Minsk Automobile Plant: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|a state-run automotive manufacturer association in Belarus}}
{{Short description|Belarusian state-owned automotive manufacturer}}
{{For|the [[Iran]]ian village|Maz}}
{{Infobox company
{{Infobox company
| name = '''Minsk Automobile Plant'''<br />''MAZ'' or ''Minski Autamabilny Zavod''
| name = '''Minsk Automobile Plant'''<br />''MAZ'' or ''Minski Autamabilny Zavod''
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| location_country = [[Belarus]]
| location_country = [[Belarus]]
| locations = <!-- Number of locations, stores, offices &c. -->
| locations = <!-- Number of locations, stores, offices &c. -->
| area_served = Russia<br>East Europe
| area_served = [[Russia]]<br>[[Eastern Europe|Eastern Europe]]
| key_people = [[Aliaksandr Barouski]]
| key_people = Valery Ivankovich
| products = [[Truck]]s, [[bus]]es, [[trolleybus]]es
| products = [[Truck]]s, [[bus]]es, [[trolleybus]]es
| production =
| production =
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}}
}}


'''Minsk Automobile Plant''' ('''MAZ''') ({{lang-be|Адкрытaе Акцыянэрнaе Таварыства «Мінскі аўтамабільны завод»}}, ''Open JSC Minski Autamabilny Zavod'', {{lang-ru|Минский автомобильный завод}} ''Minskyi Avtomobilnyi Zavod'') is a state-run automotive manufacturer association in [[Belarus]], one of the largest in Eastern Europe.
'''Minsk Automobile Plant''' ('''MAZ''') ({{lang-be|Адкрытaе Акцыянэрнaе Таварыства «Мінскі аўтамабільны завод»}}, ''Open JSC Minski Autamabilny Zavod'', {{lang-ru|Минский автомобильный завод}} ''Minskij Avtomobilnyj Zavod'') is a state-run automotive manufacturer association in [[Belarus]], one of the largest in Eastern Europe.


== History ==
== History ==
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After a decision by the Soviet Industrial command in August 1944, the plant was begun as the Second World War ended.<ref name=LuK>{{cite magazine | ref = LundK | last = Schauen | first = Till | title = Bau-genossen |trans-title=The joys of cooperative building | language = de | page = 63 | issue = 1 (December/Januar 2016) | volume = 24 | date = December 2015 | magazine = Last & Kraft | publisher = Vereinigte Fachverlage | location = Mainz, Germany | issn = 1613-1606 }}</ref> The first MAZ model, the [[MAZ-200]], entered production in 1949. This truck used General Motors-designed two-stroke engines and was a continuation of a truck developed by the [[Yaroslavl Motor Plant]] (YaMZ), who also built the engines.<ref name=LuK/> Later on, YaMZ's own original engines were developed and implemented in the [[MAZ-500]] series which was first shown in 1955, but only reaching full series production in 1965.<ref name=LuK64>[[#LundK|Schauen]], p.64</ref>
After a decision by the Soviet Industrial command in August 1944, the plant was begun as the Second World War ended.<ref name=LuK>{{cite magazine | ref = LundK | last = Schauen | first = Till | title = Bau-genossen |trans-title=The joys of cooperative building | language = de | page = 63 | issue = 1 (December/Januar 2016) | volume = 24 | date = December 2015 | magazine = Last & Kraft | publisher = Vereinigte Fachverlage | location = Mainz, Germany | issn = 1613-1606 }}</ref> The first MAZ model, the [[MAZ-200]], entered production in 1949. This truck used General Motors-designed two-stroke engines and was a continuation of a truck developed by the [[Yaroslavl Motor Plant]] (YaMZ), who also built the engines.<ref name=LuK/> Later on, YaMZ's own original engines were developed and implemented in the [[MAZ-500]] series which was first shown in 1955, but only reaching full series production in 1965.<ref name=LuK64>[[#LundK|Schauen]], p.64</ref>


Not only the plant itself, but the entire surrounding town, with infrastructure, were built in a short time. Apartment buildings, shops, medical clinics, cinemas etc. were built in close proximity to the MAZ plant, providing plant workers with local (though limited) necessities. On many of the construction sites German prisoners of war were working together with Belarusian construction workers. The majority of these buildings are still in service today.
Apartment buildings, shops, medical clinics, cinemas etc. were built in close proximity to the MAZ plant, providing plant workers with local (though limited) necessities. On many of the construction sites, German prisoners of war were working together with Belarusian construction workers.


It manufactures heavy-duty [[truck]]s, [[bus]]es, [[trolleybus]]es, [[Tractor unit|road tractors]] and [[semi-trailer]]s for [[semi-trailer truck]]s, and [[crane (machine)|cranes]]. MAZ was, and possibly is, the world's largest manufacturer of [[Transporter erector launcher|TELs]] ('''T'''ransporter-'''E'''rector-'''L'''aunchers) for many of the world's mobile [[ballistic missiles]], from the widely proliferated [[MAZ-543]] used to carry and launch the [[Scud B]] through to the recent [[Topol M]]'s impressive 8-axle TEL.
It manufactures heavy-duty [[truck]]s, [[bus]]es, [[trolleybus]]es, [[Tractor unit|road tractors]] and [[semi-trailer]]s for [[semi-trailer truck]]s, and [[crane (machine)|cranes]]. MAZ was, and possibly is, the world's largest manufacturer of [[Transporter erector launcher|TELs]] ('''T'''ransporter-'''E'''rector-'''L'''aunchers) for many of the world's mobile [[ballistic missiles]], from the [[MAZ-543]] used to carry and launch the [[Scud B]] through to the [[Topol M]]'s 8-axle TEL.{{cn|date=January 2023}}


In 2020, it was said that the MAZ was the primary supplier for the chassis of such Russian army vehicles as the launchers for the [[Iskander-M]] and the [[S-400]] because the domestic Russian products are of comparatively low quality.<ref name="efrusi">{{cite news |last1=Ferris |first1=Emily |title=Could Russia's Reliance on Belarus be its Soft Underbelly? |url=https://static.rusi.org/could-russias-reliance-on-belarus-be-its-soft-underbelly.pdf |publisher=The Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies |date=12 January 2023}}</ref>
At the end of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] times, MAZ was the largest manufacturer of heavy trucks in the Soviet Union, and the only one for some truck categories. After the [[Soviet Union]] dissolved, MAZ production was reduced substantially, as has happened with many enterprises in Belarus, oriented on the needs of a very big country. The previously mentioned production of public transport vehicles was a result of following diversification of the company.


