haram: The strategic evolution of the Islamic State's West Africa Province . In: The Journal of the Middle East and Africa . tape 7 , no. 1 , 2016, p. 1–18 , here p. 4 , doi : 10.1080 / 21520844.2016.1152571 .
- ^ J. Peter Pham: The Return of the “Nigerian Taliban”. In: World Defense Review. Foundation for Defense of Democracy, January 31, 2007, accessed January 4, 2019 .
- ↑ a b Abdullahi Bego: 'Taliban' of Nigeria: Who Are They? January 3, 2004, accessed January 4, 2019 .
- ↑ Anna Borzello: Tracking down Nigeria's 'Taleban' sect. In: BBC News . October 14, 2004, accessed January 4, 2019 .
- ↑ Alexander Thurston: Boko Haram: The History of an African Jihadist Movement . Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford 2018, here pp. 91–95 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
- ^ Roman Loimeier: Boko Haram: The Development of a Militant Religious Movement in Nigeria . In: Africa Spectrum . tape 47 , no. 2-3 , 2012, p. 137–155 , here p. 150 ( uni-hamburg.de ).
- ^ Nick Tattersall: Nigerian sect planned bomb attack during Ramadan. Reuters , August 4, 2009, accessed January 4, 2019 .
- ↑ Alexander Thurston: Boko Haram: The History of an African Jihadist Movement . Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford 2018, ISBN 978-1-4008-8848-1 , here p. 98ff ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
- ↑ Andrea Brigaglia: A Contribution to the History of the Wahhabi Da'wa in West Africa: The Career and the Murder of Shaykh Ja'far Mahmoud Adam (Daura, ca.1961 / 1962-Kano 2007) . In: Islamic Africa . tape 3 , no. 1 , 2012, p. 1-23 .
- ↑ A religion under suspicion: The new religious wars .
- ↑ a b Nigeria sect head dies in custody. In: BBC News , July 31, 2009
- ↑ a b Nigeria: 700 dead in fighting with Islamists. In: The press . August 2, 2009, accessed December 4, 2013 .
- ↑ ' Red Cross finds 780 corpses in single Nigeria city. ( Memento from January 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Mannir Dan Ali: Letter from Africa: How to rebuild Nigeria after Boko Haram. In: BBC News. May 10, 2016, accessed May 10, 2016 .
- ↑ 'Boko Haram attack' frees hundreds of prisoners. In: BBC News . September 8, 2010, accessed September 8, 2010 .
- ↑ a b Extremists confess to attacks in Nigeria. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . December 28, 2010, accessed December 28, 2010 .
- ↑ Nigeria attacks claimed by Islamist sect Boko Haram. In: BBC News , June 1, 2011 (English)
- ↑ 'Boko Haram' gunmen kill Nigerian Muslim cleric Birkuti. In: BBC News , June 7, 2011 (English)
- ↑ Maiduguri: Nigeria's city of fear . In: BBC News , March 15, 2011 (English)
- ↑ Maiduguri: 'Boko Haram' attacks Nigeria police stations. In: BBC News , June 7, 2011 (English).
- ↑ Maiduguri: Nigeria arrests for 'Boko Haram' attacks. In: BBC News , June 10, 2011 (English)
- ↑ Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists 'bombed Abuja police HQ'. BBC News , June 17, 2011 (English).
- ↑ Around 30 dead in an attack on beer bars in Nigeria. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . June 27, 2011, accessed June 27, 2011 .
- ↑ 30 dead in attack in Nigeria. In: ORF . June 2, 2011, accessed June 27, 2011 .
- ↑ Nigeria Boko Haram threat closes Maiduguri university. In: BBC , July 12, 2011 (English)
- ↑ Nigeria to probe 'army abuses' in Boko Haram crackdown. In: BBC News , August 12, 2011 (English)
- ↑ Abuja attack: Car bomb hits Nigeria UN building. In: BBC News , August 26, 2011 (English)
- ↑ Nigeria Boko Haram attack 'kills 63' in Damaturu BBC online, November 5, 2011
- ↑ Raid on Nigerian city. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . December 4, 2011, accessed December 5, 2011 .
- ↑ Deadly Nigeria bomb attacks condemned by world leaders. In: BBC News . December 25, 2011, accessed December 27, 2011 .
- ↑ tagesschau.de ( Memento from December 26, 2011 on WebCite )
- ^ Johannes Korge: Christian hunters throw Nigeria into chaos. In: Spiegel Online , January 21, 2012
- ↑ a b c tagesschau.de ( Memento from January 7, 2012 on WebCite )
- ↑ a b c Nigeria Christians hit by fresh Islamist attacks. In: BBC News . January 7, 2012, accessed January 7, 2012 .
- ↑ a b c 13 killed in attacks in northeast Nigeria. In: Associated Press. January 7, 2012, accessed January 7, 2012 ( Memento January 7, 2012 on WebCite )
- ↑ a b Arne Perras: The sect Boko Haram infiltrates the state. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , January 10, 2012
- ↑ Monica Mark: Nigerian president admits Islamists have secret backers in government. In: The Guardian , January 9, 2012, accessed January 10, 2012
- ^ Jean Herskovits: In Nigeria, Boko Haram Is Not the Problem. In: nytimes.com. January 2, 2012, accessed February 2, 2015 . The Frankfurter Rundschau of January 9, 2012, p. 10, in the commentary Nigeria in the struggle for existence , also refers to this publication .
- ^ Jean Herskovits: American woman employs half-truths to alter the Boko Haramnarrative against Southerners. (No longer available online.) In: myondostate.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012 ; accessed on February 2, 2015 .
- ↑ A land on fire. January 23, 2012, accessed January 24, 2012 .
- ↑ Dominic Johnson: Gaddafi's weapons everywhere. In: the daily newspaper , January 27, 2012.
- ↑ Jonathan: Boko Haram murdered hostages. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , March 9, 2012.
- ↑ Boko Haram denies involvement in kidnapping case in Nigeria. ( Memento from April 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: Die Zeit , March 10, 2012.
- ↑ Raid hits Nigeria Islamist sect Boko Haram 'bomb factory'. In: BBC News . April 1, 2012, accessed April 2, 2012 .
- ↑ Nigeria jails 'Boko Haram' militants for life. In: BBC News . July 9, 2013, accessed July 11, 2013 .
- ↑ a b Nigeria attack on church services kills around 20. (No longer available online.) In: AFP News . April 29, 2012, archived from the original on July 23, 2012 ; accessed on May 2, 2012 .
- ↑ Nigeria's ThisDay newspaper hit by Abuja and Kaduna blasts. In: BBC News . April 26, 2012, accessed May 2, 2012 .
