Albruna (seer)

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Albruna ( Latin Albrinia, Aurinia ) was a Germanic seer who was active at the beginning of the 1st century. It is only mentioned in the Germania of Tacitus . Apparently she had during the campaigns of Drusus and Tiberius in the time of 9 BC. BC to 14 AD some reputation and therefore appears in Tacitus' report. Apart from the name, nothing further is known about the person. The function as a seer results from the etymology of the name and from the source-related association with the seer Veleda .

Albruna means "the one provided with the secret knowledge of the albums". The name * Albruna is a 19th century conjecture of the handwritten forms Aurinia , Albrinia , Flurinia that was scientifically established by Wilhelm Wackernagel and Karl Müllenhoff . Today this conjecture is rated as problematic and scientifically no longer convincing and the handwritten form Aurinia is increasingly advocated.

“Vidimus sub divo Vespasiano Veledam diu apud plerosque numinis loco habitam; sed et olim Albrunam et compluris alias venerati sunt, non adulatione nec tamquam facerent deas. "

“We saw it under the blessed Vespasian that Veleda held a divine place with many for a long time; but also long before that Albruna and a few others were worshiped, but not by creeping as if they were making them into goddesses. "

- Tacitus, Germania 8, 2.

The name * Albruna - Aurinia

Sequence with gloss: folio 33v. Codex Leidensis Perizonianus
Sequence of Codex Aesinas Folio 67v. with gloss
Müllenhoff's text edition ( Germania Antiqua Berlin 1873)

In the Germania manuscripts , the common Latin rendering of Aurinia varies in the essential forms:

  • auriniam (manuscripts: B , b , C , E )
  • fluriniam ( c )
  • albriniam ( B , E on the edge; b , c above the line)
Β = Codex Vaticanus Lat. 1862
b = Codex Leidensis Perizonianus
C = Codex Vaticanus Lat. 1518
c = Codex Neapolitanus IV C 21
Ε = Codex Aesinas

Wackernagel's approach was to resolve the situation from the glossed form Albrina (m) n and to introduce a "Germanic" name form * Albruna into the scientific discourse, since the ending -run is common in Germanic female personal names and emphasizes the mysterious, magical. A comparison was made with the Old High German names Al (b) run, Frithurun and the Gothic form haljoruna = magical woman, which is documented in Jordanes ( Getica ) . Jacob Grimm discovered the problem of the forms Aurinia ( "Auriniam .. hardly transferring a German name, such as the old. Gullveig ; one presumably also Aliruna, Ölrun, Albruna" ) and Albrinia in connection with the Gothic * Haljarūnōs ("Aliorumnas “) A mediating form of the Aliruna , or in the plural Alirunas as a generic name for priestesses and seers the Aliorunes . Müllenhoff emphasized that wearing the name was associated with a power transmission in relation to the mantic function as a seer. Basically, his approach was justified in the textual criticism, which he evaluated in the context of the numerous corrupted names ( Korruptel ) due to the stemmata of the traditional manuscripts of the Tacite work and especially case-related with regard to the history of the Germania archetype of the Codex Hersfeldensis ( H ) and its direct copies ( x , y , z ) - a fact that still exists today in the scientific discussion. The juxtaposed forms Aurinia and Albrinia be the best Germania main manuscripts so Müllenhoff from Au plausible one Alb- not produce vice versa. From the Albrinia form of manuscripts b and c and the manuscripts B and E with the marginal notation, the form Albruna was formed by first assuming that this was a copy close to that of Hersfeldensis , and secondly that the graphematic tradition of the i- Points based on an interpretative transcription error. As a result, the form * Albruna found its way into various text editions and transcriptions of Germania of German provenance, as well as in international editions (Loeb Classical Library, Henri Goelzer ) and became a common form in scientific discourse and publications. For example, the Thesaurus linguae Latinae in the first printed volume from 1900 refers to the Lemma Albruna under the keyword Auriniam .

The conjecture, however, was not generally accepted. Moritz Schönfeld criticized the * Albruna form with its Germanic character and, analogous to the etymology of Veleda, pointed out that there may be the possibility of borrowing or influencing from Celtic. Schönfeld advocated the conservative retention of the handwritten Aurinia . Schönfeld's view was followed by serious, annotated editions in the first half of the 20th century, such as Wilhelm Reeb . Based on the handwritten tradition, Wilhelm Capelle also spoke out against Wackernagel's conjecture and its partially uncritical inclusion.

