Khatri and 1978–79 Serie A: Difference between pages

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{{Location map start|Italy|float=right|width=325}}
{{Infobox caste
{{Location map marker|Italy|lat=42.85|long=13.583333|label=[[Ascoli Calcio 1898|Ascoli]]}}
|caste_name=Khatris
{{Location map marker|Italy|lat=45.7|long=9.666667|label=[[Atalanta B.C.|Atalanta]]}}
|classification=[[Kshatriya]]
{{Location map marker|Italy|lat=40.916667|long=14.783333|label=[[U.S. Avellino|Avellino]]}}
|subdivisions=Aathghar, Barahghar, Bawanjahi, Charghar, Dhaighar, Kukhran, Sareen and others
{{Location map marker|Italy|lat=44.5075|long=11.351389|label=[[Bologna F.C. 1909|Bologna]]}}
|populated_states=[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Delhi]], and [[Sindh (Pakistan)|Sindh]]
{{Location map marker|Italy|lat=38.9|long=16.6|label=[[F.C. Catanzaro|Catanzaro]]|position=left}}
|languages=[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]] and [[Urdu]]
{{Location map marker|Italy|lat=43.771667|long=11.253611|label=[[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]}}
|religions=[[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Jainism]]}}
{{Location map marker|Italy|lat=45.4636|long=9.1884|label=[[Internazionale Milano F.C.|Inter]]<br/>[[A.C. Milan|Milan]]|position=left}}
{{Location map marker|Italy|lat=45.066667|long=7.7|label=[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]<br/>[[Torino F.C.|Torino]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map marker|Italy|lat=45.55|long=11.55|label=[[Vicenza Calcio|L.R. Vicenza]]}}
{{Location map marker|Italy|lat=41.9|long=12.5|label=[[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]]<br/>[[A.S. Roma|Roma]]|position=left}}
{{Location map marker|Italy|lat=40.833333|long=14.25|label=[[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]|position=left}}
{{Location map marker|Italy|lat=43.112222|long=12.388889|label=[[Perugia Calcio|Perugia]]|position=left}}
{{Location map marker|Italy|lat=45.433333|long=10.983333|label=[[Hellas Verona F.C.|Verona]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map end|Italy|caption=Serie A 1978-79 team distribution}}


<center>
'''Khatri''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਖੱਤਰੀ, [[Hindi language|Hindi]]: खत्री) is the Punjabi language adaptation or pronunciation of [[Sanskrit]] word [[Kshatriya]] (Hindi: क्षत्रिय, Kşhatriya)<ref>[http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_ldh8.htm People, GAZETTEER LUDHIANA, Department of Revenue, Government of Punjab (India)], Homepage: [http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/fdigs.htm]</ref><ref>[ [http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_asr9.htm GAZETTEER AMRITSAR ,Department of Revenue, Government of Punjab (India)] (First Edition 1976)]</ref><ref>[ http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/fdigs.htm GAZETTEER OF INDIA PUNJAB FARIDKOT]</ref> In [[Punjab region]] the local [[Kshatriya]] are known as '''Khatri''', in fact they are one and the same. Khatri is a [[Punjabi language]] word for Kshatriya the warrior caste.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto;"
The Kshatriya are the traditional members of the Hindu military order. As administrators and rulers, Kshatriya were assigned with protecting Dharma, and serving humanity and the world. In course of time, however, as a result of economic and political exigencies, the Khatri also expanded into other occupations.
|-
![[Serie A]] [[1978]]-[[1979|79]] Winners
The [[Khatri]] community traces its origins to the [[Potohar]] and [[Majha]] regions of the Punjab, and beyond to Central Asia. These regions are historically connected with the composition of the [[Vedas]], the [[Mahabharata]], [[Ramayana]] and [[Puranas]] as well as more modern religious texts such as the [[Guru Granth Sahib]].
|-
|'''[[A.C. Milan]]'''<br/>'''10th Title'''
|-
|[[Image:Star*.svg|30px]]
|}
</center>


The [[Khatris]] are most numerous in the [[Jalandhar]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Jhelum]], [[Lahore]] and [[Amritsar]] districts. Another very high concentration of [[Khatris]] is in [[Delhi]]. They can also be found in major towns of [[Haryana]] like [[Karnal]], [[Panipat]], [[Ambala]], [[Sirsa]], [[Kurukshetra]] and [[Hisar]]. Historically, there were very high concentrations of Khatris in the [[North-West Frontier Province]], notably in [[Peshawar]].


The '''1978/1979 Serie A''' season was won by [[A.C. Milan]].
[[Khatris]] along with other Punjabi tribes like [[Rajputs]], [[Jatts]], [[Arora]]s, [[Banias]] and [[Harijans]], historically bore the brunt of all invasions into [[India]] yet remaining to the core-[[Indian]].[[Khatris]] have a significant role in shaping the [[Punjabi]] culture (the smiling soul of India). All throughout their history [[Punjab region|Punjab]] has been their beloved homeland. And it is a slog of destiny that they had to leave their ancestral home of Punjab upon the partition of India. It is a huge loss of culture, heredity and traditions for [[Punjabi people]]. When Pakistan and India gained independence, most of the [[Khatris]] in what became Pakistan migrated to India. Today [[Khatris]] live in all regions of India, but are concentrated in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Gujrat]]. Though well accepted and integrated in India, in modern times, the [[Khatri]] plays a significant role in the Indian economy, serving as businessmen, civil and government administrators, landlords and military officials.