- ↑ Femi Adi: How Thisday's Kaduna Office bomber What Arrested. In: PM News Nigeria. April 26, 2012, accessed May 2, 2012 .
- ↑ Nigeria's Boko Haram militants claim ThisDay attacks. In: BBC News . May 2, 2012, accessed May 2, 2012 .
- ^ Deadly attack on Nigeria's Bayero university in Kano. In: BBC News . April 30, 2012, accessed May 2, 2012 .
- ^ Hassan John: 8 killed in Nigerian church blast, clashes. In: CNN . June 10, 2012, accessed July 12, 2012 .
- ↑ Five Killed In Reprisal Attacks As Boko Haram Claims Responsibility For Deadly Attacks On Christians In Biu And Jos. (No longer available online.) June 11, 2012, archived from the original on April 27, 2014 ; accessed on July 12, 2012 .
- ↑ Nigeria violence: Seven dead after Boko Haram attacks. In: BBC News . June 10, 2012, accessed July 12, 2012 .
- ^ Boko Haram claims responsibility for Nigeria church bombings. In: CNN . June 18, 2012, accessed July 12, 2012 .
- ^ A b Garba Mohammed, Mike Oboh: Violence in northern Nigeria kills at least 80. In: Reuters . June 20, 2012, accessed July 12, 2012 .
- ^ Nigerian officials arrested for Boko Haram attacks. In: BBC News . September 29, 2012, accessed October 3, 2012 .
- ↑ Nigeria mobile phone masts targeted. In: BBC News . September 6, 2012, accessed September 7, 2012 .
- ↑ Nigeria Boko Haram crackdown kills 35. In: BBC News . September 24, 2012, accessed October 3, 2012 .
- ↑ a b c d Nigeria attack: Arrests over Mubi students' killings. In: BBC News . October 3, 2012, accessed October 4, 2012 .
- ↑ a b c Nigeria attack: Mubi students' killings investigated. In: BBC News . October 3, 2012, accessed October 3, 2012 .
- ↑ Nigeria police deny Mubi student killings arrests. In: BBC News . October 4, 2012, accessed October 5, 2012 .
- ↑ a b c Fatal attack in Nigeria. Unidentified people carry out massacres in student dormitories. In: Süddeutsche.de. October 2, 2012, accessed October 3, 2012 .
- ↑ Sani Tukur: We are not responsible for Mubi killings - Boko Haram leader. In: Premium Times. October 9, 2012, accessed June 20, 2013 .
- ↑ Kingsley Omonobi: Mubi killings: Police nab alleged masterminds. In: Vanguard. October 10, 2012, accessed June 20, 2013 .
- ↑ Isaiah Benjamin, Pembi Stephen-David: Poly Reopens As Police Probe Mubi, Dogon Dawa Killings. (No longer available online.) In: Leadership. November 11, 2012, archived from the original on October 12, 2013 ; accessed on June 20, 2013 .
- ↑ Nigerian troops target Boko Haram in Damaturu. In: BBC News . October 7, 2012, accessed October 8, 2012 .
- ↑ Nigeria's Maiduguri shaken by 'Boko Haram' blasts. In: BBC News . October 16, 2012, accessed October 17, 2012 .
- ^ Nigerian 'youths executed' in Boko Haram stronghold. In: BBC News . November 2, 2012, accessed November 2, 2012 .
- ↑ Nigeria Boko Haram commander Ibn Saleh Ibrahim 'killed'. In: BBC News . November 16, 2012, accessed November 16, 2012 .
- ↑ Lawal Danjuma: Nigeria: Suicide Bombers Target Airtel, MTN facilities in Kano. In: Daily Trust . December 22, 2012, accessed December 23, 2012 .
- ↑ Isaac Abrak (Reporting), Joe Brock (Writing), Tom Pfeiffer (Editing): Gunmen kill six in northeast Nigeria church attack. In: uk.reuters.com. Reuters , December 25, 2012, accessed January 16, 2013 .
- ↑ (sara): Six dead in an attack on Christmas mass. December 25, 2012, accessed January 16, 2013 .
- ↑ Nigeria 'arrests Boko Haram militant'. In: BBC News . January 14, 2013, accessed January 14, 2013 .
- ↑ tagesschau.de: Nigeria: Deaths in attacks on polio vaccination teams ( Memento from February 8, 2013 on WebCite )
- ↑ Nigeria polio vaccinators shot dead in Kano. In: BBC News . February 8, 2013, accessed February 8, 2013 .
- ↑ Yusuf Muhammad: The siege on Hotoro, Kano. (No longer available online.) In: Blueprint Newspaper , Abuja. September 12, 2012, archived from the original on March 7, 2013 ; accessed on February 8, 2013 .
- ↑ Nigeria: Militia officers kidnap seven foreigners. In: Spiegel online. February 17, 2013, accessed February 2, 2016 .
- ↑ Shehu Saulawa, Jon Gambrell: Police: 7 Foreigners Kidnapped in North Nigeria. In: AP. February 17, 2013, accessed February 2, 2016 .
- ↑ Nigeria: Islamist group Ansaru is committed to kidnapping. In: Spiegel online. February 18, 2013, accessed February 2, 2016 .
- ↑ Nigeria: Islamists kill seven hostages. In: Spiegel online. March 9, 2013, accessed February 2, 2016 .
- ↑ Nigeria: British Hostage 'Likely' Killed Named. In: Sky News. March 11, 2013, accessed February 2, 2016 .
- ↑ YouTube video 'shows French family kidnapped in Cameroon'. In: Guardian. February 25, 2013, accessed February 25, 2013 .
- ^ French family captured in Cameroon freed. In: Al Jazeera . April 19, 2013, accessed April 19, 2013 .
- ↑ Nigerians killed in explosions at Kano bus station. In: Deutsche Welle . March 18, 2013, accessed March 18, 2013 .
- ↑ JTF, Boko Haram Clash Leave 185 Dead in Baga, Borno State. (No longer available online.) In: Nigerian Bulletin. April 22, 2013, archived from the original on May 30, 2013 ; accessed on April 22, 2013 (English).
- ↑ Nigeria: 'Many dead in Boko Haram raid' in Borno state. In: BBC News . May 7, 2013, accessed May 8, 2013 .
- ↑ Tages-Anzeiger : Nigeria declares a state of emergency due to terror sect . May 14, 2013
- ↑ a b Alexander Göbel: Army offensive against Islamists. Nigeria's fight against Boko Haram. (No longer available online.) In: Tagesschau.de . ARD , May 17, 2013, archived from the original on May 17, 2013 ; Retrieved May 17, 2013 .
- ↑ a b c Boko Haram crisis: Nigeria air raids 'kill militants'. In: BBC News. May 17, 2013, accessed May 17, 2013 .
