Amanuban
Amanuban ( Amanubang , Amamebao , historically: Manubão ) was a pre-Indonesian kingdom ( Indonesian kerajaan ) in what is now the administrative district ( Indonesian kabupaten ) of South Central Timor (Timor Tengah Selatan) of the Republic of Indonesia . Amanuban is administratively divided into the four districts ( Indonesian kecamatan ) East Amanuban (Amanuban Timur) , South Amanuban (Amanuban Selatan) , West Amanuban (Amanuban Barat) and Central Amanuban (Amanuban Tengah) .
Residents
At the 1989/90 census, Amanuban had 194,905 inhabitants. The majority of them belong to the Atoin Meto ethnic group . As a result of the Dutch colonial administration and proselytizing, the Atoin Meto converted to Protestantism. The few Muslims and Catholics are migrant workers, mainly administrative officials, from other, mostly East Indonesian islands.
history
When the Dutch and Portuguese arrived in Timor , Amanuban was a small monarchy in modern South Central Timor ( Timor Tengah Selatan ), which was ruled by an absolutist ruler ( Usi ). The title Usi or Usif is a derivative of the Javanese Gusti , a respected and wealthy member of an old noble family. In Bali, a Gusti is a military rank of the warrior caste ( Kshatriya ). As part of the West Timorese province of Servião , it was nominally subordinate to the kingdom of the Sonba'i , but early on it sided with the Portuguese , while the Sonba'i allied themselves with the Dutch .
Amanuban is first mentioned in Dutch sources in 1613. In West Timor the Dutch, Portuguese and Topasse fought for supremacy and the lucrative sandalwood trade . Amanuban had a larger sandalwood deposit at that time. In 1616 the Dutch East India Company signed a trade agreement with Amanuban, which was not implemented.
In 1641 the ruler of Amanuban was baptized and formed an alliance with Portugal. In return, he left a stretch of land in northwest Timor to the Portuguese, where the first Portuguese settlement on the island was founded: Lifau . Noimuti , further south, gave Amanuban to the Roman Catholic Church .
When Amanuban sided with the Portuguese against the Topasse in 1702, it was destroyed by the Topasse leader Domingos da Costa . Shortly afterwards, the Portuguese came and destroyed Amanuban again because it had not fulfilled its alliance obligations.
Despite this, Amanuban remained one of Portugal's most important allies in West Timor and prevented the Dutch from further expansion on the island, as it constantly attacked their allies. Between 1736 and 1738 Amanuban had to submit to the Dutch allied Amabi at times . In 1748 Amfo'an had attacked the Topasse, whereupon they devastated Amanuban and Amakono . Both then switched to the side of the Dutch.
But Amanuban remained a constant trouble spot in the Dutch part of Timor. After 1770, Amanuban was divided because of quarrels in the royal family. The greater part under Raja Tobani achieved extensive independence from the Dutch. His son Louis (around 1808 to 1824), who had been trained in the provincial capital of Kupang and had also visited the Dutch colonial metropolis of Batavia , led a violent fight against the Dutch. The British military expeditions during the occupation between 1812 and 1816 were largely unsuccessful. In 1815 Dutch troops tried again to bring the rebellious Raja of Amanuban back under their control. In 1816 a second military expedition failed catastrophically due to the Timorese guerrilla tactics. 60 Dutch soldiers lost their lives, while the rebels only lost six. The Dutch accused Portugal of supplying arms to the rebels in retaliation for occupying the Portuguese port of Atapupu in the north of the island. Louis is considered to be the founder of the capital Niki-Niki .
King Bil Nope (approx. 1870 to 1910) first made friends with the Dutch, but the arrogance of the local Dutch officer led to open resistance. Bil Nope burned to death in his residence in Niki-Niki in October 1910. In Indonesia he is considered a hero of the anti-colonial resistance.
Until 1915, the Dutch had to send military expeditions inland almost every year to pacify the local population, mostly against the Amanuban Empire.
Around 1930 Amanuban had an area of 2,075 km².
Bil's brother Noni Nope was installed as the new Raja by the Netherlands and Amanuban was converted into a zelfbesturende landschap (self-governing region) under colonial control. The Japanese occupied the island between 1942 and 1945 . After the war, West Timor became part of Indonesia. Amanuban became a swapraja with the Raja as regional ruler ( kepala daerah swapraja ). In 1959, Molo , Amanatun and Amanuban in the administrative district of South Central Timor were merged and in 1962/63 the last remnants of traditional rulers were finally eliminated.