==Final classification==
Punjabi Khatris were adversely affected by the [[partition of India]], as it resulted in the loss of their traditional home regions. These Khatris migrated to India, where they were forced to start anew their lives. Despite losing their land, businesses, and all other material assets during the partition of India, Khatris earned the clout that they held in pre-partitioned India.
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
!width=33|P<br />
!Team<br />
!width=33|Pld<br />
!width=33|W<br />
!width=33|D<br />
!width=33|L<br />
!width=33|GF<br />
!width=33|GA<br />
!width=33|GD<br />
!width=33|Pts<br />
!class="unsortable" width=250|Promotion or relegation<br />
|-style="background: #90EE90;"
| 1.
|align="left"|'''[[A.C. Milan|Milan]]'''&nbsp;'''(C)'''
| 30
| 17
| 10
| 3
| 46
| 19
| +27
| '''44'''
| <small>[[European Cup 1979-80|European Cup First round]]</small>
|-style="background: #97DEFF;"
| 2.
|align="left"|'''[[Perugia Calcio|Perugia]]'''
| 30
| 11
| 19
| 0
| 34
| 16
| +18
| '''41'''
| <small>[[UEFA Cup 1979-80|UEFA&nbsp;Cup]]</small>
|-style="background: #FFFA00;"
| 3.
|align="left"|'''[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]'''
| 30
| 12
| 13
| 5
| 40
| 23
| +17
| '''37'''
| <small>[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1979-80|Cup&nbsp;Winners'&nbsp;Cup]]</small>
|-style="background: #97DEFF;"
| 4.
|align="left"|'''[[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]]'''
| 30
| 10
| 16
| 4
| 38
| 24
| +14
| '''36'''
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" | <small>[[UEFA Cup 1979-80|UEFA&nbsp;Cup]]</small>
|-style="background: #97DEFF;"
| 4.
|align="left"|'''[[Torino F.C.|Torino]]'''
| 30
| 11
| 14
| 5
| 35
| 23
| +12
| '''36'''
|-style="background: #97DEFF;"
| 6.
|align="left"|'''[[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]'''
| 30
| 9
| 14
| 7
| 23
| 21
| +2
| '''32'''
|-
| 6.
|align="left"|'''[[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]'''
| 30
| 10
| 12
| 8
| 26
| 26
| 0
| '''32'''
|-
| 8.
|align="left"|'''[[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]]'''
| 30
| 9
| 11
| 10
| 35
| 40
| -5
| '''29'''
|-
| 9.
|align="left"|'''[[F.C. Catanzaro|Catanzaro]]'''
| 30
| 6
| 16
| 8
| 23
| 30
| -7
| '''28'''
|-
| 10.
|align="left"|'''[[Ascoli Calcio 1898|Ascoli]]'''
| 30
| 7
| 12
| 11
| 26
| 31
| -5
| '''26'''
|-
| 10.
|align="left"|'''[[U.S. Avellino|Avellino]]'''
| 30
| 6
| 14
| 10
| 19
| 26
| -7
| '''26'''
|-
| 10.
|align="left"|'''[[A.S. Roma|Roma]]'''
| 30
| 8
| 10
| 12
| 24
| 32
| -8
| '''26'''
|-
| 13.
|align="left"|'''[[Bologna F.C. 1909|Bologna]]'''
| 30
| 4
| 16
| 10
| 23
| 30
| -7
| '''24'''
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
| 13.
|align="left"|'''[[Vicenza Calcio|Lanerossi&nbsp;Vicenza]]'''
| 30
| 5
| 14
| 11
| 29
| 42
| -13
| '''24'''
|rowspan="3"| <small>[[Serie B 1979-80|Relegated to Serie B]]</small>
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
| 13.
|align="left"|'''[[Atalanta B.C.|Atalanta]]'''
| 30
| 6
| 12
| 12
| 20
| 33
| -13
| '''24'''
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
| 16.
|align="left"|'''[[Hellas Verona F.C.|Verona]]'''
| 30
| 2
| 11
| 17
| 14
| 39
| -25
| '''15'''
|}


Most [[Khatris]] are [[Hindu]] or [[Sikh]], and a smaller minority belong to other faiths such as [[Jainism]]. [[Khatris]] of all these faiths collectively form one community and traditionally intermarry.