- ^ A b Thomas Scheen: Army seals off the stronghold of Boko Haram. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , May 20, 2013, accessed on May 21, 2013 .
- ↑ Heather Murdock: Nigerian Military: More Than 200 Boko Haram Captured. Voice of America , May 20, 2013, accessed May 21, 2013 .
- ↑ Nigeria: Boko Haram Islamists “arrested” in Maiduguri. BBC News, May 20, 2013, accessed May 21, 2013 .
- ↑ Nigerian military claims breakthrough against Boko Haram. In: Deutsche Welle . May 20, 2013, accessed May 21, 2013 .
- ^ Rewards for Justice - First Reward Offers for Terrorists in West Africa. (No longer available online.) In: state.gov. Office of Website Management, Bureau of Public Affairs, Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, June 3, 2013, archived from the original June 15, 2013 ; accessed on June 4, 2013 .
- ↑ Rewards for Greater Justice. Wanted - Information that will hold the following person accountable ... - Abubakar Shekau lead - Up to $ 7 million reward. In: rewardsforjustice.net. Rewards for Justice, Washington, DC, June 4, 2013, accessed January 26, 2016 .
- ↑ Nigeria: Jail terms to tackle Islamist militancy. BBC News, June 5, 2013, accessed June 5, 2013 .
- ↑ Nigeria's vigilantes take on Boko Haram. In: BBC News . July 24, 2013, accessed August 6, 2013 .
- ↑ Boko Haram kills 13 in Maiduguri. In: The Nation . June 9, 2013, accessed August 6, 2013 .
- ↑ Nigerian army bans satellite phones in Borno. BBC News, June 20, 2013, accessed June 20, 2013 .
- ↑ a b tagesschau.de ( Memento from July 7, 2013 on WebCite )
- ↑ Abdullahi Tasiu Abubakar (Yola), Hamza Idris, Yahaya Ibrahim (Maiduguri), Hamisu Kabir Matazu (Damaturu) and Zakariyya Adaramola (Abuja): Cell phone service cut in Borno, Yobe. (No longer available online.) In: Daily Trust . May 17, 2013, archived from the original on July 9, 2013 ; accessed on July 12, 2013 .
- ↑ Umar Dankano (Yola): Emergency rule: GSM Coys shut down services in Adamawa. (No longer available online.) In: Peoples Daily, Abuja, Nigeria, Edition: Vol. 10 No. 56 May 27, 2013, archived from the original on October 13, 2013 ; accessed on July 12, 2013 .
- ↑ Nigeria school massacre: Yobe secondary schools closed. In: BBC News . July 7, 2013, accessed July 8, 2013 .
- ↑ Nigeria army restores mobile phone service in Adamawa. In: BBC News . July 12, 2013, accessed July 12, 2013 .
- ↑ North Nigeria militant attacks 'kill 35'. In: BBC News . August 5, 2013, accessed August 6, 2013 .
- ↑ Nigerian troops 'kill Boko Haram commander Momodu Bama'. In: BBC News . August 14, 2013, accessed on August 16, 2013 .
- ↑ Maina Maina: Boko Haram: JTF insists Momodu Bama was killed in Bama encounter. In: Daily Post. August 14, 2013, accessed on August 16, 2013 .
- ↑ a b Nigeria unrest: 'Boko Haram' gunmen kill 44 at mosque. In: BBC News . August 13, 2013, accessed August 13, 2013 .
- ↑ More than 40 dead after attack on mosque. In: The world . August 13, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013 .
- ↑ a b Maina Maina: Borno: 63 killed, 26 hospitalized as Boko Haram attacks Ngom, Konduga. In: Daily Post. August 12, 2013, accessed August 13, 2013 .
- ↑ Nigeria unrest: 'Boko Haram' in deadly attack on Damboa. In: BBC News . August 16, 2013, accessed August 19, 2013 .
- ^ Ola 'Audu: Suspected Boko Haram members kill 44 in Borno village. In: Premium Times. August 23, 2013, accessed on August 26, 2013 .
- ↑ Maina Maina: Boko Haram: 44 Killed in fresh attack in Borno. In: Daily Post. August 23, 2013, accessed on August 26, 2013 .
- ↑ 'Boko Haram Islamists' kill 35 in Nigeria raid. In: BBC News . August 23, 2013, accessed on August 26, 2013 .
- ↑ a b Militants kill 35 in Nigeria attack. (No longer available online.) In: The Nation . August 25, 2013, archived from the original on August 25, 2013 ; accessed on August 26, 2013 .
- ↑ a b Boko Haram massacre. In: T-Online . August 24, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2013 .
- ↑ Yahaya Ibrahim: Borno village attack: NEMA registers 4000 displaced persons. In: Daily Trust . August 27, 2013, accessed August 28, 2013 .
- ↑ 24 dead in alleged Boko Haram attacks in Nigeria. ( Memento from April 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: Die Zeit , August 28, 2013.
- ↑ Boko Haram 'kills 24 Nigerian vigilantes in ambush'. In: BBC News . September 1, 2013, accessed September 2, 2013 .
- ↑ Nigeria Boko Haram gunmen 'tracked and killed'. In: BBC News . September 6, 2013, accessed September 7, 2013 .
- ↑ Nigerian Boko Haram and vigilantes 'in deadly clashes'. In: BBC News. September 8, 2013, accessed September 9, 2013 .
- ↑ Nigeria's Boko Haram unrest: Scores killed in Borno state. In: BBC News. September 18, 2013, accessed September 19, 2013 .
- ↑ a b Number of victims after the Islamist attack rises to over 140. In: Spiegel Online . September 20, 2013, accessed September 23, 2013 .
- ↑ a b c Nigeria's 'Boko Haram': Abuja sees security forces targeted. In: BBC News. September 20, 2013, accessed September 20, 2013 .
- ↑ Information Nigeria: Suspected Boko Haram Gunmen Kill Islamic Cleric In Yobe . dated September 29, 2013.
- ↑ Nigeria: 27 dead in fresh Boko Haram attacks on Nigeria villages ( Memento from October 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) from September 29, 2013
- ^ Vanguard Nigeria: 11 killed in renewed attack in Kaduna village of September 29, 2013
- ↑ Nigeria attack: Students shot dead as they slept. In: BBC News. September 29, 2013, accessed September 29, 2013 .
- ↑ Update: Conflicting Figures Trail Yobe College Attack. In: Channels. September 29, 2013, accessed February 2, 2016 .
- ↑ 'Boko Haram' gunmen kill 19 motorists in Nigeria. In: BBC News. October 20, 2013, accessed October 20, 2013 .