==Political repressions, sanctions==
==Political repressions, sanctions==
On 21 June 2021, MAZ was added to the sanctions list of the [[European Union]] for repressions against workers who participated in [[2020–2021 Belarusian protests|mass protests]] against the authoritarian regime of [[Alexander Lukashenka]] following the controversial [[2020 Belarusian presidential election|presidential election of 2020]]. According to the official decision of the EU,
On 21 June 2021, MAZ (as well as its general manager Ivankovich) was added to the sanctions list of the [[European Union]] for repressions against workers who participated in [[2020–2021 Belarusian protests|mass protests]] against the authoritarian regime of [[Alexander Lukashenko]] following the controversial [[2020 Belarusian presidential election|presidential election of 2020]]. According to the official decision of the EU,


<blockquote>"[MAZ] is a source of revenue for the Lukashenka regime. OJSC MAZ has offered its premises and equipment to stage a political rally in support of the regime. Therefore, OJSC “MAZ” benefits from and supports the Lukashenka regime."<ref name=EU21062021>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32021R0997&from=EN COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2021/997] - [[Official Journal of the European Union]], 21.06.2021</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>"[MAZ] is a source of revenue for the Lukashenka regime. OJSC MAZ has offered its premises and equipment to stage a political rally in support of the regime. Therefore, OJSC “MAZ” benefits from and supports the Lukashenka regime."<ref name=EU21062021>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32021R0997&from=EN COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2021/997] - [[Official Journal of the European Union]], 21.06.2021</ref></blockquote>
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Moreover,
Moreover,
<blockquote>Employees of OJSC “MAZ” who took part in strikes and peaceful protests in the aftermath of fraudulent August 2020 elections in Belarus, were intimidated and later laid off by the company’s managements. A group of employees was locked indoors by OJSC MAZ to prevent them from joining the other protesters. Therefore, MAZ is responsible for the repression of civil society and supports the Lukashenka regime.</blockquote>
<blockquote>Employees of OJSC “MAZ” who took part in strikes and peaceful protests in the aftermath of fraudulent August 2020 elections in Belarus, were intimidated and later laid off by the company’s managements. A group of employees was locked indoors by OJSC MAZ to prevent them from joining the other protesters. Therefore, MAZ is responsible for the repression of civil society and supports the Lukashenka regime.</blockquote>

On the same day, MAZ and Ivankovich were also sanctioned by Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/sanctions/consolidated-consolide.aspx?lang=eng|title=Consolidated Canadian Autonomous Sanctions List|date=19 October 2015 |publisher=[[Global Affairs Canada]]|accessdate=2021-06-29|lang=en}}</ref> Later, Switzerland also sanctioned the company and its general manager.<ref>{{Cite web|language=en|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/swiss-widen-sanctions-list-against-belarus-2021-07-07/|title=Swiss widen sanctions list against Belarus |first1=Michael |last1=Shields| last2=Liffey |first2=Kevin |date=2021-07-07|publisher=[[Reuters]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707215407/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/swiss-widen-sanctions-list-against-belarus-2021-07-07/|archivedate=2021-07-07|accessdate=2021-07-10|editor=Liffey, Kevin|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|language=en|url=https://www.seco.admin.ch/dam/seco/de/dokumente/Aussenwirtschaft/Wirtschaftsbeziehungen/Exportkontrollen/Sanktionen/Verordnungen/Belarus/belarus_2021-08-11.pdf|title=Sanctions program: Belarus: Verordnung vom 11. August 2021 über Massnahmen gegenüber Belarus (SR 946.231.116.9), Anhang 7 und 8|first=|last=|date=2021-08-11|publisher=Staatssekretariat für Wirtschaft|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815071230/https://www.seco.admin.ch/dam/seco/de/dokumente/Aussenwirtschaft/Wirtschaftsbeziehungen/Exportkontrollen/Sanktionen/Verordnungen/Belarus/belarus_2021-08-11.pdf|archivedate=2021-08-15|accessdate=2021-08-15|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2023, the [[United States Department of the Treasury|U.S. Treasury]] included MAZ and Ivankovich in the [[Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List|Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons (SDN) List]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/89011/|title=U.S. imposes sanctions against BelAZ and MAZ|date=March 24, 2023|work=[[Interfax]]}}</ref> In May 2023, Ukraine imposed sanctions against the plant, followed by the U.S. sanctions on exports in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sanctions.nazk.gov.ua/en/sanction-company/418/|title=Open Joint Stock Company "Minsk Automobile Plant" (MAZ)|work=[[National Agency on Corruption Prevention]]}}</ref>


== Organization ==
== Organization ==
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== Products ==
== Products ==
Among other recent products, MAZ city buses (see pictures below) are operating throughout Belarus, as well as in [[Russia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Serbia]] and [[Estonia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.belta.by/en/news/econom?id=185402 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-01-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306214645/http://news.belta.by/en/news/econom?id=185402 |archive-date=2014-03-06 }}</ref>
Among other products, MAZ city buses (see pictures below) are operating throughout Belarus, as well as in [[Russia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Serbia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Estonia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.belta.by/en/news/econom?id=185402 |title=MAZ buses on display at Busworld 2007 - Economy / News headlines / Belarus News &#124; Belarusian news &#124; Belarus today &#124; news in Belarus &#124; Minsk news &#124; BELTA - Belarus News &#124; Belarusian news &#124; Belarus today &#124; news in Belarus &#124; Minsk news &#124; BELTA |access-date=2016-01-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306214645/http://news.belta.by/en/news/econom?id=185402 |archive-date=2014-03-06 }}</ref>