“The name Aurinia cannot be touched, even if we know nothing else about the bearer of the name. Wackernagel's conjecture 'Albruna' does not find sufficient support in the handwritten tradition and is therefore now rightly rejected "

- Wilhelm Capelle, Das Alte Germanien , Jena 1936 p. 499 f.

In the scientifically significant Germania commentary (and text edition) by Rudolf Much , this pronounced himself for * Albruna as a valid "harmless" form due to the frequent handwritten evidence of the form Albrinia . Much only complained that in the Albruna conjecture the fugue vowel, in this case an "i" or, according to Much, an "o" to be inserted in the form Alb-o-runa, was necessary to correspond to the Germanic language level of the 1st century. Gerhard Perl follows Much in his text edition, transmission and commentary and notes that the handwritten variants facilitate the use of the foreign Germanic name - Alboruna? [sic] - adapted to the Roman word formation for Albrinia . Allan A. Lund opposes these up to now conventional recordings of the Wackernagel / Müllenhoff conjecture and prefers Aurinia himself .

In his study, Roland Schuhmann presents the form Aurinia as the best documented form of the handwritten findings, and points out - without going into the formation of stems , i.e. the tradition, the readings and the quality of the Germania manuscripts as a whole - that modern, recent text editions ( Alf Önnerfors and others) take this into account again. Following him, the Swedish philologist Lena Peterson re-examined the manuscripts of Germania and their history in relation to the forms Albrinia, Aurinia and came to the conclusion that Aurinia is the form that leads back to that of the Codex Hersfeldensis . Peterson rejected the Wackernagels conjecture as a "ghost name".

From a linguistic perspective, or from the perspective of name research , the conjecture is important because this form would represent the earliest evidence of -run as a member of a (female) functional or "speaking" Germanic personal name - and would be one of the earliest Germanic female personal names. Thorsten Andersson cites the general Germanic formation of personal names that the meaning of women within the pre-Christian religious sphere is made clear by proprial names such as in the document Old Norse Guðrún , who is “one who has the rúnar, the secrets or the secret knowledge of the gods “Lets understand.

In the context of the discussion on the reading and interpretation of the pre-High German runic inscription of the Alemannic runic buckle from Pforzen and the female personal name aïlrun , which is generally read there , the Dutch runologist Tineke Looijenga reads the inscription as * alrun and uncertainly describes Albruna as a possible forerunner version . Edith Marold reads the name as * al (lu) run and represents the first member aluminum compared to Germanic * alb (Old Norse Alfr , Middle High German alp ) and personal names material as Old High German pert aluminum . If her reading is assumed to be correct, Marold sees a possible "tempting" connection to the form Albruna and refers to Much, who is known to be the type of the Germanic seer, especially among the Suebi and later Alemanni ("Semnonen-Alemanni"). However, Marold himself advises caution with such far-reaching assumptions.

Most recently, Hermann Reichert referred to the 5th century inscription Guiliaruna presbiterissa from Hippo Regius in the context of his investigation into the inscribed names of the Vandals . Guiliaruna was a Christian priestess. Reichert assumes that it is “not a personal name in the narrower sense” like a birth name, but rather a professional name. Furthermore, he sees in it the phenomenon that pagan ideas continued to have an effect in recently Christianized Germanic cultures. He comes to the conclusion that Albruna is a construct and must be clearly emphasized as a conjecture, but because of the real parallel of the Guiliaruna it loses the "degree of ghostliness" that Peterson established.

Etymologies to Aurinia

Gottfried Schramm interprets the names of the seers in Tacitus Veleda and Aurinia as being of Germanic origin. For Aurinia he puts Germanic * Aurini at the root * auraz for "water" compared to Old Icelandic aurr for "sand" or "shine". For the final ending -ia a Latinized Germanic i that makes the suffix -ini plausible. Robert Nedoma rejects Schramm's interpretation as unconvincing, pointing out the weak point of Schramm's execution, that the suffix formation and thus the convergence to the handwritten Germania finding Aurinia "means nothing" in Schramm.