- ^ Nigerian militants raid northern city of Damaturu. In: BBC News. October 25, 2013, accessed October 25, 2013 .
- ^ Nigerian wedding party in Borno State massacred by gunmen. In: BBC News. November 3, 2013, accessed November 4, 2013 .
- ^ Only 5 Persons Killed In Wedding Convoy Attack In Borno Village, Says Army. In: The Will. November 3, 2013, accessed November 4, 2013 .
- ^ Nigerian army clashes with Boko Haram in Kano, seven killed. In: Reuters . November 9, 2013, accessed November 9, 2013 .
- ↑ Thisday Live: 26 Persons Killed in Boko Haram Night Raids on Borno Villages ( Memento from November 15, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) from November 15, 2013
- ↑ Nigeria raid: Suspected Boko Haram gunmen kill 12. In: BBC News. November 23, 2013, accessed November 24, 2013 .
- ↑ Nigeria raid: Suspected Boko Haram gunmen kill 12. (No longer available online.) In: Leadership Newspaper. December 1, 2013, archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; accessed on December 1, 2013 .
- ↑ a b c Nigeria crisis: Boko Haram attack Maiduguri airbase. In: BBC News. December 3, 2013, accessed December 3, 2013 .
- ↑ B'Haram attacks Maiduguri Air Force Base, kills 20 soldiers. (No longer available online.) In: Punch Nigeria. December 3, 2013, archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; accessed on December 3, 2013 .
- ↑ Boko Haram Bombs Military Units Near Maiduguri International Airport. In: Sahara Reporters. December 2, 2013, accessed December 2, 2013 .
- ↑ Nigeria insurgents attack Bama military barracks. In: BBC News. December 20, 2013, accessed December 25, 2013 .
- ↑ Nigerian military 'kills Bama attackers'. In: BBC News. December 24, 2013, accessed December 25, 2013 .
- ↑ Fidelis Soriwei, Lekan adetayo and Kamorudeen Ogundele: Boko Haram threatens Cameroon over Nigeria. (No longer available online.) In: Punch Nigeria. February 16, 2014, archived from the original on February 21, 2014 ; accessed on February 21, 2014 (English).
- ↑ Fidelis Soriwei: Security forces raid Boko Haram in Borno camps forests. (No longer available online.) In: Punch Nigeria. January 4, 2014, archived from the original on February 25, 2014 ; accessed on February 21, 2014 (English).
- ↑ Niyi Odebode and Fidelis Soriwei: Soldiers kill 38 B'Haram members in Borno. (No longer available online.) In: Punch Nigeria. January 10, 2014, archived from the original ; accessed on February 21, 2014 (English).
- ↑ a b Nigeria violence: Deadly bomb blast in Maiduguri. In: BBC News. January 14, 2014, accessed January 15, 2014 .
- ↑ Kayode Idowu: B'Haram attacks Borno market, kills five. (No longer available online.) In: Punch Nigeria. January 14, 2014, archived from the original on February 25, 2014 ; accessed on February 21, 2014 (English).
- ↑ Kayode Idowu: B'Haram strikes again in Borno, kills scores. (No longer available online.) In: Punch Nigeria. January 17, 2014, archived from the original on February 25, 2014 ; accessed on February 21, 2014 (English).
- ↑ Kayode Idowu: Boko Haram members kill another 18 in Borno. (No longer available online.) In: Punch Nigeria. January 21, 2014, archived from the original on February 25, 2014 ; accessed on February 21, 2014 (English).
- ↑ a b Kayode Idowu: B'Haram militants cut church members' throats - Bishop. (No longer available online.) In: Punch Nigeria. January 29, 2014, archived from the original on February 25, 2014 ; accessed on February 21, 2014 (English).
- ↑ Nigeria 'Boko Haram' attacks leave scores dead. In: BBC News. January 27, 2014, accessed January 28, 2014 .
- ↑ B'Haram bombs police station in Bauchi. (No longer available online.) In: Punch Nigeria. January 31, 2014, archived from the original on February 25, 2014 ; accessed on February 21, 2014 (English).
- ↑ Air Force bombs Borno B'Haram hideouts. (No longer available online.) In: Punch Nigeria. February 5, 2014, archived from the original on February 25, 2014 ; accessed on February 21, 2014 (English).
- ↑ a b Emma Anya, Fidelis Soriwei and Kayode Idowu: B'Haram murders 106 in fresh attack. (No longer available online.) In: Punch Nigeria. February 17, 2014, archived from the original on March 19, 2014 ; accessed on February 21, 2014 (English).
- ↑ Nigeria militants kill dozens in Borno state attack. In: BBC News. February 12, 2014, accessed February 12, 2014 .
- ↑ Fidelis Soriwei and Kayode Idowu: Borno massacre: Death toll now 146. (Not available online.) In: Punch Nigeria. February 18, 2014, archived from the original on February 18, 2014 ; accessed on February 21, 2014 (English).
- ↑ B'Haram kills nine soldiers in Adamawa. (No longer available online.) In: Punch Nigeria. February 14, 2014, archived from the original on February 25, 2014 ; accessed on February 21, 2014 (English).
- ↑ Nigeria's Boko Haram 'in village massacre'. In: BBC News. February 16, 2014, accessed February 16, 2014 .
- ↑ Nigeria Boko Haram crisis: Anger over second Izghe raid. In: BBC News. February 24, 2014, accessed February 24, 2014 .
- ↑ Fidelis Soriwei and Kamorudeen Ogundele: B'Haram's anti-aircraft training camp uncovered in Niger. (No longer available online.) In: Punch Nigeria. February 19, 2014, archived from the original on February 19, 2014 ; accessed on February 21, 2014 (English).
- ↑ a b Kayode Idowu: We counted 98 corpses in Bama - Civilian JTF. (No longer available online.) In: Punch Nigeria. February 21, 2014, archived from the original on February 21, 2014 ; accessed on February 21, 2014 (English).
- ↑ Bama Killings: Shettima Adopts Three Kids Of Slain Policeman. In: Information Nigeria. May 9, 2013, accessed February 20, 2014 .
- ↑ Nigeria Boko Haram crisis: Emir's palace burnt in Bama. In: BBC News. February 20, 2014, accessed February 20, 2014 .
- ↑ Nigeria Shuts Border With Cameroon Over Boko Haram. In: The Will. February 23, 2014, accessed February 25, 2014 .
- ↑ a b c d e B-Haram slaughters 43 students in Yobe. In: Vanguard. February 26, 2014, accessed February 26, 2014 .
- ↑ a b Nigeria school raid in Yobe state leaves 29 dead. In: BBC News. February 25, 2014, accessed February 25, 2014 .
- ↑ Nigeria's Boko Haram blamed for Adamawa killings. In: BBC News. February 27, 2014, accessed February 28, 2014 .