==Results==
==Khatri Family Names==
<center>
''Main article: [[wikt:Appendix:Khatri surnames|List of Khatri surnames]] on [[Wiktionary]]''
{{Football (soccer) table results 16 teams|
| <!-- 1st squad --> [[Ascoli Calcio 1898|Ascoli]] | 1-0 | 2-0 | 2-2 | 1-1 | 2-1 | 1-2 | 1-0 | 0-0 | 0-0 | 0-1 | 0-0 | 0-0 | 0-0 | 3-0 | 1-0
| <!-- 2nd squad --> [[Atalanta B.C.|Atalanta]] | 3-2 | 0-0 | 0-0 | 0-2 | 0-0 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 2-0 | 0-0 | 1-3 | 2-1 | 0-2 | 2-0 | 0-1 | 1-0
| <!-- 3rd squad --> [[U.S. Avellino|Avellino]] | 3-1 | 0-0 | 0-0 | 0-0 | 1-1 | 1-0 | 0-0 | 2-1 | 1-3 | 1-0 | 1-1 | 0-1 | 0-0 | 1-1 | 2-0
| <!-- 4th squad --> [[Bologna F.C. 1909|Bologna]] | 0-0 | 1-0 | 0-0 | 1-1 | 0-0 | 0-1 | 0-0 | 5-2 | 2-1 | 0-1 | 1-1 | 2-2 | 1-2 | 1-1 | 1-0
| <!-- 5th squad --> [[F.C. Catanzaro|Catanzaro]] | 1-1 | 0-0 | 0-0 | 0-0 | 0-0 | 1-1 | 0-0 | 2-0 | 3-1 | 1-3 | 0-0 | 1-1 | 1-0 | 2-1 | 1-1
| <!-- 6th squad --> [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]] | 1-0 | 0-1 | 1-0 | 1-0 | 1-1 | 1-2 | 0-1 | 0-0 | 3-0 | 2-3 | 2-1 | 1-1 | 2-0 | 0-0 | 1-0
| <!-- 7th squad --> [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Inter]] | 1-1 | 2-2 | 2-0 | 0-0 | 0-0 | 1-2 | 2-1 | 0-0 | 4-0 | 2-2 | 2-0 | 1-1 | 1-2 | 0-0 | 4-0
| <!-- 8th squad --> [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] | 1-0 | 3-0 | 3-3 | 1-1 | 3-1 | 1-1 | 1-1 | 1-2 | 2-1 | 1-0 | 1-0 | 1-2 | 4-1 | 1-1 | 6-2
| <!-- 9th squad --> [[Vicenza Calcio|L.R.&nbsp;Vicenza]] | 1-1 | 1-1 | 2-1 | 2-2 | 2-0 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 1-1 | 4-1 | 2-3 | 0-0 | 1-1 | 1-0 | 2-2 | 0-0
| <!-- 10th squad --> [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]] | 3-1 | 1-1 | 0-0 | 1-0 | 3-1 | 4-0 | 1-1 | 2-2 | 4-3 | 1-1 | 1-2 | 0-0 | 0-0 | 0-0 | 1-0
| <!-- 11th squad --> [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] | 0-0 | 1-1 | 1-0 | 0-0 | 4-0 | 4-1 | 1-0 | 0-0 | 0-0 | 2-0 | 0-1 | 1-1 | 1-0 | 1-0 | 2-1
| <!-- 12th squad --> [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]] | 2-1 | 2-0 | 3-0 | 2-1 | 1-0 | 0-0 | 0-0 | 0-0 | 2-2 | 0-2 | 1-1 | 1-1 | 1-0 | 0-1 | 1-0
| <!-- 13th squad --> [[Perugia Calcio|Perugia]] | 2-0 | 2-0 | 0-0 | 3-1 | 1-0 | 1-0 | 2-2 | 0-0 | 2-0 | 2-0 | 1-1 | 2-0 | 1-1 | 0-0 | 1-1
| <!-- 14th squad --> [[A.S. Roma|Roma]] | 1-0 | 2-2 | 2-1 | 2-0 | 1-3 | 1-1 | 1-1 | 1-0 | 3-0 | 1-2 | 0-3 | 0-0 | 0-0 | 0-2 | 2-0
| <!-- 15th squad --> [[Torino F.C.|Torino]] | 3-1 | 3-0 | 1-0 | 3-1 | 3-0 | 1-1 | 3-3 | 0-1 | 4-0 | 2-2 | 0-3 | 0-0 | 0-0 | 1-0 | 0-0
| <!-- 16th squad --> [[Hellas Verona F.C.|Verona]] | 2-3 | 1-1 | 0-1 | 1-0 | 0-0 | 0-1 | 0-0 | 0-3 | 0-0 | 2-0 | 1-3 | 0-0 | 1-1 | 1-1 | 0-1 |
}}
</center>


=== Origin and Distribution ===
{{see also|Hinduism in Punjab|Indian caste system|Potohar}}


==References and Sources==
===From the GAZETTEER LUDHIANA===
*''Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004'', Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005


==External links==
{{cquote| ''Khatris''. – Khatri is a popular variant of the Sanskrit word Kashtrya, which was used to describe the warrior caste among the Hindu according to the varanashram propounded by the Shastras. In course of time as a result of economic and political exigencies, however, the Khatris also resorted to mercantile occupations, which were originally adopted by the Vaisas, the trading classes.<br>
* [http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classifica_calcio_Serie_A_italiana_1979] - Italian version with pictures and info.
* [http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/ital79.html] - All results on [[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|RSSSF]] Website.
Like Brahmans there are further sub-divisions amongst Khatris-Bannjais, Sarin, Dhaigharas, chargharas, etc. in the reign of Alaudin Khiliji widoe re-marriage was enforced. Fifty-two castes of Khatris are said to have submitted a memorandum, duly signed, to the Emperor. The signatory castes are called Banjais. Certain castes of eastern Punjab refused to sign the memorandum and were called Shari-Ain, later corrupted to that of Sarin. The Khokhrain baradari is said to consist of the descendants of certain families of Khatris who were believed to have joined the Khokhars in a rebellion and with them other Khatri families were loath to have matrimonial relations. The Bahri section of the descendants of Mehr Chand, Khan Chand and Kapur Chand, three Khatris who went to Delhi in attandance upon one of Akhar’s Rajput wives, and who thus separated from rest of the Khatri castes, married only within each other’s families.8 (8.These appear to be conjectural for the same division appears among the Brahmans of western plains.) the number of the members of this caste is fairly large. The more prominenty, however, in point of social rank are the Mehrotra or Mehra, Khanna, Kapur and the Seth sub-castes.<br>
Prior to partition certain castes, such as churamani, Nanda. Khullar, Jerath, Chopra and Vig were particularly associated with Ludhiana ; Bahl, Kapur, Mehra, Seth, Beri Sencher and Dhir with jagraon ; Batte, sondhi and Karir with Machhiwara and Bahlolpur ; sehgal and Thapar with Rai kot and Had and Cham with Khanna. After partition different castes of Khatris have been widely dispersed with the result that it is very difficult to ascertain their numbers caste-wise, especially because compilation of statistics according to castes has been discontinued since 1947.<br>
Khatris are generally mild in disposition. They are mostly literate and law abiding.
Khatris in the district are a great commercial class. They have also made their mark in industry. In Payal sub-tahsil they are generally land-owners. They also engage themselves in Government or private service<ref>[http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_ldh8.htm People, GAZETTEER LUDHIANA, Department of Revenue, Government of Punjab (India)], Homepage: [http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/fdigs.htm]</ref>}}