Roland Schuhmann also rejects Schramm's interpretation of Aurinia as a genuinely Germanic form. He refers analogously to the Celtic origin of the name of Veleda for him and to Nedoma's criticism of Schramm. Schuhmann himself sees a Celtic-Latin hybrid form in Aurinia , consisting of the Latin prefix aur- borrowed from Celtic as in aurum for “gold” and the genuine Celtic suffix -inios, -inia . Using Celtic personal names , he refers to, among other things, a male form Auriniacus . Aurinia have the original meaning "Goldine".

An older attempt at etymologization comes from Helmut Birkhan by Gilbert Trathnigg . Trathnigg, who describes Aurinia as the correct form, connects the name with Old English éar = wave, lake .

See also

literature

Text output

  • P. Cornelius Tacitus: Libri qui supersunt Tom. II fasc. 2. De origine et situ Germanorum liber. Alf Önnerfors (editor and editor). BG Teubner, Stuttgart 1983. ISBN 3-519-01838-1 .
  • Georg Wissowa (Ed.): Taciti - Dialogus de oratibus et Germania. Suetonii de viris illustribus fragmentum. Codex Leidensis Perizoianus. AW Sijthoff, Leiden 1907. (Codex Leidensis Perizonianus XVm Q 21; text and facsimile of the manuscript)

Text output with translation, commentary

  • Wilhelm Reeb (Ed.): Tacitus Germania. Commentary by W. Reeb with the assistance of H. Klenk with contributions by A. Dopsch, H. Reis, K. Schumacher. BG Teubner, Berlin / Leipzig 1930. ( Digisat SLUB Dresden )
  • P. Cornelius Tacitus: Germania. Interpreted, edited, transcribed, annotated and provided with a bibliography by Allan A. Lund . University Press Carl Winter, Heidelberg 1988, ISBN 3-533-03875-0 . (Text (emended, butted), ancient philological commentary)
  • Rudolf Much : The Germania of Tacitus. 3rd revised and expanded edition, Wolfgang Lange (Ed.) With the collaboration of Herbert Jankuhn and Hans Fromm. Universitätsverlag Carl Winter, Heidelberg 1967. (Text, commentary on "Germanic Antiquities")
  • Gerhard Perl : Tacitus. Germania - Latin and German. In: Joachim Herrmann (Hrsg.): Greek and Latin sources on the history of Central Europe up to the middle of the 1st millennium CE (= writings and sources of the Old World 37.2) Akademie-Verlag Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-05-000349-9 , ISSN  0080-696X . (Text, Classical Commentary)
  • Cornelius Tacitus: Germania. (= Tusculum study edition Latin - German ) Edited and explained by Alfons Städele, Gerhard Fink . Artemis & Winkler, Düsseldorf 1998, ISBN 3-7608-1353-4 . (Text, Classical Commentary)

Other sources

  • Walter Baetke : The religion of the Teutons in source certificates. 3rd extended edition, Verlag Moritz Diesterweg, Frankfurt / M. 1944.
  • Franz Rolf Schröder : Source book for Germanic religious history . De Gruyter, Berlin and Leipzig 1933.