- ↑ a b Ndahi Marama: Again, Boko Haram kills 36, razes houses, schools in Borno. In: Vanguard. March 4, 2014, accessed March 4, 2014 .
- ↑ Nigeria violence: Many die as militants destroy village. In: BBC News. March 2, 2014, accessed March 2, 2014 .
- ↑ Nigeria's Boko Haram 'attack' Borno state's Mafa town. In: BBC News. March 3, 2014, accessed March 4, 2014 .
- ↑ Nigeria Boko Haram: 'Militants' kill villagers in raid. In: BBC News. March 4, 2014, accessed March 11, 2014 .
- ↑ Ndahi Marama: No end, as Boko Haram kills another 40 in Borno. In: Vanguard. March 5, 2014, accessed March 11, 2014 .
- ↑ Ndahi Marama: Scores killed as Boko Haram attacks Jakana in Borno. In: Vanguard. March 4, 2014, accessed March 4, 2014 .
- ↑ 7 dead in Boko Haram attack in Cameroon. In: Vanguard. March 3, 2014, accessed March 4, 2014 .
- ^ Boko Haram Launch Daring Attack On Military Barrack. In: Naija Gists. March 15, 2014, accessed March 15, 2014 .
- ^ Boko Haram Launch Daring Attack On Military Barrack. In: Sahara Reporters. March 15, 2014, accessed March 15, 2014 .
- ↑ Nigeria attack: 'Hundreds of militants' target Maiduguri barracks. In: BBC News. March 14, 2014, accessed March 16, 2014 .
- ^ Boko Haram Giwa barracks attack: Nigerian army 'killed hundreds'. In: BBC News. March 31, 2014, accessed March 31, 2014 .
- ↑ Bashir Adigun: 21 Killed in Shooting at Nigeria State Security HQ. (No longer available online.) In: ABC News. March 30, 2014, archived from the original on March 31, 2014 ; accessed on March 30, 2014 (English).
- ↑ Nigerian prisoners killed in Abuja jailbreak. In: Al Jazeera. March 30, 2014, accessed March 30, 2014 .
- ↑ Nigeria suicide attack 'kills 21' near Maiduguri. In: BBC News. April 1, 2014, accessed April 2, 2014 .
- ↑ Camerun, Rapiti due Sacerdoti italiani e una suora canadese di 80 anni. In: Corriere della Sera. April 3, 2014, accessed April 3, 2014 (Italian).
- ^ Two Italian priests kidnapped in Cameroon. (No longer available online.) In: New Straits Times. April 3, 2014, archived from the original on April 7, 2014 ; accessed on April 3, 2014 .
- ^ Gunmen attack mosque in northeast Nigeria, kill 20. In: Daily Mail. April 5, 2014, accessed February 2, 2016 .
- ^ Islamists kill 17 in northeast Nigeria, attack mosque. In: BBC News. April 7, 2014, accessed April 8, 2014 .
- ↑ Nigerian senator: '135 civilians killed' in attacks. In: BBC News. April 13, 2014, accessed April 13, 2014 .
- ↑ Kayode Idowu and Fidelis Soriwei: Boko Haram kills Scores of UTME candidates in Borno. (No longer available online.) In: Punch Nigeria. April 12, 2014, archived from the original on April 13, 2014 ; accessed on April 14, 2014 (English).
- ↑ Ola 'Audu: Suspected Boko Haram gunmen kill eight teachers, 11others in fresh Borno attacks. In: Premium Times. April 12, 2014, accessed April 14, 2014 .
- ↑ Nigeria Police say no JAMB candidate killed in Borno. In: Premium Times. April 13, 2014, accessed April 14, 2014 .
- ↑ Fidelis Soriwei, Jude Owuamanam, Kayode Idowu and Godwin Isenyo: Gunmen kill 38 villagers in Borno attacks. (No longer available online.) In: Punch Nigeria. April 1, 2014, archived from the original on April 15, 2014 ; accessed on April 14, 2014 (English).
- ↑ Fidelis Soriwei, Jew Owuamanam, Kayode Idowu and Godwin Isenyo: B'Haram invades Borno villages, kills 38. (Not available online.) In: Punch Nigeria. April 14, 2014, archived from the original on April 14, 2014 ; accessed on April 14, 2014 (English).
- ^ At least 60 killed by suspected Islamists in Nigeria. (No longer available online.) In: AFP News . April 14, 2014, archived from the original on April 14, 2014 ; accessed on April 14, 2014 (English).
- ↑ Nigeria violence: Seventy killed in Abuja bus blasts. In: BBC. April 14, 2014, accessed April 14, 2014 .
- ↑ a b Boko Haram professes to attack. Assassination attempt with 75 dead in Nigeria. (No longer available online.) In: Tagesschau.de . ARD , April 19, 2014, archived from the original on April 19, 2014 ; Retrieved April 19, 2014 .
- ↑ a b Nigeria unrest: Huge search for abducted schoolgirls. In: BBC. April 16, 2014, accessed April 16, 2014 .
- ↑ Nigeria unrest: 'Attackers abduct 200 schoolgirls'. In: BBC. April 15, 2014, accessed April 15, 2014 .
- ↑ Nigeria abductions: Military admits missing girls still. In: BBC. April 18, 2014, accessed April 29, 2014 .
- ↑ Chibok abductions: Nigeria girls 'taken abroad'. In: BBC. April 29, 2014, accessed April 29, 2014 .
- ↑ Boko Haram sells 200 kidnapped girls - for nine euros .
- ↑ Kayode Idowu: Gunmen kill 18 traders on Borno highway. (No longer available online.) In: Punch Nigeria. April 16, 2014, archived from the original on April 16, 2014 ; accessed on April 17, 2014 (English).
- ↑ 21 dead in new attacks in Nigeria. Extremists suspected as perpetrators. (No longer available online.) In: Tagesschau.de . ARD , April 16, 2014, archived from the original on April 16, 2014 ; Retrieved April 16, 2014 .
- ↑ Ola 'Audu: Boko Haram kills Borno monarch, 19 others in fresh attacks. In: Premium Times. April 16, 2014, accessed April 16, 2014 .
- ↑ We Killed Over 40 Terrorists In Bulanbuli, Says DHQ. (No longer available online.) In: Sahara Reporter. April 25, 2014, archived from the original on April 30, 2014 ; accessed on April 26, 2014 (English).
- ↑ Vladimir Duthiers: At least 9 killed in Nigerian blast. In: CNN. May 2, 2014, accessed May 2, 2014 .
- ↑ Abuja blast: Car bomb attack rocks Nigerian capital. In: BBC News. May 2, 2014, accessed May 2, 2014 .