Source: ''People, GAZETTEER LUDHIANA, Department of Revenue, Government of Punjab (India)''


{{fb start}}
The Khatris are a prominent Indian community that originated in the [[Potohar]] region of north-western Indian subcontinent. This region is of considerable historical significance in the development of the Indian culture since the composition of the [[Vedas]] and classics like the [[Mahabharata]], [[Ramayana]] and [[Puranas]].
{{Serie A}}
{{1978-79 in Italian football}}
{{Football in Italy}}
{{fb end}}


[[Category:Serie A seasons|1978-1979]]
Khatris have an extensive military tradition and have excelled in the [[Armed Forces]] having received many honors and gallantary awards for their service. Within the '''[[Indian Armed Forces]]''' ([[Bharatiya Thalsena]]) the present [[Chief of Indian Army Staff]], [[General]] [[Deepak Kapoor]] is Khatri and he took charge from another Khatri, [[General]] [[Joginder Jaswant Singh]] [[Marwah]] who took charge from another Khatri, [[General]] [[Nirmal Chander Vij]].
[[Category:1978 in football (soccer)|Italy]]
[[Category:1979 in football (soccer)|Italy]]


[[it:Serie A 1978-1979]]
For the most part, Khatris have served in the civil, government, and military sectors for centuries.<ref>As [[Kshatriya]]s</ref>. In addition, [[Khatris]] have significantly contributed to [[Indian Cinema]] since the times of [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] and continue to flourish in [[Bollywood]] today.
[[mr:सेरी आ १९७८-७९]]
Prithviraj Kapoor & his 3 sons Raj Kapoor,Shammi Kopoor & Shashi Kapoor have left an indelibele mark on Indian cinema. Raj Kapoor is called the greatest show man of all times for his acting directing & producing films. He started the RK FILMS & STUDIOS which has given biggest hits of Indian cinema. His sons Randhir ,Rishi & Rajeev are also actor-director. Randhirs daughters Karisma & Kareena are also famous bollwood leading ladies. Latest to enter bollywood from Kapoor clan is the hearthrob of the nation Ranbir Kapoor,Rishi's son.
[[nl:Serie A 1978/79]]
Khanna's have also made bollywood proud.Rajesh Khanna was the 1st ever superstar of bollywood.There was a time when every movie of his was super hit.He was the darling of the 70's.Her daughters Twinkle Khanna & Rinkie are also bollywood starlets.
[[pl:Serie A (1978/1979)]]
Vinod Khanna was a also a big star. His sons Akshaye & Rahul Khanna are actors of great repute.
[[simple:Serie A 1978-79]]

===The [[Dasam Granth]] account===

In the 17th century [[Dasam Granth]], [[Guru Gobind Singh]] Ji gives a detailed account of two Khatri lineages, his [[Sodhi]] lineage and [[Guru Nanak Dev]] Ji's [[Bedi]] lineage in the autobiographical [[Bachittar Natak]] portion of the granth. He begins by stating that he is of the [[Sodhi]] clan which belongs to the [[Suryavanshi]] [[Kshatriya]] dynasty. [[Guru Gobind Singh]] Ji further traces the [[Sodhi]] and [[Bedi]] [[Khatri]] clans to the two sons of ''Lord Sri'' [[Rama]] Ji'', Luv and Kush. <ref>[http://www.sridasam.org/dasam?Action=Page&p=144 Sri [[Dasam Granth]] Sahib<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.

[[Luv]] and [[Kush]] were born to [[Sita]] at [[Ram Tirath]], which is a temple situated on the outskirts of [[Amritsar]]. The place gets a special mention in the great Hindu epic [["Ramayana"]]. It was here that [[Sita]] was given shelter by the great sage [[Valmiki]], who is also the author of [[Ramayana]], after she was ostracised from [[Ayodhya]] on the doubts about her chastity. [[Luv]] and [[Kush]] were trained in [[shastras]] and art of warfare by rishi [[Valmiki]].

The Dasam Granth states that [[Lahore]] was named after [[Lava]], son of Lord [[Rama]], who supposedly founded the city. To this day, the [[Lahore]] fort has a deserted temple dedicated to [[Luv]] (also pronounced as Loh, hence "Loh-awar" or fort of Loh). Another legend says the town of [[Kasur]] (now in Pakistan) was named after [[Kusha]], the younger son of Lord [[Rama]].

He mentions that the Bedis got their clan name because of the study of the Vedas, a tradition that has continued among the Khatris.

=== Prominent historical Khatris ===

One of the most important character of famous Punjabi legend Raja [[Rasalu]] is minister [[Mahita Chopra]]<ref>The Legends of the Panjab By Sir Richard Carnac Temple, Reprint of the 1884-1900 ed. published by Education Society's Press, Bombay, ISBN 0405101287</ref>, <ref>Four Legends of King Rasalu of [[Sialkot]], The Folk-Lore Journal, 1883 Folklore Enterprises, Ltd, p. 129-151</ref> Most scholars agree that [[Raja Rasalu]] ruled from [[Sialkot]] and lived sometime between 400 to 500 AD.<ref>The adventures of the Panjab hero [[Raja Rasalu]] and other folk-tales of the Panjab By Charles Swynnerton, Published 1884
Original from Oxford University </ref> If it is true then [[Chopra]] clan name originated in that time.<ref>ibid</ref>

[[Image:MalikbhagoMOD.jpg|thumb|[[Guru Nanak Dev]], the founder of the [[Sikh]] Panth, was born in the [[Bedi]] Khatri clan.]]
Many prominent historical figures have emerged from the Khatri. All ten [[Sikh Gurus]] were Khatri. The four ''gots'' of Sikh gurus existed at least since 15th century AD: As also the names of most Khatris included the word 'Dev', such as [[Guru Nanak Dev]] Ji, [[Guru Angad Dev]] Ji etc.