Research literature

  • Helmut Birkhan: Teutons and Celts up to the end of the Roman era, Böhlau, Vienna 1970. ISBN 3-205-03653-0 , pp. 551–553.
  • Anders Hultgård:  seers. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA). 2nd Edition. Volume 28, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-018207-6 , pp. 113-121.
  • Max Him : Albruna . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume I, 1, Stuttgart 1893, column 1330.
  • Edith Marold: The buckle of Pfrozen and the Norse hero saga. In: Entanglement of cultures: the language and literature exchange between Scandinavia and the German-speaking countries - for the 65th birthday of Hans-Peter Naumann . Franke, Tübingen 2004. ISBN 3-7720-8030-8 . Pp. 217-238
  • Robert Nedoma: Personal names in south Germanic runic inscriptions - studies on old Germanic onomatology I, 1,1. Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 2004. ISBN 3-8253-1646-7
  • Hermann Reichert: Language and names of the vandals in Africa . In: Albrecht Greule , Matthias Springer (Ed.), Names of the Early Middle Ages as linguistic evidence and as historical sources. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-020815-3 , pp. 43-120 ( supplementary volumes to the Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde . , Volume 66).
  • Hermann Reichert: Lexicon of old Germanic personal names. Vol. 1: Text, Vol. 2: Register. Böhlau, Vienna 1987, 1990.
  • Moritz Schönfeld: Dictionary of Old Germanic names of persons and peoples. Carl Winter University Press, Heidelberg 1911.
  • Gottfried Schramm: The Germanic seer Aurinia at Tacitus. In: Astrid v. Nahl, Lennart Elmvik, Stefan Brink (eds.), Worlds of names, place and person names in a historical perspective. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2004, ISBN 978-3-11-018108-1 , pp. 577-582 ( supplementary volumes to the Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Volume 44).
  • Roland Schuhmann: Aurinia and Veleda: two Germanic seers? Personal names in voice contact. In: Contributions to name research , (BNF NF.) Vol. 34, 1999, pp. 131-143
  • Roland Schuhmann: Geographical space and way of life of the Teutons Commentary on Tacitus' Germania, c. 1-20. Dissertation Jena 2009.
  • Rudolf Simek : Lexicon of Germanic Mythology (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 368). 3rd, completely revised edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-520-36803-X , pp. 367-369.
  • Wolfgang Spickermann : Albruna. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 1, Metzler, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-476-01471-1 , Sp. 442. ( Brill Online, 2013 reference. Accessed October 17, 2013 )
  • Sabine Tausend: Germanic seers. In: Klaus Tausend: Inside Germaniens - Relations between the Germanic tribes from the 1st century BC. Until the 2nd century AD. Verlag Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-515-09416-0 . Pp. 155-174 ( Geographica Historica. Volume 25).
  • Rudolf Till : Handwritten studies on Tacitus Agricola and Germania, with a photocopy of the Codex Aesinas. Berlin-Dahlem 1943. ( archive.org )
  • Hans Volkmann : Germanic seers in Roman service. In: Heinz Bellen (Ed.): Endoxos Duleia: Smaller writings on ancient history. Hans Volkmann. On the 75th birthday of the author on March 19, 1975. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1975, ISBN 978-3-11-086269-0 , pp. 235–243.

Web links

  • Scan chap. 8.2 from the first German Germania edition, Nuremberg 1473/74 (line 9 from the bottom)