- ^ Raid in Nigeria: Boko Haram fighters slaughter more than a hundred villagers. May 7, 2014, accessed May 8, 2014 .
- ↑ New attack in Nigeria: Boko Haram terrorist sect murdered 200 people. May 7, 2014, accessed May 8, 2014 .
- ↑ Nigeria's Boko Haram crisis: Kano suicide attack. May 18, 2014, accessed May 18, 2014 .
- ↑ Boko Haram blame likely after car bomb on crowded Nigeria street. May 18, 2014, accessed May 18, 2014 .
- ↑ Yusufu Aminu Idegu and Jide Orintunsin: Bombs kill 118 in market. May 21, 2014, accessed May 21, 2014 .
- ^ Nigerian city of Jos rocked by twin blasts. May 20, 2014, accessed May 20, 2014 .
- ^ Blasts kill 118 in central Nigeria. May 20, 2014, accessed May 20, 2014 .
- ↑ Maina Maina: Borno: Boko Haram attacks Alagarno, kills 19 persons. May 21, 2014, accessed May 21, 2014 .
- ↑ Nigeria violence: 'Boko Haram kill 17' in village attack. In: BBC News. May 21, 2014, accessed May 21, 2014 .
- ↑ Deaths again in attacks in Nigeria. In: Deutsche Welle News. May 21, 2014, accessed May 21, 2014 .
- ↑ Deadly blast hits Nigerian city of Jos. In: BBC News. May 25, 2014, accessed May 25, 2014 .
- ↑ Jos, Nigeria, blast was car bomb, police say. (No longer available online.) In: Yahoo. May 25, 2014, archived from the original on May 25, 2014 ; accessed on May 21, 2014 (English).
- ↑ Boko Haram kills 54 in Borno, Yobe attacks, burns palace. (No longer available online.) In: African Spotlight. May 25, 2014, archived from the original on May 28, 2014 ; accessed on May 27, 2014 (English).
- ↑ Boko Haram: 8 killed in Chinene, as insurgents hoist flags in Ashigashiya. In: Daily Post. May 27, 2014, accessed May 27, 2014 .
- ^ Boko Haram attack kills 31 Nigerian security personnel. In: Reuters. May 27, 2014, accessed May 27, 2014 .
- ↑ Nigeria traditional leader shot dead. In: BBC. May 30, 2014, accessed May 27, 2014 .
- ↑ BREAKING: Boko Haram kill Emir of GWOZA, Emir of Uba's whereabouts unknown. In: Daily Post. May 30, 2014, accessed May 27, 2014 .
- ^ Wiener Zeitung : Boko Haram continues violent attacks . from June 1, 2014.
- ↑ TAZ : Meanwhile, the Boko Haram in Cameroon released two Italian priests and a Canadian nun . from June 1, 2014.
- ↑ Reuters : Bomb blast kills several at football TV showing in northeast Nigeria . from June 1, 2014.
- ↑ Nigeria: Boko Haram Attacks Borno Church, Kills Nine. In: All Africa. June 3, 2014, accessed June 3, 2014 .
- ↑ Nigeria gunmen kidnap 20 women in northeast. In: Yahoo News. June 5, 2014, accessed June 5, 2014 .
- ↑ Boko Haram abducts 20 women in northeast Nigeria: Report. In: Toronto Star. June 5, 2014, accessed June 5, 2014 .
- ↑ Nigerian military foils Boko Haram attack; kills 50 insurgents in Borno, Adamawa. In: Premier Tines. June 9, 2014, accessed June 9, 2014 .
- ^ Over 50 insurgents killed in Nigerian military raid. In: Shanghai Daily. June 9, 2014, accessed June 9, 2014 .
- ↑ 21 die, 27 wounded in Damaturu bomb attack. In: 21 die, 27 wounded in Damaturu bomb attack. June 9, 2014, accessed June 16, 2014 .
- ↑ 486 suspected Boko Haram members arrested. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , June 17, 2014, accessed on June 17, 2014 .
- ^ Another dead in Nigeria - Boko-Haram under suspicion. RP Online , June 22, 2014, accessed June 22, 2014 .
- ↑ Scores killed in Boko Haram attack in Borno. (No longer available online.) Star Africa , June 22, 2014, archived from the original on July 7, 2014 ; accessed on June 22, 2014 (English).
- ^ Boko Haram crisis: Dozens killed in villages near Chibok. BBC News , June 22, 2014, accessed June 22, 2014 .
- ↑ Islamic rebels Boko Haram: Nigeria denies the existence of a "caliphate". In: Spiegel Online . August 25, 2014, accessed February 2, 2015 .
- ^ Information to Share. In: mandaras.info. Retrieved January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ Bomb explosion rocks Gombe garage. In: dailypost.ng. October 31, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ Nigeria bus station hit by triple bomb blasts, 8 killed. In: themalaymailonline.com. October 31, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ Nigeria: Boko Haram confesses to kidnapping a German. In: zeit.de . November 1, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ Africa - More than 100 inmates at large after Nigerian prison break. (No longer available online.) In: france24.com. January 8, 2015; Archived from the original on January 6, 2015 ; accessed on January 8, 2015 .
- ^ Yobe blast: Death toll hits 82. In: sunnewsonline.com. January 8, 2015, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ 'Suicide blast' hits Nigeria's Shias. In: bbc.com. November 3, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ^ PressTV-Nigeria Shia mosques bombed, 8 killed. In: presstv.ir. July 30, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ^ Tiroler Tageszeitung Online: Boko Haram is said to have killed more than 20 civilians again. In: tt.com. November 7, 2014, accessed March 5, 2020 .
- ↑ AFP: Boko Haram attack in NE Nigeria kills 21: senator. In: business-standard.com. November 7, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ Boko Haram suspects found dead. In: bbc.com. November 6, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ^ Deadly blast at Nigeria cash machine. In: bbc.com. November 7, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ Ardo Hazzad: Nigerian ATM Bomb Blast Kills 11 in Northern Town of Azare. In: businessweek.com. November 7, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ Nigeria school blast kills dozens. In: theguardian.com. November 10, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ^ Explosion at school in Nigeria: teacher, medic. In: dailystar.com.lb. November 10, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ Nigeria school blast kills dozens. In: bbc.com. November 10, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ^ Suspected Boko Haram militants attack Nigerian border town. In: reuters.com. November 24, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ Nigeria's top Muslim leader accuses military of running away from Boko Haram. In: telegraph.co.uk. November 25, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ Many dead in twin Nigeria blasts. In: bbc.com. November 25, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ Double attack suicide in the north of Nigeria. In: ledevoir.com. December 31, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ 120 killed in mosque bomb explosions. (No longer available online.) In: punchng.com. November 29, 2014, archived from the original on December 29, 2014 ; accessed on January 8, 2015 .