* [[Guru Nanak]]: ''[[Bedi]]''
* [[Guru Angad]]: ''Trehan''
* [[Guru Amar Das]]: ''Bhalla''
* All seven others: ''[[Sodhi]]''

Raja Fateh Chand was a ''Maini'' [[Khatri]] chieftain of [[Bihar]] who served [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] Ji with dedication during his visit in 1665. Raja Fateh Chand and his wife converted their house into a dharamsala for the sangat or devotees to assemble in holy congregation. The place came to be known as Maini Sangat. On the site now stands [[Gurdwara Bal Lila Maini Sangat]].

[[Haqiqat Rai]] was a [[Puri]] Khatri whose martyrdom was celebrated on ''Basant Panchami'' in Lahore until independence. [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] <ref>http://www.punjabheritage.org/cultural-heritage/legend---stories-from-the-life-of-hari-singh-nalwa.html Stories from the Life of Hari Singh Nalwa by Dr. Vanit Nalwa</ref>, Maharaja Ranjit Singh's most feared general was an [[Uppal]] Khatri. The father and son pair of the Diwans [[Sawan Mal]] and [[Mul Raj Chopra]] were successive governors of [[Multan]] under [[Ranjit Singh]]. [[Sadhu Singh Gulla]] from the clan of Rame Shah Gulla & Shame Shah Gulla, Shah of [[Gujranwala - Sialkot]] & uncle of [[Amarnath Gulla]]- a well known noble person & scholar called by people as - Bauji, fought against the British Empire in the 19th century.

===Khatris and Sun Worship===

Raja Vanvihari Kapoor has written that major Khatri clans are named after Lord Sun.<ref>Jwalaprasad Mishra, Jati Bhaskar, 1914</ref>The [[Saraswat Brahmin]] clan of which some of these were yajamanas are also mentioned below.

* Kripakar [[Kapur]] Priests: Pambu
* Shankan [[Khanna]] Priests: Jhingana
* Martanada [[Tandon]] Priests: Jhingana
* Mitra Mehra Priests: Jetali
* Shreshtha Seth
* Dhavan Dhawan
* Mahendra Mahindru
* Bahukar Bahora (Vohra)
* Chakravali Chaupada (Chopra)
* Karalagni Kakkar Priests: Kumadiye
* Surya Suri
* Sahasrakar [[Sahgal]] Priests: Mohile

According to the [[Bhavishya Purana]], Punjab indeed was an ancient center of Sun worship.

==Religion==
===Sanatan Khatris===

A majority of Khatris are [[Sanatan Hindus]] <ref>M.A. Sherring, Hindu Castes and Tribes as represented in Banares, 1872.</ref>. As noted in the introduction, the Khatri community have been positioned in roles of administration, rule and warfare within Punjab. The Khatris were the patrons ('yajamansas' or in Punjabi 'jajmani') of the [[Saraswat Brahmins]]. <ref>Jwalaprasad Mishra, Jati Bhaskar, 1914</ref>. The Khatris are among the very few non-Brahmin communities that have traditionally studied the [[Vedas]].<ref> Hindu Tribes and Castes By Matthew Atmore Sherring, Published 1872
Trubner and co[http://books.google.com/books?id=8V4IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA167&dq=The+Tribes+and+Castes+of+the+North-Western+Provinces+and+Oudh&lr=#PPA277,M1]p 277</ref> Additionally, [[Saraswat Brahmins]] accept both Kachcha and Pakka food from Khatri's.

===Arya Samaj Khatris===

[[Swami Dayanand]] was invited to Punjab to counter the missionaries by prominent individuals who also founded the [[Singh Sabha]]. He established [[Arya Samaj]] in Lahore in 1877, which was against casteism, rituals, idol worship and promoted strict monotheism, which he claimed was the essential message of the Vedas. Arya Samaj became popular among [[Punjabi Hindus]], especially Khatris <ref><Political Elite and Society in the Punjab, By Puri, Nina Published 1985 Vikas
</ref>who were attracted to a similar message by the [[Sikh Gurus]] earlier <ref>[http://www.chowk.com/articles/10040 Chowk: : The Amazing Khatris of Punjab<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Arya Samaj inspired individuals like [[Swami Shraddhanad]] and institutions like [[Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System]] started by Lala [[Hansraj]]<ref>Mahatma Hansraj: Maker of the Modern Punjab By Sri Ram Sharma, Published 1941, Arya Pradeshik, Pratinidhi Sabha</ref>.

===Sikh Khatris===

A portion of the Khatris are Sikh.<ref>Census of India, 1901 By India Census Commissioner, Sir Edward Albert Gait, Published 1903 Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, Part 2 Tables, page 292. The Sikhs form 5.89% of the Khatris</ref> <!-- 60% of Punjab is Sikh, it is likely that Sikhs aren't a minority community but mostly equal --> All the Ten Sikh Gurus were Khatris from the [[Sodhi]], [[Bedi]], [[Trehan]] and [[Bhalla]] clans which claim [[Suryavanshi]] [[Kshatriya]] descent according to the autobiographical [[Bichitra Natak]] by [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. <ref>[http://www.sridasam.org/dasam?Action=Page&p=113 Sri Dasam Granth Sahib<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. During the lifetime of the Gurus, most of their major supporters and Sikhs were Khatris. A list of this is provided by [[Bhai Gurdas]] in [[Varan Bhai Gurdas]], a contemporary of the Sikh Gurus<ref>[http://www.searchgurbani.com/main.php?book=bhai_gurdas_vaaran&action=intro Vaaran Bhai Gurdas :VaarPauri:SearchGurbani.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.