Remarks

  1. ^ Wolfgang Spickermann: Albruna. P. 442
  2. ↑ Tacitus, Germania 8, 2 ( text ).
  3. ↑ Sabine Tausend: Germanische Seherinnen , p. 169 f.
  4. ^ Rudolf Much: The Germania of Tacitus. 3rd edition, p. 169 f .; Rudolf Simek: Lexicon of Germanic Mythology (= Kröner's pocket edition. Volume 368). 3rd, completely revised edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-520-36803-X , p. 11.
  5. ^ Wilhelm Wackernagel: Swiss Museum for Historical Sciences 1, 1839, p. 109.
  6. ^ Karl Müllenhoff: Zur Runenlehre , 1852, p. 51 ff.
  7. ↑ Ånders Hultgard: Seers . P. 114.
  8. ^ Franz Rolf Schröder: Source book for the Germanic history of religion . De Gruyter, Berlin and Leipzig 1933, p. 133; Rudolf Simek: Lexicon of Germanic Mythology (= Kröner's pocket edition. Volume 368). 3rd, completely revised edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-520-36803-X , p. 11.
  9. ^ Alf Önnerfors: De origine et situ Germanorum liber, Sigla codicum; P. 7 Note 7. On the body of the manuscript: VII – XI; Hermann Reichert: Lexicon of Old Germanic Names, Vol. 1 p. 34; Roland Schuhmann: Aurinia and Veleda: two Germanic seers? Personal names in voice contact. In: Contributions to name research 34, 1999, p. 132f.
  10. ↑ Facsimile Tac. Germ. 8, 2 from Codex Leidensis ( b ) with the reading Albrinia above the regular entry Aurinia in the penultimate line.
  11. ^ Robert Nedoma: Personal names in South Germanic runic inscriptions, p. 170.
  12. ↑ Jordanes, Getica 24, 121 magas mulieres quas patrio sermone haliurunnas is ipse cognominat ; See also: Alexander Sitzmann, Friedrich E. Grünzweig: The old Germanic ethnonyms. Fassbaender, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-902575-07-4 , p. 165 f.
  13. ↑ Jacob Grimm: German Mythology. Göttingen 1844, p. 85.
  14. ↑ Jacob Grimm: German Mythology. Göttingen 1844, p. 375.
  15. ^ Karl Müllenhoff: Corrupted names in Tacitus. In: Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum , 9 (1853) p. 240.
  16. ↑ Hermann Reichert: Language and Names of Vandals in Africa , p. 73.
  17. ↑ Gottfried Schramm: The Germanic seer Aurinia at Tacitus , p. 577 f.
  18. ^ Moritz Schönfeld: Dictionary of Old Germanic Names of People and Nations , p. 38.
  19. ↑ With Reeb, among others, Alfred Gudeman, Georg Wissowa, Erich Köstermann, Rodney P. Robinson, Anderson.
  20. ^ Rudolf Much: Die Germania des Tacitus, p. 169 f .; Gottfried Schramm: The Germanic seer Aurinia at Tacitus , p. 578.
  21. ^ Gerhard Perl: Germania. Latin - German. Akademie-Verlag Berlin 1990, p. 88f., P. 158.
  22. ↑ P. Cornelius Tacitus: Germania. Ed. Allan A. Lund, University Publishing House Carl Winter, Heidelberg 1988, pp. 76f., 137.
  23. ↑ Roland Schuhmann: Aurinia and Veleda: two Germanic seers? ... , p. 133.See also: Anders Hultgård: Seherinnen, p. 114.
  24. ↑ Lena Peterson: ALBRUNA (Tacitus) - ett seglivat spöknamn, In: T. Bull - E. Mørck - T. Swan (ed.): Venneskrift til G. Alhaug . Tromsø 2002, pp. 148-152.
  25. ^ Hermann Reichert: Language and Names of the Vandals in Africa , p. 73; Gottfried Schramm: The Germanic seer Aurinia with Tacitus , p. 577 f.
  26. ^ Hermann Reichert: The language of the vandals in Africa , p. 73; Rudolf Simek: Lexicon of Germanic Mythology (= Kröner's pocket edition. Volume 368). 3rd, completely revised edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-520-36803-X , p. 11.
  27. ↑ Thorsten Andersson: Germanic personal names against an Indo-European background. In: Albrecht Greule , Matthias Springer (Ed.): Names of the early Middle Ages as linguistic evidence and as historical sources. (= Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde - supplementary volumes, 66). de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2009, pp. 9–25; here p. 12.
  28. ↑ Tineke Looijenga: Runes Around the North Sea and on the Continent AD 150-700; Texts & Contexts. Groningen 1997. p. 147.
  29. ^ Rudolf Much: Die Germania des Tacitus, p. 170.
  30. ↑ Edith Marold: The buckle of Pfrozen and the Norse heroic saga, p. 222f. especially footnote 19.
  31. ^ AE 1958, 290
  32. ↑ Hermann Reichert: Language and Names of Vandals in Africa , p. 73. "The initial Gu- in Guiliaruna shows the typical vulgar Latin-Romance spelling for W- of all Germanic languages ​​..."
  33. ^ Hermann Reichert: Old Germanic personal names as sources of religious history. In: Heinrich Beck, Detlev Ellmers, Kurt Schier (eds.): Germanic religious history - sources and source problems. (Supplementary volumes to the Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde Vol. 5) De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1992, ISBN 3-11-012872-1 , p. 570.
  34. ↑ Hermann Reichert: Language and Names of Vandals in Africa , p. 73.
  35. ^ Tacitus, Germania 8, 2.
  36. ↑ Gottfried Schramm: The Germanic seer Aurinia near Tacitus , pp. 578, 581.
  37. ^ Robert Nedoma: Personal names in South Germanic runic inscriptions, p. 170.
  38. ^ Roland Schuhmann: Geographical space and way of life of the Germanic peoples Commentary on Tacitus' Germania, c. 1-20. P. 273.
  39. ↑ Roland Schuhmann: Aurinia and Veleda: two Germanic seers? ... , p. 135 f. Further examples: Aura, Auritus, Aurac, Aedinius, Blandinia, Caldinius, Valisinius
  40. ^ Roland Schuhmann: Aurinia and Veleda: two Germanic seers? ... , p. 136.
  41. ↑ Helmut Birkhan: Teutons and Celts up to the end of Roman times. P. 553 note 1737 on G. Trathnigg in: Germanien 12 (1940) p. 270 f.
personal data
SURNAME Albruna
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Aurinia
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Germanic seer
DATE OF BIRTH uncertain: 1st century BC Chr.
DATE OF DEATH uncertain: 1st century