- ^ Curfew in Nigerian city after attack. In: bbc.com. December 2, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ^ Two Nigerian cities under attack. In: bbc.com. December 1, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ^ Explosions, Gun Attacks Rock 2 Nigerian Towns. In: voanews.com. December 1, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ tagesschau.de: New mass kidnapping in Nigeria. (No longer available online.) In: tagesschau.de. December 18, 2014, archived from the original on December 18, 2014 ; accessed on January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ Nigeria: Female Bomber Kills 25 in Gombe. In: allafrica.com. December 23, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ Nigeria's Gombe and Bauchi cities hit by blasts
- ↑ Twin Blasts Kill Scores in Gombe, Bauchi, Articles. (No longer available online.) In: thisdaylive.com. December 23, 2014, archived from the original on December 26, 2014 ; accessed on January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ tagesschau.de: Cameroon repulses the Boko Haram attack. In: tagesschau.de. December 29, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ Nigeria - Boko Haram terrorist militia captured military base. In: sueddeutsche.de . January 4, 2015, accessed February 2, 2015 .
- ^ Boko Haram crisis: Nigeria's Baga town hit by new assault. In: bbc.com. January 8, 2015, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ First reports about the Boko Haram massacre. In: orf.at. January 12, 2015, accessed February 2, 2015 .
- ↑ Nigerian military denies 2,000 killed in Baga; says about 150 died. In: premiumtimesng.com. January 13, 2015, accessed February 2, 2015 .
- ↑ Lisa Erdmann: Terror in Nigeria: Satellite images show the Boko Haram massacre. In: Spiegel Online . January 15, 2015, accessed February 2, 2015 .
- ↑ Boko Haram attacks megacity. (No longer available online.) Tagesschau.de, February 1, 2015, archived from the original on February 1, 2015 ; accessed on February 1, 2015 .
- ↑ Nigeria election: Minister 'confident' poll will happen. BBC, February 9, 2015, accessed February 9, 2015 .
- ^ Boko Haram crisis: African Union backs regional force of 7,500 troops. BBC News, January 30, 2015, accessed February 9, 2015 .
- ^ Fights with Boko Haram in Cameroon. (No longer available online.) Tagesschau.de, February 1, 2015, archived from the original on February 2, 2015 ; accessed on February 1, 2015 .
- ↑ derstandard.at . On February 4, there was an attack on the Cameroonian border town of Fotokol, in which, according to various sources, 80 to 400 civilians were killed. koaci.com liberation.fr journalducameroun.com ( Memento of February 5, 2015 in the web archive archive.today )
- ^ Boko Haram attacks place in Niger. (No longer available online.) Tagesschau.de, February 6, 2015, archived from the original on February 7, 2015 ; accessed on February 6, 2015 .
- ^ Boko Haram launches first deadly attack in Chad. Al Jazeera, February 13, 2015, accessed February 13, 2015 .
- ↑ Boko Haram raids the next town. (No longer available online.) Tagesschau.de, February 14, 2015, archived from the original on February 15, 2015 ; accessed on February 14, 2015 .
- ^ Boko Haram attacks village in Chad as revolt spreads. Reuters, February 14, 2015, accessed February 14, 2015 .
- ↑ Bloody Friday the 13th as Boko Haram strike Claims 21 spreads. Reuters, February 14, 2015, accessed February 14, 2015 .
- ↑ Seven-year-old abused for fatal attack. Süddeutsche Zeitung, February 22, 2015, accessed on February 22, 2015 .
- ↑ Girl bomber kills five, wounds dozens in northeast Nigeria. Reuters, February 22, 2015, accessed February 22, 2015 .
- ^ 9 killed in suicide bombing in Nigeria's Damaturu. Yahoo , May 16, 2015, accessed May 16, 2015 .
- ↑ Young female bomber kills seven in Nigeria's Damaturu. Al Jazeera , May 16, 2015, accessed May 16, 2015 .
- ↑ Nigera: Church attack kills priest, children. CNN , June 5, 2015, accessed July 6, 2015 .
- ↑ 44 dead, 47 others injured in Jos blast, says NEMA. Vanguard , May 16, 2015, accessed May 16, 2015 .
- ^ Double assassination au Cameroun. BBC , July 22, 2015, accessed July 22, 2015 .
- ↑ Cameroon says two suicide attacks kill at least 13 in Maroua. Reuters , May 16, 2015, accessed May 16, 2015 .
- ↑ How 10-year-old suicide bomber killed 15 people in Damaturu. Premium Times , July 26, 2015, accessed July 26, 2015 .
- ↑ Child suicide bomber kills 20 in Cameroon. Khaleej Times , July 26, 2015, accessed July 26, 2015 .
- ↑ Seven dead after an alleged attack by Boko Haram. Neue Zürcher Zeitung , September 13, 2015, accessed on November 13, 2015 .
- ↑ 7 die, 13 injured in Yola IDP's camp explosion. Vanguatd , September 13, 2015, accessed November 13, 2015 .
- ↑ Bomb attacks claim 54 lives. September 21, 2015, accessed September 21, 2015 .
- ↑ Boko Haram attacks on mosque and football fans kill 54 in Nigeria Read more at http://www.9news.com.au/world/2015/09/22/00/28/boko-haram-attacks-kill-54- dead-in-nigeria # AMXEYxf1gBTGOLuo.99. 9 News , September 21, 2015, accessed September 21, 2015 .
- ↑ Lake Chad's Baga Sola town hit by suicide bombers. BBC News, October 11, 2015, accessed October 11, 2015 .
- ↑ Dozens killed as suicide bombers hit NE Nigeria mosque: witnesses. Yahoo, October 16, 2015, accessed October 16, 2015 .
- ^ Dozens killed in Nigeria market bombing. Al Jazeera, November 17, 2015, accessed December 7, 2015 .
- ↑ Nigeria blast: Boko Haram blamed for suicide bombing in Yola, kills 32 and wounds 80. The Independent, November 18, 2015, accessed on November 18, 2015 (English).
- ↑ Deadly suicide blast hits rural Cameroon. Deutsche Welle, November 21, 2015, accessed on November 24, 2015 .
- ^ Cameroun: nouvelle attaque meurtrière à Fotokol. RFI, November 21, 2015, accessed November 24, 2015 (French).
- ↑ More than 20 dead in Boko Haram attack on Shiites. (No longer available online.) The WochenBlatt, November 28, 2015, archived from the original on December 8, 2015 ; accessed on November 28, 2015 .
- ↑ 21 killed in Nigeria suicide attack. CNN International, November 27, 2015, accessed November 28, 2015 .