In [[Serbia]], working in cooperation with a local-based company BIK (Bus industries Kragujevac), a production of gas-powered buses named BIK-203 has been agreed, which are based on the platform of MAZ-203 model.<ref>[http://www.ekapija.com/website/en/page/231082/Gas-powered-bus-from-Kragujevac-company-Vulovi%C4%87-transport-presented-new-product-in-Zagreb Gas-powered bus from Kragujevac] at ekapija.rs, 20-4-2009</ref><ref>[http://www.vulovictransport.com/index.php?id=265 MAZ-BIK 203] at Vulović Transport official website</ref> These buses have been delivered at several Serbian towns to be in use in public transportation companies.
In [[Serbia]], working in cooperation with a local-based company BIK (Bus industries Kragujevac), a production of gas-powered buses named BIK-203 has been agreed, which are based on the platform of MAZ-203 model.<ref>[http://www.ekapija.com/website/en/page/231082/Gas-powered-bus-from-Kragujevac-company-Vulovi%C4%87-transport-presented-new-product-in-Zagreb Gas-powered bus from Kragujevac] at ekapija.rs, 20-4-2009</ref><ref>[http://www.vulovictransport.com/index.php?id=265 MAZ-BIK 203] at Vulović Transport official website</ref>


== MAZ-MAN ==
== MAZ-MAN ==
In 1997, together with [[MAN SE|MAN]], a joint Belarusian-German company JSC MAZ-MAN, was set up, which by 1998 had established full-scale production of heavy vehicles, using the F90 MAN cabs introduced 1986 and replaced in 1994. Production of truck cabs involves huge, expensive tools, making this kind of recycling an existing design attractive. While production of tractors for international trade with 4x2 and 6x4 chassis layouts was a stated goal, development of exhaust gas regulations within the EU turned this into illusion. Based on the MAZ-MAN they have produced concrete mixers, fueling vehicles, [[flatbed truck]]s, dump trucks, front-end loaders etc.
In 1997, together with [[MAN SE|MAN]], a joint Belarusian-German company JSC MAZ-MAN, was set up, which by 1998 had established full-scale production of heavy vehicles, using the F90 MAN cabs introduced 1986 and replaced in 1994. While production of tractors for international trade with 4x2 and 6x4 chassis layouts was a stated goal, development of exhaust gas regulations within the EU turned this into illusion.

Production of the Belarusian-German company demonstrated the advantage of technology created by combining the abilities and experience of auto makers of two countries. Compared to European models in the same class and quality range, MAZ-MAN products are on average 30% cheaper. Currently 98% of MAZ-MAN comply with Euro-3pollution standards, meaning they cannot be exported to the EU; sales to the EU require Euro-5 standards until 2013, and Euro-6 standards since 2014.

In 2004, the joint venture made 272 vehicles, which is 45% higher than 2003. At the same time in 2003, output in comparison with 2002 increased by 50%.

28 November 2005 MAZ-MAN sold 1000 of the first MAZ-MAN tractor to customers.


== Models ==
== Models ==

⚫
[[File:MAZ-203 and MAZ-206.JPG|thumb|MAZ-203 and MAZ-206 buses]]
===Cars===
⚫
[[File:Maz truck mims 2006.JPG|thumb|MAZ-447131]]
* [[MAZ-1500]] (1959, MAZ's only car)
⚫
[[File:MAZ-MAN truck.JPG|thumb|Tipper, with the [[MAN SE|MAN]] F90 cab]]