The martial development by the [[Sikh Gurus]] is well documented, with the first master (Guru Nanak Dev) Ji, calling upon Sikhs to make a "ball of their head" to play the game of love. The second Guru (Guru Angad Dev) Ji encouraged physical activities of Sikhs by encouraging wrestling bouts and [[Kabaddi]]. The 6th Guru (Guru Hargobind Dev) Ji took up the [[sword]] and fought many battles against neighboring Rajputs and Mughals. The 9th Guru [[Guru Teg Bahadhur Dev]] Ji fought many battles with the 6th Guru and was an accomplished martial artist. The 10th master [[Guru Gobind Singh]] Ji, was proficient in the art of [[warfare]] as well as an accomplished [[swordsman]], [[marksman]] and [[equestrianism|equestrian]]. The tenth Guru's maternal side of the family were accomplished warriors and fighters in their own right. [[Guru Gobind Singh]] Ji's maternal uncle, [[Kirpal Chand]] Ji served as a [[General]] in [[Guru Hargobind]] Ji army and guided [[Guru Gobind Singh]] ji from an early age.

{{cquote|''The sacred sections of the Khatris'' :-There are four sacred sections among the Khatris , whose position must be touched upon , These are the :-
'''[[Bedi]]''' (Guru Nanak Dev) Ji of the Dharman-Bunjahi or Chota -Sarin sub group .<br>
'''[[Sodhi]]''' (Last seven Gurus) of the Chota Sarin sub-Group.<br>
'''[[Trehan]]''' (Guru Angad Dev) Ji of the Bara-Sarin sub group <br>
'''[[Bhalla]]''' (Guru Amar Das Dev) Ji of the Bara-Sarin sub group .<br>
These four sections became sanctified by the births of the various Sikh Gurus to them
<ref>Denzil Ibbetson, Edward MacLagan, H.A. Rose "A Glossary of The Tribes & Casts of The Punjab & North-West Frontier Province", 1911 AD, Page 512, Vol II,</ref>}}

[[Sahib Singh Bedi]] (1756-1834), was tenth in direct descent from [[Guru Nanak Dev]] Ji, and much revered in Sikh times for his piety as well as for his martial prowess. He was born at [[Dera Baba Nanak]], [[Gurdaspur]] district. At the time of [[Maharaja]] [[Ranjit Singh]]'s coronation at Lahore on April 11, 1801, Baba Sahib Singh Bedi placed the [[tilak]] or mark of sovereignty on Ranjit Singh's forehead anoiting him Maharaja of Punjab.

[[Bhai Binod Singh]], was a Khatri of the [[Trehan]] clan and a direct descendent of the second [[Sikh Guru]] [[Guru Angad Dev]] Ji. Bhai Binod Singh was a devoted disciple of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] Ji, and was one of the few Sikhs to accompany the tenth master to the South in 1708. [[Bhai Binod Singh]] fought many battles as a [[Commander]] and was leader of the [[Tatt Khalsa]], (True Khalsa). It was [[Bhai Binod Singh]] whose [[Tatt Khalsa]] declared the official [[Sikh]] [[Warcry]] to be [[Sat Sri Akal]].

[[Bhai Daya Singh]]- Was a Khatri of the [[Sobti]] clan and the "first" of the [[Panj Pyare]]<br>. In the historic divan in the [[Keshgarh Fort]] at [[Anandpur]] on 30 March 1699, Bhai Daya Singh was the first to rise at the Guru's call and offer his head.

One more head of the family Baba '''Tikka Baba Harbhajan Singh Bedi''' is based in Chandigarh, India. Tikka Baba Harbhajan Singh Bedi is the 16th Descendent in the bloodline starting from Guru Nanak Dev Ji with two sons Tikka Surjinder Singh Bedi and Kunwar Arvinder Singh Bedi. Arvinder Singh Bedi is blessed with two sons Tikka Nain Noor Singh Bedi and Kunwar Gagandeep Singh Bedi making the 18th current bloodline starting from Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

Many Hindu Khatri families raised at least one [[Sikh]] son after the formation of the [[Khalsa]] in 1699. This resulted in Khatri clan names being present in both [[Hindu]] and [[Sikh]] communities worldwide.

{{see also|Hinduism and Sikh Panth}}

'''Sikhism does not believe in Castism although Sikhs do'''

This is an ironical statement but very true .The Sikh Gurus tried their best to eradicate castism .Langar was introduced with keeping this view, where all people from all castes ,religions gather together and eat food . Furthermore Guru Gobind Singh Ji gave all sikh men the lastname "Singh" and all Sikh women the lastname "Kaur" to remove castism as everyone is considered equal in Sikhism.

But slowly and slowly Sikhs of today have regained their old caste system inherited by Hinduism . Most of the marriages are done between Sikhs of same castes.

===Jain Khatris===

The number of Khatris who are [[Jain]] is very small. However one of the best known Jain munis in recent times, Acharya [[Atmaram]] (also known as Shri [[Vijayanandsuri]] <ref>The Svetambar Murtipujak Jain Mendicant, by John E. Cort
Man, 1991 Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
</ref>) (1841-1900) was a Kapoor Khatri, born at Lahra, Firozepur. <ref>Mangilal Bhutoria, Itihas ki Amar Bel- Oswal, Ppriyadarshi Prakashan, Calcutta, 1988</ref>.

===Muslim Khatris===
The [[Muslim]] Khatri ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: ''' کهتری ''' ) are the Khatri converts to [[Islam]]. With the advent of [[Islam]] following invasions by [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribes from [[Afghanistan]] and the [[North West Frontier Province]] from the 11th century onwards, there were conversions of Hindus to the faith from among various Punjabi communities, including Khatris .Generally they retained their tribal, clan or caste affiliations as has been the norm in the region. Similarly, the Khatris who converted to Islam, continue to retain a strong social identity and are known as ''[[Punjabi Shaikh]]s''.