- ↑ Several die in Nigeria suicide attack near Kano. The Guardian, November 27, 2015, accessed November 28, 2015 .
- ↑ Triple suicide blast kills around 30 people in Lake Chad. Business Inside, November 27, 2015, accessed November 28, 2015 .
- ↑ Triple Suicide Bombing Leaves At Least 30 Dead, 80 Injured On Lake Chad Island. TSahara Reporters, December 5, 2015, accessed December 6, 2015 .
- ↑ Cameroon: Suicide Bombers Leave At Least 30 Dead In Bodo Town Near Nigerian Border. HNGN, January 26, 2016, accessed January 27, 2016 .
- ↑ Chibok: Deadly suicide blasts hit north-eastern Nigerian town. BBC, January 27, 2016, accessed January 27, 2016 .
- ↑ 65 Reportedly Killed, Kids Burnt Alive As Boko Haram Raids Dalori Village in Borno State. Buzza , January 31, 2016, accessed January 31, 2016 .
- ↑ Islamists: Boko Haram burns down village in Nigeria. Zeit Online , January 31, 2016, accessed January 31, 2016 .
- ↑ Boko Haram: Troops kill 58 terrorists, rescue 520 hostages in Borno. News 24 , January 31, 2016, accessed February 7, 2016 .
- ↑ 'Nigeria troops in recent operation killed scores of terrorist' Lafia Dole. Pulse , January 31, 2016, accessed January 31, 2016 .
- ↑ Double attack in Nigeria, dozens of dead in the refugee camp. Tagesschau.de , February 10, 2016, accessed on February 10, 2016 .
- ↑ Young Bombers Kill 58 at Nigerian Camp for Those Fleeing Boko Haram. New York Times , February 10, 2016, accessed February 11, 2016 .
- ↑ NZZ, September 23, 2016, p. 2.
- ↑ Death toll in Adamawa bomb blast rises to 56. Premium Times, December 9, 2016, accessed December 10, 2016 (English).
- ↑ Boko Haram's female suicide bombers strategy. BBC, March 31, 2017, accessed March 31, 2017 .
- ↑ Disaster for Nigeria's government. Apparently many dead in the Boko Haram attack. (No longer available online.) Tagesschau.de, July 28, 2017, archived from the original on July 28, 2017 ; accessed on July 28, 2017 .
- ↑ Agony of Muna Garage IDPs and Boko Haram Killings in October. This Day Live, October 27, 2017, accessed October 31, 2017 .
- ↑ Boko Haram attacks kill at least 16 in Cameroon, Nigeria. TRT World, July 30, 2017, accessed July 30, 2017 .
- ↑ Five Killed in Suicide Bombing in Nigeria Mosque: Militia. News 18, July 30, 2017, accessed on July 31, 2017 .
- ↑ At least 18 dead after suicide attacks in Nigeria. (No longer available online.) Zeit Online , November 16, 2017, archived from the original on December 1, 2017 ; accessed on November 23, 2017 (English).
- ↑ 14 dead after attacks in northeastern Nigeria. Zeit Online , November 16, 2017, accessed on November 23, 2017 .
- ^ NAF destroys insurgents' IEDs facility in Borno. Vanguard , November 22, 2017, accessed November 23, 2017 .
- ^ NAF destroys Boko Haram bomb-making facility in Konduga. WorldState News , November 21, 2017, accessed November 23, 2017 .
- ↑ At least 50 dead in attack on mosque in Mubi. Zeit Online , July 30, 2017, accessed July 31, 2017 .
- ↑ Nigeria suicide bombing kills 50 in Adamawa state. BBC News , July 30, 2017, accessed July 31, 2017 .
- ↑ 17 dead as suicide bombers attack Borno market. Premium Times , December 28, 2017, accessed December 29, 2017 .
- ↑ 15 killed, 53 injured in Borno market suicide attacks. Punch Nigeria , December 28, 2017, accessed December 29, 2017 .
- ↑ How Boko Haram allegedly killed 4, hijacked food trucks in Borno. Vanguard Nigeria , December 18, 2017, accessed December 29, 2017 .
- ↑ Christmas: Boko Haram burn 3 persons to death, abduct woman in Borno. Daily Post , December 26, 2017, accessed December 29, 2017 .
- ↑ 8 Killed, 17 Injured in Bomb Attacks on Borno Village. This Day Live , December 28, 2017, accessed December 29, 2017 .
- ↑ 5 Killed, 18 injured In Fresh Boko Haram Suicide Attack At Konduga. Sahara Reporters , December 28, 2017, accessed December 29, 2017 .
- ↑ Terror group: 1000 Boko Haram fighters are said to have surrendered. In: Spiegel Online. January 6, 2018, accessed January 6, 2018 .
- ↑ france24.com
- ↑ welt.de
- ↑ legit.ng
- ↑ Isis 'beheads 10 Christian hostages' in new video. In: Independent. December 27, 2019, accessed April 19, 2020 .
- ↑ Boko Haram kills troops in 'deadliest' Chad raid. BBC News, April 19, 2020, accessed April 19, 2020 .
- ↑ Deadliest attack ever: Boko Haram kills 92 Chadian soldiers, Deby. africanews.com of March 25, 2020, accessed March 25, 2020
- ↑ Chad: Soldiers kill around 1000 fighters from Boko Haram. In: Spiegel Online Politics. Retrieved April 9, 2020 .
- ↑ Chad army says 52 troops, 1,000 jihadists killed in offensive. France24, April 9, 2020, accessed April 19, 2020 .
- ↑ tagesschau.de: Nigeria: Boko Haram claims kidnapping for himself. Retrieved December 15, 2020 .
- ↑ Mass kidnapping in Nigeria: Boko Haram releases more than 300 students , Frankfurter Rundschau, December 18, 2020.
- ↑ Welt.de: Soldiers kill 228 Boko Haram fighters , March 19, 2015.
- ↑ Welt.de: Boko Haram threatens a devastating defeat
- ↑ Boko Haram declares 'Islamic state'. In: bbc.com. August 25, 2014, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ↑ a b Boko Haram emerges as brutal Islamic State of Africa. Retrieved January 16, 2015 .
- ↑ epd / KNA / dpa: Boko Haram razes the city to the ground. In: FAZ.net . January 8, 2015, accessed February 2, 2015 .
- ^ Boko Haram's new leader promises to protect Muslims
- ↑ Bartholomäus Grill, Toby Selander: In the clutches of the devil . In: Der Spiegel . No. 22 , 2014, p. 76-78 ( online ).
- ^ Russian plane arrested in Nigeria . ORF, December 6, 2014.
- ↑ Plane load of arms seized in Kano . NigerianEye, December 7, 2014.