===Trucks===
===Trucks===
{{col-begin}}
{| padding:0em 1em 0em 1em;"
{{col-2}}
| style="vertical-align:top" width="300" |
* [[MAZ-200]] (1950, formerly built by [[Yaroslavl Motor Plant|YaAZ]] from 1947 to 1950)
* [[MAZ-200]] (1950, formerly built by [[Yaroslavl Motor Plant|YaAZ]] from 1947 to 1950)
* [[MAZ-200|МАZ-200V]] (1952, tractor-trailer version of MAZ-200)
* [[MAZ-200|МАZ-200V]] (1952, tractor-trailer version of MAZ-200)
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* МАZ-502V (tractor-trailer version of MAZ-502)
* МАZ-502V (tractor-trailer version of MAZ-502)
* [[MAZ-500|МАZ-503/MAZ-503A]] (1958, dump truck version of MAZ-500)
* [[MAZ-500|МАZ-503/MAZ-503A]] (1958, dump truck version of MAZ-500)
* [[MAZ-504|MAZ-504/MAZ-504A]] (1965)
* [[MAZ-500|MAZ-504/MAZ-504A]] (1965, tractor-trailer version of MAZ-500)
* [[MAZ-500|МАZ-505]] (1962, prototype 4x4 truck based on MAZ-500)
* [[MAZ-500|МАZ-505]] (1962, prototype 4x4 truck based on MAZ-500)
* MAZ-506 (1954, prototype dump truck based on MAZ-205)
* MAZ-506 (1954, prototype dump truck based on MAZ-205)
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* [[MAZ-500|MAZ-512/MAZ-500C]] (cold weather version of MAZ-500)
* [[MAZ-500|MAZ-512/MAZ-500C]] (cold weather version of MAZ-500)
* [[MAZ-500|MAZ-513/MAZ-500YU]] (hot weather version of MAZ-500)
* [[MAZ-500|MAZ-513/MAZ-500YU]] (hot weather version of MAZ-500)
* MAZ-514 (1969, prototype three-axle truck)
* MAZ-514 (1965, prototype three-axle truck based on MAZ-500)
* МАZ-515 (1965, prototype three-axle truck)
* МАZ-515 (1965, prototype tractor-trailer version of MAZ-514)
* [[MAZ-500|МАZ-516]] (1969)
* [[MAZ-500|МАZ-516]] (1969)
* MAZ-520 (1972, prototype truck based on MAZ-504)
* MAZ-520 (1972, prototype truck based on MAZ-504)
* [[MAZ-525]] (1951, later built by [[BelAZ]])
* [[MAZ-525]] (1951, later built by [[BelAZ]])
* [[MAZ-528]] (1955, prototype wheeled dozer)
* [[MAZ-538|MAZ-528]] (1955, prototype wheeled dozer)
* МАZ-529 (1955, production moved to MoAZ in 1958)
* [[MAZ-529]] (1955, production moved to MoAZ in 1958)
* [[MAZ-530]] (1957, later built by [[BelAZ]])
* [[MAZ-530]] (1957, later built by [[BelAZ]])
* MAZ-532 (1957, prototype logging truck)
* MAZ-532 (1957, prototype logging truck)
* [[MAZ-535]] (1958)
* [[MAZ-535]] (1958; production moved to KZKT in 1961)
* [[MAZ-537]] (1959)
* [[MAZ-537]] (1959; production moved to KZKT in 1963)
* [[MAZ-538]] (1964, wheeled dozer)
* [[MAZ-538]] (1964, wheeled dozer)
* [[MAZ-541]] (1956, aircraft tug based on MAZ-525)
* [[MAZ-541]] (1956, aircraft tug based on MAZ-525)
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* MAZ-547/MAZ-7916 (1972)
* MAZ-547/MAZ-7916 (1972)
* MAZ-2000 (1988, prototype truck)
* MAZ-2000 (1988, prototype truck)
⚫
* MAZ-3650 (2019)
| style="vertical-align:top" width="300" |
* МАZ-4370 (1999)
* МАZ-4370 (1999)
* МАZ-4371 (2003)
* МАZ-4371 (2003)
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* МАZ-4471 (2006)
* МАZ-4471 (2006)
* МАZ-4570 (2002)
* МАZ-4570 (2002)
{{col-2}}
* МАZ-5309 (2008)
* МАZ-5309 (2008)
* MAZ-5316 (1999, two-axle version of MAZ-6317)
* MAZ-5316 (1999, two-axle version of MAZ-6317)
* [[MAZ-5335|MAZ-5334]] (1977, cab-chassis version of MAZ-5335)
* MAZ-5334
* [[MAZ-5335]] (1977)
* [[MAZ-5335]] (1977)
* МАZ-5336 (1978)
* МАZ-5336 (1978)
* МАZ-5337 (1978)
* МАZ-5337 (1978)
* МАZ-5340 (2002)
* МАZ-5340 (2002)
* MAZ-5428 (1977)
* [[MAZ-5335|MAZ-5428]] (1977)
* MAZ-5429 (1978)
* [[MAZ-5335|MAZ-5429]] (1978)
* MAZ-5430 (1977)
* MAZ-5430 (1977)
* МАZ-5432 (1981)
* МАZ-5432 (1981)
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* MAZ-6440 (2011, prototype)
* MAZ-6440 (2011, prototype)
* МАZ-6501 (2008)
* МАZ-6501 (2008)
* MAZ-6502 (2015)
* МАZ-6516
* МАZ-6516
* МАZ-6517 (1994)
* МАZ-6517 (1994)
* МАZ-7410 (based on MAZ-543)
* МАZ-7410 (based on [[MAZ-7310|MAZ-543]])
* MAZ-7904 (1982, prototype)
* МАZ-7906 (1984, prototype)
* МАZ-7906 (1984, prototype)
* MAZ-7907 (1985)
* [[MAZ-7907]] (1985)
* МАZ-7910 (based on MAZ-543)
* МАZ-7910 (based on MAZ-543)
* [[MAZ-7917|МАZ-7912]] (1977)
⚫
* [[MAZ-7917]] (1984)
* MAZ-7922 (1990, prototype)
* MAZ-7922 (1990, prototype)
* MAZ-79221 (1996, later built by [[MZKT]])
* [[MZKT-79221|MAZ-79221]] (1996, later built by [[MZKT]])
{{col-end}}
|}

⚫
<gallery>
⚫
File:MAZ-203 and MAZ-206.JPG|MAZ-203 and MAZ-206 buses
⚫
File:Maz truck mims 2006.JPG|MAZ-447131
⚫
File:MAZ-MAN truck.JPG|Tipper, with the [[MAN SE|MAN]] F90 cab
</gallery>


===Buses===
===Buses===
[[File:A MAZ bus in Hanoi.jpg|thumb|A MAZ 206 approaching Kim Mã Termini, Hanoi, Vietnam|alt=]]
[[File:A MAZ bus in Hanoi.jpg|thumb|A MAZ 206 approaching Kim Mã Termini, [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]]|alt=]]
[[File:MAZ-215 in Minsk (May 2021) 1.jpg|thumb|MAZ-215 in Minsk]]
[[File:MAZ-215 in Minsk (May 2021) 1.jpg|thumb|MAZ-215 in Minsk]]
* MAZ-101 (1993, based on [[Neoplan N4016]])
* MAZ-101 (1993, based on [[Neoplan N4016]])
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* MAZ-163
* MAZ-163
* MAZ-171 [[Airport bus]] (2005)
* MAZ-171 [[Airport bus]] (2005)
* [[MAZ-203]] Omnibus (2005)
* [[MAZ-203]] Omnibus (2006)
* MAZ-203T Trolleybus (2006)
* [[MAZ-203|MAZ-203T]] Trolleybus (2006)
* MAZ-205 (2009)
* MAZ-205 (2009)
* MAZ-206 Omnibus (2006)
* MAZ-206 Omnibus (2006)
* MAZ-207
* MAZ-207
* [[MAZ-215]]
* [[MAZ-215]] (2014)
* MAZ-216 (2018)
* MAZ-226 (2007)
* MAZ-226 (2007)
* MAZ-231
* MAZ-231
* MAZ-241
* MAZ-241
* MAZ-251 (2006)
* MAZ-251 Tourist (2006)
* MAZ-256 Omnibus (2006)
* MAZ-256 Omnibus (2006)
* MAZ-257 (2019)
* MAZ-271 (2020)
* MAZ-281 (2019)
* MAZ-303 (2019)