Pakistan continues to have a prominent community of Khatris known as [[Punjabi Shaikh]]s as well as [[Khawaja Shaikh]]s. Some Muslim Khatris like the [[Sahgal family]] of Pakistan are examples of well-known and successful Muslim Khatris. They are also known as [[Qanungoh Shaikh]], [[Khoja]] and [[Chiniotis]].

SUNNI MUSLIM KHATRIS IN KUTCH(GUJARAT)INDIA.

In the western part of gujarat which is called KUTCH about 4 to 5000 families of sunni muslim khatris are there, their main occupation is dyeing and printing cloths by hand and are carpenters also, they call themselves Muslim Kuthchi Khatri,This group people for some reason migrated to India from sindh punjab which is part of pakistan today.
'''Muslim Khatris of Kashmir'''

{{cquote| But there are still Khatris in Srinagar known as Bohras and engaged in trade, who are cut off from communion whith Khatris of the Punjab, and there are certain Musalman tribes who trace their origin to Khatri ancestors<ref> The Valley Of Kasmir by Walter R Lawrence Chapter XII Page 303 </ref>}}

{{cquote|Other ''Krams'' are believed to have sprung from Khatri origins, an ancient history mentions that the bearers of these names in Hindu times were military and warlike people. Among these Krams may be mentioned the Magres, Tantres, Dars, Dangars, Rainas, Rathor, Thakurs and Naiks <ref> The Valley Of Kasmir by Walter R Lawrence Chapter XII Page 303 </ref>}}

===Khatri's in Central Asia===

The Khatris, along with Aroras and Lohanas engaged in trade in Central Asia<ref>Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India By R.V. Russell, R.B.H. Lal, Re-Published 1995, Asian Educational Services</ref> <ref>The Indian Diaspora in Central Asia and Its Trade, 1550-1900 By Scott Cameron Levi, Published 2002
BRILL</ref> . The [[Hindu temples of Kabul]] and the Hindu [[Fire Temple of Baku]] built and maintained by them still exist.

==Khatri Organizations==

The sessions of Akhil Bhartiya Khatri Mahasabha were held in Lucknow in 1916, 1936, 1952 and 1980. Lucknow Khatri Sabha was established in 1927 and publication Khatri Hitashi was started in 1936<ref>The Indian Historical Review By Indian Council of Historical Research, Published 1982 Vikas Pub. House</ref>.

==Divisions among the Khatris==

There are social divisions within the community which includes the ''Dhai-Ghar'' (2&1/2 Houses), ''Bara-Ghar'' (12 Houses), ''Bunjahi'' (52 Houses), Sarin and [[Kukhran]] Khatris. <ref>M.A. Sherring, Hindu Castes and Tribes as represented in Banares, 1872.
</ref>

The ''Bunjahi'' Khatris include the [[Bedi]] and [[Sodhi]] clans, to which belonged the founders of the Sikh faith.

=== Divisions recorded in the [[Ain-i-Akbari]] ===
Divisions among the Khatri groups were reported by Emperor [[Akbar]]'s close adviser [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu'l Fazal]] in his book ''Ain-i-Akbari'' (compiled in 1590 AD).

{{cquote|''The division into the bara and Bunjahi groups is noticed in the Ain-i-Akbari:- "The Kshatriya (now called Khatris ) form two races , the [[Sun Dynasty]]/[[Suryavanshi]] and [[Lunar Dynasty]]/[[Somvanshi]] * * There are more than 500 tribes of these [[Kshatriya]]s , of whom 52 (Bawanjai) are pre-eminently distinguished and 12 (Baraghar) are of considerable importance
<ref>Denzil Ibbetson, Edward MacLagan, H.A. Rose "A Glossary of The Tribes & Casts of The Punjab & North-West Frontier Province", 1911 AD, Page 510, Vol II,</ref>}}

There are several subdivisions within the Khatri clans. There are the ''Dhai Ghar'' (i.e. 2 1/2 houses - the number 3 being considered unlucky) grouping comprising of Khanna, Kappor/Kapur and [[Mehra]]/[[Mehrotra]]/[[Malhotra]],in order of their social status.<ref name="PR">[http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_asr9.htm Punjab Revenue] Castes and Religions of Punjab]</ref> Along with the [[Seth]] clan these four subdivisions form the ''Char Ghar'' (4 houses) grouping.<ref>M.A. Sherring, Hindu Castes and Tribes as represented in Banares, 1872.</ref>.

With the [[Bhandari]], [[Chopra]], [[Dhawan]], [[Sahgal]], [[Talwar]], [[Tandon]], [[Vohra]], [[Wadhawan]], and [[Wahie]] sub castes, all 12 form the [[Barah-Jati]] grouping <ref>M.A. Sherring, Hindu Castes and Tribes as represented in Banares, 1872.</ref>. Another group is called Bavanjai (52)<ref>M.A. Sherring, Hindu Castes and Tribes as represented in Banares, 1872.</ref>. Other regional clan groupings include the Sarin and the [[Kukhran]].