The Amanuban Royal Family
Myth fragments and legends report that the ancestors of the royal family Nope, who probably came from the East Indonesian island of Roti (Rote) as early as the 18th century , ousted the regional ruler Nai Nuban (also Nubatonis, the Nuban man) in Amanuban and the political Have taken power. When the first nope arrived in Amanuban, the autochthonous ruler title Nai , associated with earth, like the related Tetum title Rai (as in Liurai ), was replaced by the title Usi at this time . In Bahasa Indonesia today, the ruler is called Raja . A tradition of the neighboring Tetum , which settles in the border area to East Timor , has its origin in Sina-Muti-Malaka (China-White-Malaka), a region that is identified with modern Malaysia . The Nopes origin, favored in Amanuban, is about his arrival in West Timor : Nope, it is said, came to Amarasi as a beggar and first had to hire himself out as the herdsman for the local ruler Ama Rasi. He later moved on to Amanuban. At that time Nai Nuban ruled there, who had his residence on the table mountain Tunbes (i) in today's Ostamanuban ( Amanuban Timur ). Nope was hiding in a cave there. One night Nuban saw the glow of Nope's fire and mistook it for the glow of the mythical Koko snake, which carries a glowing stone between its horns. On the Tunbes there was a competition between Nuban and Nope, in which sugar cane and banana were planted. The victor who had the largest plants was to rule over Nuban's realm. Nope tricked Nuban with his magical potential and made him one of his vassals . The meaning of the name Nope, which is foreign to West Timor, is said to be cloud, as well as one of his honored names Amu . The oral poetry of atoni used esoteric names Nope rulers which include Koko belongs. For the first three dynastic generations, the Nope ruled from Tunbes until Tubani Nope moved his residence to Niki-Niki.
Alternatively, the legend is told in West Timor that the King of Portugal came to Amanuban a long time ago in search of new land via Larantuka and Solor and became the ancestor of the royal family; Sina-Muti-Malaka is probably meant . In this way, the family claimed the prestige of the Portuguese kings. Amanuban's Usi has been Nesi Nope since 1980. As the informal ruler of Amanuban, he is also the mayor of Niki-Niki, the provincial headquarters of Central Manuban ( Amanuban Tengah ). As a modern Indonesian, he tries to promote international tourism in his region. Crown Prince is his eldest son, Muda Bil Nope .
Ruler of Amanuban
- Don Michel Nope (before 1749–1751)
- Don Louis Nope, brother (1751–1770)
- Don Jacobus Albertus Nope, son (1770–1786)
- Tubani Nope (1786 – approx. 1808)
- Louis Nope, son (approx. 1808 – approx. 1824)
- Baki Nope, son (approx. 1824–1862)
- Sanu Nope, son (1862 – ca. 1870)
- Bil Nope (alias Hau Sufa Leu ), son (approx. 1870–1910)
- Noni Nope, brother (1910–1920)
- Pae Nope, son (1920–1946)
- Paulus Nope, son (1946–1949)
- Kusa Nope, brother (1946-1958)
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ History of Timor ( Memento of the original from March 24, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. - Lisbon Technical University (PDF file; 805 kB), page 28
- ^ History and Politics: 2. b. Portuguese contact and historical experience - Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University
- ↑ a b c d e Hans Hägerdal: Rebellions or factionalism? Timorese forms of resistance in an early colonial context, 1650-1769 ( Memento of the original dated December 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Jacob Wadu et al. (2003): Sejarah Pemerintahan Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan . Penfui: Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Nusa Cendana.
- ↑ Steven Farram: From 'Timor Koepang' to 'Timor NTT': The Political History of West Timor 1901-1967 . Ph.D. Thesis, Northern Territory University, pp. 91-98.
- ↑ History of Timor ( Memento of the original from March 24, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. - Lisbon Technical University (PDF file; 805 kB), page 72
- ↑ James J. Fox, “The Paradox of Powerlessness: Timor in Historical Perspective,” December 9, 1996, Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University ( Memento of August 17, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 70 kB)
- ^ HG Schulte Nordholt: The Political System Of The Atoni Of Timor. Nijhoff, The Hague 1971, ISBN 90-247-5137-3 , (Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 60).
- ↑ Jacob Wadu et al. (2003), pp. 103-106.
- ^ Royal Timor: Amanuban ( Memento of November 20, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
Coordinates: 9 ° 49 ′ S , 124 ° 28 ′ E