=== Special models ===
=== Special models ===
* {{Anchor|MAZ-535|MAZ-537}} [[MAZ-535]]/[[MAZ-537]] - The MAZ-535 and the heavier version MAZ-537 were developed in the early 1960s and built to transport rockets and tanks of various types.
* {{Anchor|MAZ-535|MAZ-537}} [[MAZ-535]]/[[MAZ-537]] - The MAZ-535 and the heavier version MAZ-537 were developed in the early 1960s and built to transport rockets and tanks of various types.
* {{Anchor|MAZ-543|MAZ-547}} [[MAZ-543]] - The MAZ-543 was also designed for the transport of medium-and long-range missiles and has the same specifications as the [[MAZ-537]]. The MAZ-543 is best known as mobile missile launch pad of [[Scud missile]]s. In addition, there are various modifications of the vehicle, such as the [[MAZ-547]] as a mobile launch pad for [[SS-20]] missiles or the [[MAZ-7917]] as a launch pad of [[RT-2PM Topol|Topol]] intercontinental missile.
* {{Anchor|MAZ-543|MAZ-547}} [[MAZ-7310|MAZ-543/MAZ-7310]] - The MAZ-543 was also designed for the transport of medium-and long-range missiles and has the same specifications as the [[MAZ-537]]. The MAZ-543 is best known as mobile missile launch pad of [[Scud missile]]s. In 1976, the MAZ-7310 was released. It is similar to the MAZ-543 but without the special equipment. In addition, there are various modifications of the vehicle, such as the [[MAZ-547]] as a mobile launch pad for [[SS-20]] missiles or the [[MAZ-7917]] as a launch pad of [[RT-2PM Topol|Topol]] intercontinental missile.
* [[MAZ-7310|MAZ-547/MAZ-7916]] - The MAZ-547 is a six-axle version of the MAZ-543 and was used for the RSD-10 Pioneer IRBM. The MAZ-7916, an improved version, was released in 1980.
* MAZ-7904 - The [[MAZ-7904]] is the largest wheeled vehicle that was ever designed for military purposes in the USSR. The prototype was designed in 1982 as a support vehicle for [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s, but never went into production. The vehicle was found in 2007 in a hangar at [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]], but was scrapped in 2010 due to severe corrosion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darkroastedblend.com/2007/05/soviet-army-super-vehicles.html|access-date=2013-06-10|title=Soviet Army Super Vehicles - Ballistic Missile Carriers & other super trucks|date=2013-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.denisovets.ru/maz/mazpages/maz7904.html|access-date=2013-06-10|title=Автомодельное бюро: МАЗ-7904|date=2013-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/maz-7904.htm|title=Maz-7904}}</ref>
* MAZ-7904 - The [[MAZ-7904]] is the largest wheeled vehicle that was ever designed for military purposes in the USSR. The prototype was designed in 1982 as a support vehicle for [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s, but never went into production. The vehicle was found in 2007 in a hangar at [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]], but was scrapped in 2010 due to severe corrosion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darkroastedblend.com/2007/05/soviet-army-super-vehicles.html|title=Soviet Army Super Vehicles|date=May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.denisovets.ru/maz/mazpages/maz7904.html|access-date=2013-06-10|title=Автомодельное бюро: МАЗ-7904|date=2013-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/maz-7904.htm|title=Maz-7904}}</ref>
* [[MAZ-7907]] - The MAZ-7907 is a 12-axled 24 wheel vehicle for transport of ICBMs, which was designed in 1985, and of which two prototypes were produced. At least one seems to have been used after the collapse of the USSR for transportation of bridge parts and ships. Their fate is unclear.
* MAZ-7906/[[MAZ-7907]] - The MAZ-7906 was an eight-axle, 16 wheel [[Transporter-erector-launcher]] intended to transport the Tselina-2 missile, a projected road-mobile variant of the [[RT-23 Molodets]]. In 1985, the 12-axle MAZ-7907 was developed, also intended for the Tselina-2. Two prototypes were produced, but despite successful factory trials, no production followed. At least one seems to have been used after the collapse of the USSR for transportation of bridge parts and ships. One unit is stored at the Minsk Wheel Tractor plant awaiting restoration.
* [[MAZ-7917|МАZ-7912/MAZ-7917]] - The MAZ-7912 is a seven-axle, 14 wheel TEL for the Topol missile. In 1984, the MAZ-7917 was released, lengthened {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}} and had crew cabins similar to the MAZ-7916.