Regionally [[Nanda]], [[Khullar]], [[Jerath]], [[Chopra]] and [[Vig]] were particularly connected with [[Ludhiana]]; [[Bahl]], [[Kapoor]], [[Mehra]], [[Seth]], [[Beri]], and [[Dhir]] with [[Jagraon]]; [[Sondhi]] with [[Machhiwara]] and Bahlolpur; [[Sehgal]] and [[Thapar]] with [[Raikot]]; [[Gulla]] with Sahowala, Bhopalwala - Daska [[Gujranwala]] - [[Sialkot]], [[Delhi]] & [[Ghaziabad]] and Had and Cham with [[Khanna]]<ref>http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/fdigs.htm Punjab District Gazeeters</ref>

===Kukhran===

[[Image:Bush Singh Ovaloffice july18 2005.jpg|thumb|220px|right|Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]] with President of the [[United States]] [[George W. Bush]]]]

[[Kukhran]] (also spelt ''Khukhrain/Kukhrain'') are a regional subcaste of Khatris <ref>M.A. Sherring, Hindu Castes and Tribes as represented in Banares, 1872.</ref> of nine clans of [[Punjab region|Punjab]], originally from the town of [[Bhera]] in the Jech doab (Jhelum - Chenab interfluve) region of [[Sargodha]] district of Pakistani Punjab. A significant number adopted Sikhism during the 18th and 19th centuries. The nine [[Kukhran]] family names are [[Anand]], [[Bhasin]], [[Chaddha]], [[Chandok]], [[Kohli]], [[Sabharwal]], [[Sahni]]/[[Sawhney]], [[Sethi]] and [[Suri]]. The [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Dr. Manmohan Singh]] is a [[Kukhran]] of the [[Kohli]] clan.

==Sarsut Brahmans and Khatris==
{{cquote|The Sarsut is essentially the Brahman of the Punjab , just as the Khatri is distinctively a Punjabi caste . The Sarasut , as a body minister to all the Hindu castes, possibly even to those which are unclean and so stand outside the pale of Hinduism . Upon this '''fact is based the leading principle of their organisation ,which is that the status of each section depends on the status of the caste to which it ministers . In accordance with this principle we may tentatively classify the Sarsut thus :-<br>
''Sub Group i'' - Brahmins of Brahmins , called Shukla .<br>
''Sub Group ii'' -Brahmans of the Khatris :-<br>
1 Panchzati , 2 Chhe-zati . ,3 Asth-Bans . ,4 Bunjahis . 5 Khokharan ,6 Sarin , <br>
''Sub Group iii'' - Brahmans of Aroras .<br>
''Sub Group iv ''-Brahmans of Jats .<br>
''Sub Group v ''-Brahmans of inferior castes eg the Chamarwa .<br>
<ref>Denzil Ibbetson, Edward MacLagan, H.A. Rose "A Glossary of The Tribes & Casts of The Punjab & North-West Frontier Province", 1911 AD, Page 122, Vol II,</ref>}}

= Distinguished Khatris =

In addition to three Indian prime ministers, many distinguished soldiers, administrators, writers, businessmen and artists have been Khatri, a list appears at [[List of distinguished Khatris]].

{{main|List of distinguished Khatris}}

=See Also=

* [[Punjabi Shaikh]]
* [[Shaikh Siddiqui]]
* [[Kashmiri Shaikh]]
* [[Khawaja Shaikh]]
* [[Qanungoh Shaikh]]
* [[Sethi]]
* [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Generals]]
* [[Punjab Chiefs]]

=References=
{{Reflist}}
*{{1911}}
* Jwalaprasad Mishra, Jati Bhaskar, 1914.
* M.A. Sherring, Hindu Castes and Tribes as represented in Banares, 1872.
* Raja Vanvihari Kapur, The History of Khatris
* The Khatris, a socio-historical study, Baij Nath Puri, M.N. Publishers, 1988.
* Bhai Gurdas ''Ji'', Varan Bhai Gurdas Ji, Vaar 8 - Pauri 10.
* The Indian Diaspora in Central Asia and Its Trade, 1550-1900 by Scott Cameron Levi.
* Denzil Ibbetson, Edward MacLagan, H.A. Rose ''"A Glossary of The Tribes & Casts of The Punjab & North-West Frontier Province"'', 1911 AD, Page 501-526, Vol II,
* Ibid, Page 537-538, Vol II.
* Temple, R.C. '' "The Legends of The Panjab"'', 1884, Reprinted by Institute of Folk Heritage, Islamabd, 1981.
* Khatris are Kshatryas http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_ldh8.htm
* Mahan Kosh by Bhai Kahan Singh Nabha

{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}}

[[Category:Demographic history of India]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Social groups of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pre-Islamic heritage of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Indian caste system]]
[[Category:Kshatriya]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]

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Revision as of 09:53, 11 October 2008

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Serie A 1978-79 Winners
A.C. Milan
10th Title


The 1978/1979 Serie A season was won by A.C. Milan.

Final classification

P
 Team
 Pld
 W
 D
 L
 GF
 GA
 GD
 Pts
 Promotion or relegation
1. Milan (C) 30 17 10 3 46 19 +27 44 European Cup First round
2. Perugia 30 11 19 0 34 16 +18 41 UEFA Cup
3. Juventus 30 12 13 5 40 23 +17 37 Cup Winners' Cup
4. Internazionale 30 10 16 4 38 24 +14 36 UEFA Cup
4. Torino 30 11 14 5 35 23 +12 36
6. Napoli 30 9 14 7 23 21 +2 32
6. Fiorentina 30 10 12 8 26 26 0 32
8. Lazio 30 9 11 10 35 40 -5 29
9. Catanzaro 30 6 16 8 23 30 -7 28
10. Ascoli 30 7 12 11 26 31 -5 26
10. Avellino 30 6 14 10 19 26 -7 26
10. Roma 30 8 10 12 24 32 -8 26
13. Bologna 30 4 16 10 23 30 -7 24
13. Lanerossi Vicenza 30 5 14 11 29 42 -13 24 Relegated to Serie B
13. Atalanta 30 6 12 12 20 33 -13 24
16. Verona 30 2 11 17 14 39 -25 15


Results

Template:Football (soccer) table results 16 teams


References and Sources

  • Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005

External links

  • [1] - Italian version with pictures and info.
  • [2] - All results on RSSSF Website.


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