<gallery>
<gallery>
Line 222: Line 231:
|-
|-
! style="width:15%;"| No
! style="width:15%;"| No
! style="width:15%;"| years of release
! style="width:15%;"| Years of release
! style="width:20%;"| Features
! style="width:20%;"| Features
! style="width:12%;"| Photo
! style="width:12%;"| Image
|-
|-
| 1 || 1950—1965 || '''[[MAZ-200|MAZ 200-series]]''' || [[File:МАЗ-200 фото1.JPG|200px]]
| 1 || 1950—1965 || '''[[MAZ-200|MAZ-200-series]]''' || [[File:МАЗ-200 фото1.JPG|200px]]
|-
|-
| 2 || 1965—1977 || '''[[MAZ-500|MAZ 500-series]]''' || [[File:MAZ-500 Minol Tankwagen (TZ-7-500) (36725520370).jpg|200px]]
| 2 || 1965—1977 || '''[[MAZ-500|MAZ-500-series]]''' || [[File:MAZ-500 Minol Tankwagen (TZ-7-500) (36725520370).jpg|200px]]
|-
|-
| 3 || 1977—1990 || '''[[MAZ-5335|MAZ 5334/35-series]]''' ||[[File:ParkPatriot2015part4-17.jpg|200px]]
| 3 || 1977—1990 || '''[[MAZ-5335|MAZ-5334/35-series]]''' ||[[File:ParkPatriot2015part4-17.jpg|200px]]
|-
|-
| 4 || since 1981 || '''MAZ-6422/5432-series''' || [[File:Fahrbibliothek Dresden I.JPG|200px]]
| 4 || since 1981 || '''MAZ-6422/5432-series''' || [[File:Fahrbibliothek Dresden I.JPG|200px]]
Line 244: Line 253:
=== Buses ===
=== Buses ===
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Bus MAZ-105.jpg|MAZ-105 bus.
File:Bus MAZ-105.jpg|MAZ-105 bus
File:Constanta MAZ yellow bus.jpg|MAZ-103 city bus (yellow) in [[Constanța]], [[Romania]]
File:Constanta MAZ yellow bus.jpg|MAZ-103 city bus (yellow) in [[Constanța]], [[Romania]]
File:Constanta pink bus.jpg|MAZ-103 city bus (pink) in [[Constanța]], [[Romania]]
File:Constanta pink bus.jpg|MAZ-103 city bus (pink) in [[Constanța]], [[Romania]]
Line 252: Line 261:
File:MAZ-103t in Minsk.JPG|MAZ-103T trolleybus in Minsk
File:MAZ-103t in Minsk.JPG|MAZ-103T trolleybus in Minsk
File:MAZ 107 Constanta.jpg|MAZ-107 city bus in [[Constanța]], [[Romania]]
File:MAZ 107 Constanta.jpg|MAZ-107 city bus in [[Constanța]], [[Romania]]
File:MAZ-203 and MAZ-206.JPG|MAZ-203 and MAZ-206 buses
File:MAZ-203 and MAZ-206.JPG|[[MAZ-203]] and MAZ-206 buses
File:MAZ-251-Reisebus in München.JPG|MAZ-251 coach in [[Munich]]
File:MAZ-251-Reisebus in München.JPG|MAZ-251 coach in [[Munich]]
File:MAZ 206 in route 107 at Hanoi.jpg|MAZ-206 at Kim Mã Terminal, Hanoi, Vietnam
File:MAZ 206 in route 107 at Hanoi.jpg|MAZ-206 at Kim Mã Terminal, [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]]
File:Galati MAZ trolleybus 1403.jpg|MAZ-203T trolleybus in [[Galați]], [[Romania]]
File:Galati MAZ trolleybus 1403.jpg|[[MAZ-203|MAZ-203T]] trolleybus in [[Galați]], [[Romania]]
File:MAZ-215 Marshala Rokossovskoho avenue Kyiv 20190705.jpg|MAZ-215 articulated bus in [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]
File:MAZ-215 Marshala Rokossovskoho avenue Kyiv 20190705.jpg|MAZ-215 articulated bus in [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]
File:MAZ-303.jpg|MAZ-303 bus
File:MAZ-303.jpg|MAZ-303 bus
Line 262: Line 271:
=== Trucks ===
=== Trucks ===
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:AZHITECHS-1843-(2).jpg|[http://azhitechs.com/truck.html AZHITECHS-1843](powertrain by Bercedes-Benz)
File:AZHITECHS-6501.jpg|[http://azhitechs.com/chassis.html AZHITECHS-6501](powerd by Mercedes-Benz)
File:MAZ truck 2.JPG|MAZ-5551
File:MAZ truck 2.JPG|MAZ-5551
File:9P117 9K72.jpg|9K72 Elbrus launcher (9P117)
File:9P117 9K72.jpg|9K72 Elbrus launcher (9P117)
Line 278: Line 285:
File:MAZ dump truck 2.jpg|MAZ-6516 dump truck (orange)
File:MAZ dump truck 2.jpg|MAZ-6516 dump truck (orange)
File:MAZ vehicle, Minsk (March 2020) p015.jpg|MAZ-6312 logging truck in Minsk
File:MAZ vehicle, Minsk (March 2020) p015.jpg|MAZ-6312 logging truck in Minsk
File:28MAZ in iran.jpg|'''''[http://azhitechs.com/index.html AZHITECHS-1844]('''''powerd by [[Mercedes-Benz|MERCEDES BENZ]]''''')'''''
File:AZHITECHS-M9.jpg|5440M9
⚫
</gallery>

= Maz in IRAN =
[http://azhitechs.com/index.html '''''Azhitechs'''''] Company manufactures Maz in large quantities in Iran. Maz's success stems from its powerful importer company, which produces the vehicle in [[Iran]] exclusively using [[Mercedes-Benz]] engines. [http://azhitechs.com/index.html '''''Azhitechs'''''] is one of Iran's leading automobile manufacturers.<gallery mode="slideshow">
File:AZHITECHS.jpg|'''''[http://azhitechs.com/index.html AZHITECHS COMPANY]'''''
File:36MAZ in iran.jpg|'''''[http://azhitechs.com/bus.html AZHITECHS-bus]'''''
File:6MAZ in iran.jpg|AZHITECHS-bus
File:33MAZ in iran.jpg|maz
File:31MAZ in iran.jpg|[http://azhitechs.com/gallery.html MAZ in iran]
File:29MAZ in iran.jpg|[http://azhitechs.com/gallery.html maz in iran]
File:25MAZ in iran.jpg|maz in iran
File:9MAZin iran.jpg|maz in iran
File:11MAZ in iran.jpg|maz in iran
File:3MAZ in iran.jpg|MAZ in iran
File:33MAZ in iran.jpg
</gallery>
</gallery>


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[[Category:Soviet brands]]
[[Category:Soviet brands]]
[[Category:Electric vehicle manufacturers of Belarus]]
[[Category:Electric vehicle manufacturers of Belarus]]
[[Category:Belarusian entities subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions]]
[[Category:Sanctions against Belarus]]

Latest revision as of 03:08, 21 April 2024

Minsk Automobile Plant
MAZ or Minski Autamabilny Zavod
Native name
Minski Autamabilny Zavod
Company typeState-owned enterprise
IndustryAutomotive
FoundedJuly 16, 1944 (1944-07-16)
Headquarters
Minsk
,
Belarus
Area served
Russia
Eastern Europe
Key people
Valery Ivankovich
ProductsTrucks, buses, trolleybuses
Revenue1,490,387,000 Belarusian ruble (2020) Edit this on Wikidata
Increase US$ 167 million (2011)
OwnerBelarusian government (100%)[1]
Number of employees
16,594 (2016)[1]
Websitemaz.by/en

Minsk Automobile Plant (MAZ) (Belarusian: Адкрытaе Акцыянэрнaе Таварыства «Мінскі аўтамабільны завод», Open JSC Minski Autamabilny Zavod, Russian: Минский автомобильный завод Minskij Avtomobilnyj Zavod) is a state-run automotive manufacturer association in Belarus, one of the largest in Eastern Europe.

History[edit]

Stamps of Belarus with MAZ trucks (1998)

After a decision by the Soviet Industrial command in August 1944, the plant was begun as the Second World War ended.[2] The first MAZ model, the MAZ-200, entered production in 1949. This truck used General Motors-designed two-stroke engines and was a continuation of a truck developed by the Yaroslavl Motor Plant (YaMZ), who also built the engines.[2] Later on, YaMZ's own original engines were developed and implemented in the MAZ-500 series which was first shown in 1955, but only reaching full series production in 1965.[3]

Apartment buildings, shops, medical clinics, cinemas etc. were built in close proximity to the MAZ plant, providing plant workers with local (though limited) necessities. On many of the construction sites, German prisoners of war were working together with Belarusian construction workers.

It manufactures heavy-duty trucks, buses, trolleybuses, road tractors and semi-trailers for semi-trailer trucks, and cranes. MAZ was, and possibly is, the world's largest manufacturer of TELs (Transporter-Erector-Launchers) for many of the world's mobile ballistic missiles, from the MAZ-543 used to carry and launch the Scud B through to the Topol M's 8-axle TEL.[citation needed]

In 2020, it was said that the MAZ was the primary supplier for the chassis of such Russian army vehicles as the launchers for the Iskander-M and the S-400 because the domestic Russian products are of comparatively low quality.[4]

Political repressions, sanctions[edit]

On 21 June 2021, MAZ (as well as its general manager Ivankovich) was added to the sanctions list of the European Union for repressions against workers who participated in mass protests against the authoritarian regime of Alexander Lukashenko following the controversial presidential election of 2020. According to the official decision of the EU,

"[MAZ] is a source of revenue for the Lukashenka regime. OJSC MAZ has offered its premises and equipment to stage a political rally in support of the regime. Therefore, OJSC “MAZ” benefits from and supports the Lukashenka regime."[5]

Moreover,

Employees of OJSC “MAZ” who took part in strikes and peaceful protests in the aftermath of fraudulent August 2020 elections in Belarus, were intimidated and later laid off by the company’s managements. A group of employees was locked indoors by OJSC MAZ to prevent them from joining the other protesters. Therefore, MAZ is responsible for the repression of civil society and supports the Lukashenka regime.

On the same day, MAZ and Ivankovich were also sanctioned by Canada.[6] Later, Switzerland also sanctioned the company and its general manager.[7][8]

In March 2023, the U.S. Treasury included MAZ and Ivankovich in the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons (SDN) List.[9] In May 2023, Ukraine imposed sanctions against the plant, followed by the U.S. sanctions on exports in 2024.[10]

Organization[edit]

The association consists of the MAZ plant proper, located in Minsk, which is the main enterprise of the association, as well as several secondary enterprises:

  • РУП «БААЗ» (in Baranavichy)
  • РУП «ОЗАА» (in Asipovichy)
  • РУА «КЗТШ» (in Zhodino)
  • РУП «Літмаш» (in Minsk),
  • ПРУП «ДЭМЗ» (in Dzyarzhynsk)
  • РУП «СтройМАЗтрест» (in Minsk)

At some points of its history, MAZ was "united" with another heavy automobile company - BELAZ also located in Minsk area.

In 1991, a division specialising in heavy wheeled military vehicles was spun off into a separate business, MZKT.[11]

MAZ is 100% state-owned company.[1]

Products[edit]

Among other products, MAZ city buses (see pictures below) are operating throughout Belarus, as well as in Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Latvia and Estonia.[12]

In Serbia, working in cooperation with a local-based company BIK (Bus industries Kragujevac), a production of gas-powered buses named BIK-203 has been agreed, which are based on the platform of MAZ-203 model.[13][14]

MAZ-MAN[edit]

In 1997, together with MAN, a joint Belarusian-German company JSC MAZ-MAN, was set up, which by 1998 had established full-scale production of heavy vehicles, using the F90 MAN cabs introduced 1986 and replaced in 1994. While production of tractors for international trade with 4x2 and 6x4 chassis layouts was a stated goal, development of exhaust gas regulations within the EU turned this into illusion.

Models[edit]

Cars[edit]

Trucks[edit]

  • MAZ-203 and MAZ-206 buses
    MAZ-203 and MAZ-206 buses
  • MAZ-447131
    MAZ-447131
  • Tipper, with the MAN F90 cab
    Tipper, with the MAN F90 cab

Buses[edit]

A MAZ 206 approaching Kim Mã Termini, Hanoi, Vietnam
MAZ-215 in Minsk
  • MAZ-101 (1993, based on Neoplan N4016)
  • MAZ-103 Omnibus (1996, based on MAZ-101)
  • MAZ-103T Trolleybus (1999)
  • MAZ-104 (1997, based on MAZ-103)
  • MAZ-105 articulated (1997, based on MAZ-103)
  • MAZ-107 three axle (2001, based on MAZ-103)
  • MAZ-152 city bus (1999)
  • MAZ-163
  • MAZ-171 Airport bus (2005)
  • MAZ-203 Omnibus (2006)
  • MAZ-203T Trolleybus (2006)
  • MAZ-205 (2009)
  • MAZ-206 Omnibus (2006)
  • MAZ-207
  • MAZ-215 (2014)
  • MAZ-216 (2018)
  • MAZ-226 (2007)
  • MAZ-231
  • MAZ-241
  • MAZ-251 Tourist (2006)
  • MAZ-256 Omnibus (2006)
  • MAZ-257 (2019)
  • MAZ-271 (2020)
  • MAZ-281 (2019)
  • MAZ-303 (2019)

Special models[edit]

  • MAZ-535/MAZ-537 - The MAZ-535 and the heavier version MAZ-537 were developed in the early 1960s and built to transport rockets and tanks of various types.
  • MAZ-543/MAZ-7310 - The MAZ-543 was also designed for the transport of medium-and long-range missiles and has the same specifications as the MAZ-537. The MAZ-543 is best known as mobile missile launch pad of Scud missiles. In 1976, the MAZ-7310 was released. It is similar to the MAZ-543 but without the special equipment. In addition, there are various modifications of the vehicle, such as the MAZ-547 as a mobile launch pad for SS-20 missiles or the MAZ-7917 as a launch pad of Topol intercontinental missile.
  • MAZ-547/MAZ-7916 - The MAZ-547 is a six-axle version of the MAZ-543 and was used for the RSD-10 Pioneer IRBM. The MAZ-7916, an improved version, was released in 1980.
  • MAZ-7904 - The MAZ-7904 is the largest wheeled vehicle that was ever designed for military purposes in the USSR. The prototype was designed in 1982 as a support vehicle for intercontinental ballistic missiles, but never went into production. The vehicle was found in 2007 in a hangar at Baikonur, but was scrapped in 2010 due to severe corrosion.[15][16][17]
  • MAZ-7906/MAZ-7907 - The MAZ-7906 was an eight-axle, 16 wheel Transporter-erector-launcher intended to transport the Tselina-2 missile, a projected road-mobile variant of the RT-23 Molodets. In 1985, the 12-axle MAZ-7907 was developed, also intended for the Tselina-2. Two prototypes were produced, but despite successful factory trials, no production followed. At least one seems to have been used after the collapse of the USSR for transportation of bridge parts and ships. One unit is stored at the Minsk Wheel Tractor plant awaiting restoration.
  • МАZ-7912/MAZ-7917 - The MAZ-7912 is a seven-axle, 14 wheel TEL for the Topol missile. In 1984, the MAZ-7917 was released, lengthened 1 m (3.3 ft) and had crew cabins similar to the MAZ-7916.
  • MAZ-537
    MAZ-537
  • MAZ-543
    MAZ-543
  • MAZ-7917
    MAZ-7917

Generations[edit]

No Years of release Features Image
1 1950—1965 MAZ-200-series
2 1965—1977 MAZ-500-series
3 1977—1990 MAZ-5334/35-series
4 since 1981 MAZ-6422/5432-series
5 since 1997 MAZ-6430/5440-series

Sponsorship in football[edit]

Gallery[edit]

Buses[edit]

Trucks[edit]

  • MAZ-5551
    MAZ-5551
  • 9K72 Elbrus launcher (9P117)
    9K72 Elbrus launcher (9P117)
  • MAZ-543 airport tender, airport in Kyrgyzstan
    MAZ-543 airport tender, airport in Kyrgyzstan
  • Fire truck ATs 5,0-50-4 on MAZ-5337A2 -01
    Fire truck ATs 5,0-50-4 on MAZ-5337A2 -01
  • MAZ-5337 Firetruck in Baranavichy, Belarus
    MAZ-5337 Firetruck in Baranavichy, Belarus
  • MAZ-6440 conventional cab tractor unit
    MAZ-6440 conventional cab tractor unit
  • MAZ-4571 box truck
    MAZ-4571 box truck
  • MAZ-6501 flatbed truck with trailer
    MAZ-6501 flatbed truck with trailer
  • MAZ-5440 semi-trailer truck
    MAZ-5440 semi-trailer truck
  • MAZ-6516 concrete mixer truck
    MAZ-6516 concrete mixer truck
  • MAZ-6430 tractor unit towing a tank trailer at the border between Armenia and Iran
    MAZ-6430 tractor unit towing a tank trailer at the border between Armenia and Iran
  • MAZ-6312 milk tank truck
    MAZ-6312 milk tank truck
  • MAZ-6516 dump truck (orange)
    MAZ-6516 dump truck (orange)
  • MAZ-6312 logging truck in Minsk
    MAZ-6312 logging truck in Minsk

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c ОАО "МАЗ" - управляющая компания холдинга "БЕЛАВТОМАЗ"
  2. ^ a b Schauen, Till (December 2015). "Bau-genossen" [The joys of cooperative building]. Last & Kraft (in German). Vol. 24, no. 1 (December/Januar 2016). Mainz, Germany: Vereinigte Fachverlage. p. 63. ISSN 1613-1606.
  3. ^ Schauen, p.64
  4. ^ Ferris, Emily (12 January 2023). "Could Russia's Reliance on Belarus be its Soft Underbelly?" (PDF). The Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies.
  5. ^ COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2021/997 - Official Journal of the European Union, 21.06.2021
  6. ^ "Consolidated Canadian Autonomous Sanctions List". Global Affairs Canada. 19 October 2015. Retrieved 2021-06-29.
  7. ^ Shields, Michael; Liffey, Kevin (2021-07-07). Liffey, Kevin (ed.). "Swiss widen sanctions list against Belarus". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2021-07-07. Retrieved 2021-07-10.
  8. ^ "Sanctions program: Belarus: Verordnung vom 11. August 2021 über Massnahmen gegenüber Belarus (SR 946.231.116.9), Anhang 7 und 8" (PDF). Staatssekretariat für Wirtschaft. 2021-08-11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-15. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  9. ^ "U.S. imposes sanctions against BelAZ and MAZ". Interfax. March 24, 2023.
  10. ^ "Open Joint Stock Company "Minsk Automobile Plant" (MAZ)". National Agency on Corruption Prevention.
  11. ^ "Minsk Wheeled Tractor Plant (MZKT)". 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
  12. ^ "MAZ buses on display at Busworld 2007 - Economy / News headlines / Belarus News | Belarusian news | Belarus today | news in Belarus | Minsk news | BELTA - Belarus News | Belarusian news | Belarus today | news in Belarus | Minsk news | BELTA". Archived from the original on 2014-03-06. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
  13. ^ Gas-powered bus from Kragujevac at ekapija.rs, 20-4-2009
  14. ^ MAZ-BIK 203 at Vulović Transport official website
  15. ^ "Soviet Army Super Vehicles". May 2007.
  16. ^ "Автомодельное бюро: МАЗ-7904". 2013-06-10. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
  17. ^ "Maz-7904".

References[edit]

  • Peter J. Davies: Trucks of the World - The encyclopedia of makes and models from 2002. Motor Book, Stuttgart. ISBN 3-613-02257-5 .

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Minsky Avtomobilny Zavod.

53°51′44″N 27°39′15″E / 53.86222°N 27.65417°E / 53.86222; 27.65417

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